The American journal of clinical nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Weight, shape, and mortality risk in older persons: elevated waist-hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death.","authors":"Gill M Price,&nbsp;Ricardo Uauy,&nbsp;Elizabeth Breeze,&nbsp;Christopher J Bulpitt,&nbsp;Astrid E Fletcher","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Guidelines for optimal weight in older persons are limited by uncertainty about the ideal body mass index (BMI) or the usefulness of alternative anthropometric measures.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated the association of BMI (in kg/m(2)), waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) with mortality and cause-specific mortality.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Subjects aged >/=75 y (n = 14 833) from 53 family practices in the United Kingdom underwent a health assessment that included measurement of BMI and waist and hip circumferences; they also were followed up for mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During a median follow-up of 5.9 y, 6649 subjects died (46% of circulatory causes). In nonsmoking men and women (90% of the cohort), compared with the lowest quintile of BMI (<23 in men and <22.3 in women), adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality were <1 for all other quintiles of BMI (P for trend = 0.0003 and 0.0001 in men and women, respectively). Increasing WHR was associated with increasing HRs in men and women (P for trend = 0.008 and 0.0002, respectively). BMI was not associated with circulatory mortality in men (P for trend = 0.667) and was negatively associated in women (P for trend = 0.004). WHR was positively related to circulatory mortality in both men and women (P for trend = 0.001 and 0.005, respectively). Waist circumference was not associated with all-cause or circulatory mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current guidelines for BMI-based risk categories overestimate risks due to excess weight in persons aged >/=75 y. Increased mortality risk is more clearly indicated for relative abdominal obesity as measured by high WHR.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"449-60"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26189051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant supplementation does not affect fasting plasma glucose in the Supplementation with Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals (SU.VI.MAX) study in France: association with dietary intake and plasma concentrations.","authors":"Sébastien Czernichow,&nbsp;Aline Couthouis,&nbsp;Sandrine Bertrais,&nbsp;Anne-Claire Vergnaud,&nbsp;Luc Dauchet,&nbsp;Pilar Galan,&nbsp;Serge Hercberg","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Observational data suggest a protective effect of several antioxidants on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and type 2 diabetes. However, randomized trials have yielded inconsistent results.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The first objective was to assess the effect of 7.5 y of antioxidant supplementation on FPG at 7.5 y. The second objective was to examine the epidemiologic association of baseline dietary intakes or plasma antioxidants and FPG (at baseline and at 7.5 y).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Subjects (n = 3146) from the Supplementation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) primary prevention trial in France were randomly assigned to receive a daily capsule containing 120 mg vitamin C, 30 mg vitamin E, 6 mg beta-carotene, 100 mug Se, and 20 mg Zn or a placebo.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 7.5 y, no significant difference was observed between age-adjusted mean FPG in men (P = 0.78) and women (P = 0.89) in either group. Baseline beta-carotene dietary intakes and plasma concentrations were inversely associated with FPG in multivariate mixed models (P = 0.0045 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Baseline plasma vitamin C and selenium were negatively (P = 0.0455) and positively (P < 0.0001) associated, respectively, with FPG.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Supplementation with antioxidants at nutritional doses for 7.5 y had no effect on FPG in men or women who followed a balanced diet. An inverse association of baseline beta-carotene dietary intake and plasma concentrations with FPG was found, probably because beta-carotene is an indirect marker of fruit and vegetable intakes.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"395-9"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26190175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evidence-based approach to medical nutrition education. Proceedings of a symposium held at Experimental Biology 2005, San Diego, California, USA, April 2, 2005.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"929S-987S"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25962843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adult Obesity: A Paediatric Challenge edited by Voss LD and Wilkin TJ, 2003, 112 pages, hardcover, $99.95. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY.","authors":"D. Styne","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.6.1360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.6.1360","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"218 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118960688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrition and Oral Medicine, edited by Riva Touger-Decker, David A Sirois, and Connie C Mobley, 2004, 379 pages, hardcover, $135. