Medicinski Podmladak最新文献

{"title":"Volumetric analysis of lymphocyte lipid droplets in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with hyperlipidemia","authors":"Aleksa Živković, D. Ćirić, Tamara Martinović, Sofija Jovanović, T. Kravić-Stevović","doi":"10.5937/mp74-44001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-44001","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inadequate glucose homeostasis. A common occurrence of T2DM is diabetic dyslipidemia. Given lipid droplets' role in intracellular lipid storage, these structures lie at the center of lipid and energy homeostasis. Lipolysosomes are cell organelles that have the structure of lipid droplets surrounded by a membrane. Lipophagy is a selective form of autophagy that enables lipid droplet degradation, thus representing an important mechanism in the regulation of lipid droplet homeostasis. Aim: The aim of our research was fractional volume analysis of lipid droplets, autophagic vesicles containing lipid droplets, and lipolysosomes in the lymphocytes of patients with T2DM and hyperlipidemia. Material and methods: Mononuclear cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of T2DM patients with hyperlipidemia and from healthy individuals. Cells were fixed in glutaraldehyde and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide. After contrasting with 4.7% uranyl acetate, the samples were embedded in epoxy resins and cut by an ultramicrotome. The ultrathin sections were then contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. The fractional volume of lipid droplets, autophagic vesicles containing lipid droplets, and lipolysosomes was determined using the double \"coherent point\" grid with dots distributed at two different densities. Results: While there was no difference in the fractional volumes of lipid droplets and autophagic vesicles containing lipid droplets, the fractional volume of lipolysosomes was significantly higher in the lymphocytes of T2DM patients with hyperlipidemia compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A higher fractional volume of lipolysosomes revealed in the lymphocytes of T2DM patients with hyperlipidemia can be due to an increase in the activity of these organelles, as well as an overall increase in cellular lipid metabolism in these patients.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71008676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacogenetics of cardiovascular drugs","authors":"Vladislav Pajović, Nina Žigon","doi":"10.5937/mp74-42021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-42021","url":null,"abstract":"Individual variations in the patient's response to the administered drugs are a frequent and important clinical problem in medicine and pharmacology. It is especially important to consider these issues when counting cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment, since CVD is characterized by high incidence in the population, making cardiovascular drugs the most prescribed medication. Currently used medical therapies are adapted to best fit the needs of a wide population of patients who can benefit from them, despite the fact that a certain number of individuals will suffer from inadequate therapeutic effects or even intoxication. By examining the genetic basis that causes individual variations in the response to drugs, pharmacogenetics enables the personalization of drug therapy, with the aim to identify patients who are exposed to an increased risk of serious drug side effects and those missing the maximum drug effectiveness. Polymorphisms of genes that encode protein units of enzymes involved in the drug metabolism, mainly cytochrome P450 enzymes, receptors and drug transporters, affect both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs often prescribed for CVD, such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, warfarin, clopidogrel, and statins. This approach in cardiological practice would enable adjusting the therapy for patients based on gene polymorphisms, by changing the dose of the existing drugs or using another drug of choice. Although including pharmacogenetics in daily clinical practice would bring along large diagnostic costs, as well as potential legal and ethical dilemmas, a substantial number of patients, overall society, and the health system, in general, could benefit from enhanced therapeutic effects as well as decreased side effects of the applied therapy.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71008938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis","authors":"J. Jevtic, R. Janković","doi":"10.5937/mp74-40267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-40267","url":null,"abstract":"Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an inflammatory disorder characterized by intraepithelial eosinophilic infiltration followed by esophageal dysfunction. Pathophysiological mechanism of EoE is still not well understood, with several factors that may contribute, such as host immunity, environmental and genetic factors. Modern diagnostic for EoE should include: esophageal dysfunction, esophageal biopsy with at least 15 eosinophils per high power field and absence of other pathology characterized by increased number of eosinophils. The most common presenting symptoms in adults are dysphagia, heartburn, food impaction and chest pain. Children are usually presented with nausea and vomiting, anorexia, heartburn, regurgitation, chest burn and abdominal pain. Endoscopically, patients with EoE are characterized by longitudinal furrows (vertical lines, darker than surrounding mucosa), esophageal trachealization (numerous transversal rings, as in trachea), exudate (white plaques), edema (decreased mucosal vascularization), strictures and crepe-paper mucosa (mucosal friability and tearing during endoscopy). Histological features of EoE could be separated into major and minor criteria. Major criteria include: intraepithelial infiltration by eosinophils (>15 eosinophils/HPF), eosinophilic microabscesses (≥4 eosinophils in a collection), eosinophils occupying outer layer of the squamous epithelium, epithelial sloughing and eosinophil degranulation. Minor criteria include: basal zone hyperplasia, lengthening of the epithelial papillae, intracellular edema and subepithelial fibrosis. In order to set adequate diagnosis, all other conditions related to increased number of eosinophils should be excluded. The most common and the most important differential is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Treatment of the EoE encompasses: proton pump inhibitors (PPI), corticosteroids (topical and systemic), elimination diet and esophageal dilation.