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.","authors":"A. Papas","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.710","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124429059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol consumption and risk of lung cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies.","authors":"J. Freudenheim, J. Ritz, S. Smith-Warner, D. Albanes, E. Bandera, P. A. van den Brandt, G. Colditz, D. Feskanich, R. Goldbohm, L. Harnack, A. Miller, E. Rimm, T. Rohan, T. Sellers, J. Virtamo, W. Willett, D. Hunter","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.657","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Although smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, much is unknown about lung cancer etiology, including risk determinants for nonsmokers and modifying factors for smokers.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000We hypothesized that alcohol consumption contributes to lung cancer risk.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000We conducted a pooled analysis using standardized exposure and covariate data from 7 prospective studies with 399,767 participants and 3137 lung cancer cases. Study-specific relative risks (RRs) and CIs were estimated and then combined to calculate pooled multivariate RRs by using a random-effects model.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000We found a slightly greater risk for the consumption of > or = 30 g alcohol/d than for that of 0 g alcohol/d in men (RR: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.61; P for trend = 0.03) and in women (RR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.43; P for trend = 0.03). In male never smokers, the RR for consumption of > or = 15 g alcohol/d rather than 0 g alcohol/d was 6.38 (95% CI: 2.74, 14.9; P for trend < 0.001). In women, there were few never-smoking cases and no evidence of greater risk (RR: 1.35; 95% CI: 0.64, 2.87). Because of possible residual confounding by smoking, we performed sensitivity analyses by reclassifying the never smokers in the highest drinking category as former smokers. Resulting associations for alcohol consumption were somewhat attenuated, but P for trend = 0.05 for men, which was near the original P = 0.03.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000A slightly greater risk of lung cancer was associated with the consumption of > or = 30 g alcohol/d than with no alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption was strongly associated with greater risk in male never smokers. Residual confounding by smoking may explain part of the observed relation.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133386270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia and cognitive function: more than just a casual link?","authors":"T. Bottiglieri, R. Diaz-Arrastia","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.493","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 2 decades, numerous epidemiologic studies have confirmed that elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is associated with an increased risk of vascular diseases, including cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, and cerebral vascular disease (1, 2). Because elevated plasma tHcy is effectively treated with B vitamin supplements (folic acid, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6), therapy that is inexpensive and well tolerated, an explosion of clinical and basic research on the vascular effects of hyperhomocysteinemia has occurred over the past decade. Vascular disease has deleterious effects on various organs of the body, and the brain is particularly susceptible. Elevated tHcy is now a recognized risk factor for vascular dementia. More surprising have been a series of observations from cross-sectional and prospective epidemiologic studies that elevated tHcy is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) and with cognitive problems in the elderly that fall short of dementia. In this issue of the Journal, Ravaglia et al (3) present the latest data on this issue, which led them to conclude that elevated plasma tHcy and low serum folate concentrations are independent predictors of AD development. The prospective and longitudinal nature of this study provides an important measure of confidence to their conclusions. The authors point out that several case-control and cross-sectional studies have reported an association between AD and elevated plasma tHcy. However, only 2 prospective longitudinal studies, which have conflicting results, have appeared in the literature. The findings of the current study by Ravaglia et al confirm previous findings from the Framingham Study (4), which indicate that hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with a 2-fold increase in the relative risk of developing AD. The negative findings from the Washington Heights–Inwood Columbia Ageing Project (WHICAP) (5) were dismissed on the basis of insufficient statistical power and other methodologic issues. There are other important findings of the study by Ravaglia et al. The increased risk of developing AD in hyperhomocysteinemic persons remained unchanged even after subjects with brain imaging evidence of vascular disease were excluded. Although elevated tHcy may promote vascular disease that contributes to AD pathology, it may also have other direct neurotoxic effects. Another interesting aspect of this study, which was conducted in Italy (where food fortification is not mandated), was the observation that low folate status is independently associated with an increased risk of developing AD—a finding not evident in the Framingham Study or WHICAP. Another article in this issue, by Tucker et al (6), presents data on the relation between tHcy, B vitamins, and cognitive decline that falls short of dementia. Study subjects from the VA Normative Aging Study were assessed over a 3-y period before the fortification of food sources with folate. On the basis of both plasma","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114694877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, edited by Ira Wolinsky and Judy A Driskell, 2004, 536 pages, hardcover, $99.95. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.","authors":"L. Applegate","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.710A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.710A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124713533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of supplementation with cobalamin carried either by a milk product or a capsule in mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly Dutch persons.","authors":"R. Dhonukshe-Rutten, M. van Zutphen, L. D. de Groot, S. Eussen, H. Blom, W. V. van Staveren","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.568","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000A high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency occurs in the elderly population, which may be treated orally or with injections. Little is known about the relative bioavailability of crystalline cobalamin added to food products.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The objective was to assess the effect of supplementation with 1000 microg crystalline cobalamin, carried either by a milk product or a capsule, on cobalamin status in mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly Dutch persons.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Two double-blind randomized controlled intervention studies, each covering a 12-wk supplementation period, were carried out in parallel. Mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly persons (n = 112) were separately recruited for the milk and capsule trials. Mild cobalamin deficiency was defined as a cobalamin concentration between 100 and 300 pmol/L and a plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentration > or = 0.30 micromol/L. Allocation to the placebo or cobalamin carrier was carried out independently in both trials.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000In the fortified-milk group, the mean (+/-SD) increase in serum cobalamin was 250 +/- 96 pmol/L, the median (5th and 95th percentiles) decrease in plasma MMA was 0.19 (-0.76, -0.04) micromol/L, and the median decrease in plasma homocysteine was 4.0 (-7.3, 3.0) micromol/L. All changes were significantly different from those in the placebo milk group (P < 0.01). Likewise, in the cobalamin-capsule group, the mean increase in serum cobalamin was 281 +/- 136 pmol/L, the median decrease in plasma MMA was 0.18 (-2.95, 0.14) micromol/L, and the median decrease in plasma homocysteine was 1.8 (-10.6, 2.4) micromol/L; all changes were significantly different from those in the placebo capsule group (P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed between the fortified-milk and capsule groups (P > 0.40).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Crystalline cobalamin added to milk is an effective alternative to cobalamin capsules for improving cobalamin status.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127102913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term weight changes in community-dwelling older adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Weight Change Substudy.","authors":"J. S. Lee, S. Kritchevsky, T. Harris, F. Tylavsky, S. Rubin, A. Newman","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.644","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000The frequency and short-term natural history of weight loss in community-dwelling older adults have not been described. Unintentional weight loss may be more likely to continue than intentional weight loss.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVES\u0000The present substudy described the frequency of a > or = 5% loss or gain in body weight in community-dwelling older adults at an annual examination of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study and 6 mo later. The weight-management practices used by the participants were also described.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000A total of 522 older adults with either a > or = 5% weight gain (n = 116) or a > or = 5% weight loss (n = 171) in the previous year were compared with a random sample of weight-stable older adults (< 5% weight loss or gain, n = 235) at the fourth annual visit of the ongoing Health ABC Study. The participants' weight-loss intention and weight-management practices were assessed by an interview. The participants' weight was reassessed 6 mo later.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Compared with the weight-stable participants, the participants who had lost or gained weight at the substudy baseline were more likely to have subsequent weight changes. The direction of the subsequent weight change, however, was more likely toward either maintenance of or recovery from the previous weight change. Only 4% of the participants who gained weight and 11% of those who lost weight continued to gain or lose weight, respectively. Continued weight loss was more common in the participants with unintentional weight loss than in those with intentional weight loss, but the difference was not significant.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Weight changes were common, but most participants, including those who unintentionally lost weight, maintained their weight change or resolved their weight change in 6 mo. Unintentional weight loss appears less likely to resolve than other weight changes.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123974959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}