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71008339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of antibiotic resistance in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection","authors":"V. Milivojević, Miodrag Krstić, Branislava Medic-Brkic","doi":"10.5937/mp74-41665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-41665","url":null,"abstract":"Timely and adequate treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is essential, bearing in mind its high prevalence rate (> 50%), the fact that infection with this pathogen causes chronic gastritis, as well as significant complications in the form of ulcer disease, MALT lymphoma, metaplasia and adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Numerous national recommendations and international guidelines dictate the effectiveness of therapy, but their inconsistent implementation disrupts the cure rate and increases the possibility of developing antibiotic resistance. According to preliminary data, the resistance rate in Serbia is high. The goal of therapeutic guidelines should be efficient therapy, which is safe and which, if possible, prevents the growing resistance to antibiotics. New diagnostic techniques such as bacterial culture and PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) can facilitate diagnosis and determine antibiotic resistance, which further leads to the possible application of a tailored made therapy that can enable a better cure rate by preventing further antibiotic resistance.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71008451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism and schizophrenia","authors":"M. Marković, Tatjana Nikolić, Sanja Totić-Poznanović","doi":"10.5937/mp74-40330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-40330","url":null,"abstract":"The development of new therapeutic options focused on the recovery of patients with schizophrenia is primarily conditioned by elucidating the biological underpinnings of the disorder. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism is the focus of psychiatric research since its catabolites have neuroactive properties, and one of the most important is the effect of kynurenic acid as the only endogenous NMDA receptor antagonist. According to the kynurenine hypothesis, there is an imbalance of excitatory and neuroprotective metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in patients with schizophrenia. It is postulated that excessive production of kynurenic acid leads to excessive blockade of NMDA glutamate and alpha-7 nicotinic receptors, acting as a trigger for the development of psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive deficits. This paper aims to review the kynurenine hypothesis of schizophrenia, important findings of studies exploring metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in patients with schizophrenia, and findings from the research on the potential impact of proinflammatory cytokines on the kynurenine pathway.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71008482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental health of student population during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Nikola Mirilović, J. Janković","doi":"10.5937/mp74-40778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-40778","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019, the world public was confronted with the disease Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) for the first time, when the new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in the Chinese city of Wuhan. The pandemic of this viral infection has led to the biggest public health crisis at the global level in the last hundred years, while a special challenge has been set for professionals dealing with mental health protection. Students were also particularly affected due to the movement restriction measures caused by the closure of higher education institutions. The disease COVID-19 is a systemic disease with pronounced problems of a respiratory nature, and SARS-CoV-2 is a virus from the family of RNA viruses. The incubation period of the viral infection is between two and fourteen days, and transmission by aerosol, respiratory droplets, and direct contact is very easy and fast. The most common symptom of this disease is fever. The COVID-19 disease pandemic had a negative effect on the mental health of the student population around the world, and female students rated their mental health worse than male students. The main problems with mental health can be classified above all the increased levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression is more common in students who care more about their health, in female students, and those with a lower socio-economic status. Also, persons who were, at some point, in contact with infected persons, without knowing about their illness, have more serious depressive reactions compared to those who haven't had such contact. Regarding anxiety reactions, students at the beginning of their studies experience anxiety reactions more often and those reactions are more intense compared to students in the last years of studies. The student population also showed high levels of stress reactions, which occur more often in female students, as well as in those students who come from urban areas. However, mental health problems can be overcome if the student population is provided with some form of social support or peer or expert consultation, depending on how much their mental health is impaired. The aim of this paper is to present the mental health of the student population around the world based on a review of the literature on the COVID-19 disease pandemic and to offer recommendations to reduce and prevent such reactions.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71008584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction: Assessment of the functional significance of borderline stenosis by determining coronary flow reserve, after primary percutaneous infarct artery intervention by stent implantation (2022, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 59-64)","authors":"Irena Čolić, V. Vasilev, M. Dobric","doi":"10.5937/mp74-44470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-44470","url":null,"abstract":"The Editorial Office of Medical Youth retracts the paper titled \"ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BORDERLINE STENOSIS BY DETERMINING CORONARY FLOW RESERVE, AFTER PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS INFARCT ARTERY INTERVENTION BY STENT IMPLANTATION\" by Irena Čolić, Vladimir Vasilev and Milan Dobrić, published in Volume 73, Issue 2 of Medical Youth. The paper is being retracted in accordance with the author's request, considering the fact that the paper was published without the autorship of the main contributor of the paper who collected the material used for the research and the writing of the paper. The Editorial Office of Medical Youth hereby expresses great regret and a sincere apology for this type of omission.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71008739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotherapy in patients with the first type of hypersensitivity to Hymenoptera venoms","authors":"D. Jovanovic, A. Perić-Popadić","doi":"10.5937/mp74-40715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-40715","url":null,"abstract":"Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) is an anaphylactic reaction that occurs after the sting of Hymenoptera insects: honeybee (Apis mellifera), wasp (Vespula vulgaris) or hornet (Vespa crabo). Hymenoptera insects can cause IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in insect-sensitized patients, ranging from local to severe systemic reactions and even fatal anaphylaxis. Systemic allergic reactions (SAR) after Hymenoptera insect stings have been reported in up to 7.5% of adults and up to 3.4% of children. They can be limited to the skin or cause severe reactions such as dizziness, dyspnea, nausea, and loss of consciousness, shock, cardiac or respiratory arrest. Patients with HVA are advised to carry an emergency kit consisting of an epinephrine auto-injector (AAI), H1-antihistamines and corticosteroids depending on the severity of the previous SAR. The only treatment that can potentially prevent SAR is immunotherapy with the appropriate venom (VIT). Venom immunotherapy (VIT) has been reported to be effective in 77%-84% of patients treated with bee venom and in 91%-96% of patients treated with wasp venom. The latest European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for the use of VIT. It is recommended in children and adults who are hypersensitive to the venom because it leads to a significant improvement in quality of life-compared to wearing an adrenaline auto-injector. By receiving increasing doses of venom over 3 to 5 years, VIT leads to a change in the immune response and tolerance to the respective venom. Molecular diagnostics, which uses recombinant allergens, enables detection of true sensitization and thus improves the selection of appropriate venom for long-term VIT. This review aims to provide information on immunotherapy recommendations, as well as risk factors for SAR during and after VIT.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71008635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric antiphospholipid syndrome","authors":"Gordana Petrović, Srđan Pašić","doi":"10.5937/mp74-42885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-42885","url":null,"abstract":"Antiphospholipid syndrome is a multisystemic autoimmune disease characterized by the appearance of arterial and/or venous thrombosis, often in multiple locations, thrombocytopenia and repeated spontaneous abortions in affected pregnant women, due to the permanent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. It can also occur in children and manifest itself in any period of childhood, from infancy, due to transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies, or de novo production of autoantibodies, to adolescence. Clinical manifestations described in adults can also occur in children but are modified by age characteristics, such as the immaturity of the immune or other organ systems, greater exposure to viral and bacterial infections, implementation of routine immunization, absence of thrombogenic risk factors common to adults (hypertension, arteriosclerosis, consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and/or oral contraceptives), as well as the absence of pregnancy. Antiphospholipid antibodies most often used in daily clinical work are anticardiolipin antibodies, anti-b2 glycoprotein I antibodies, and lupus anticoagulants. Pathogenic mechanisms have not been investigated in detail - it is assumed that they are similar to the adult form of the disease. However, there is rare evidence of the existence of specific patterns of immune response to individual antigenic components, which may lead to specific production of antiphospholipid antibodies during childhood. It is also important to note that these antibodies can be found in about 25% of healthy children. The Sapporo criteria are used to diagnose antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. They include clinical (vascular thrombosis, repeated fetal losses) and laboratory parameters (persistent presence of one of the antiphospholipid antibodies) in the IgG and/or IgM class, in medium or high titer. The updated Sapporo criteria also apply to children. They include the same laboratory and clinical criteria, except for pregnancy pathology. The differential diagnosis is very broad and requires extensive diagnostics. Considering the specificity of the disease in childhood, the recommendations valid for adults, modified to a certain degree, apply to the treatment of diseases in children.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71009026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glide path preparation with hand K-files and rotary PathFiles in simulated curved root canals: An in vitro study","authors":"Miljan Stošić, Katarina Geler, Violeta Petrović, Milica Jovanovic-Medojevic","doi":"10.5937/mp74-39415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/mp74-39415","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Preparation of glide path is an important precondition for the safe use of rotary NiTi instruments during endodontic treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the duration of glide path preparation as well as all the changes in canal morphology and canal diameter after the use of hand K-files and NiTi rotary PathFiles. Material and methods: This research was performed on a total of twenty Endo Training Blocks (Dentsply, Maillefer, Switzerland). The glide path was prepared using hand stainless steel K-files ISO #10-15-20 (Dentsply, Sirona, USA) (n = 10) and NiTi rotary PathFiles ISO #13, #16 and #19 (Dentsply, Sirona, Switzerland) (n = 10). The time required to establish the glide path was measured with an iPhone stopwatch (Apple Inc. Cupertino, California). The images of the apical segment of canals before and after glide path preparation were taken under the stereomicroscope (Boeco BSZ-405, Germany), and then images were analyzed and processed with Scopeimage 9.0 (Teleskop, Austria). Statistical analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney test at the level of significance 5% (a = 0.05). Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in terms of the time required for glide path preparation. The mean total time for glide path preparation was significantly longer with K-files (382 ± 62 s) than with PathFile (200 ± 11 s) (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference in terms of changing the morphology of the apical part of the canal (p > 0.05) was not observed. The difference in the diameter of the root canal was at the limit of statistical significance (p ≈ 0.05). Conclusion: Instrumentation with NiTi rotary PathFiles reduces the time required for glide path preparation. Preparing endodontic space for rotary instrumentation with hand K-Files and rotary PathFiles leads to similar changes in the morphology of the apical segment. A slightly larger diameter of the root canal was measured after preparation with the hand K-files.","PeriodicalId":31558,"journal":{"name":"Medicinski Podmladak","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71007984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}