The American journal of clinical nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Absorbability and utility of calcium in mineral waters.","authors":"Robert P Heaney","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Calcium intake in North America remains substantially below recommended amounts. Bottled waters high in calcium could help close that gap.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objectives were to summarize and integrate published absorbability and biodynamic data concerning high-calcium mineral waters and to combine these data with hitherto unpublished analyses from my laboratory.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The usual library database was searched. The absorbability of calcium from a high-mineral water labeled with tracer quantities of (45)Ca was measured in human volunteers as a part of an otherwise low-calcium test meal. Published reports that used differing load sizes and meal conditions were harmonized by making corrections based on published calcium absorbability data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All the high-calcium mineral waters had absorbabilities equal to milk calcium or slightly better. When tested, all produced biodynamic responses indicative of absorption of appreciable quantities of calcium (ie, increased urinary calcium, decreased serum parathyroid hormone, decreased bone resorption biomarkers, and protection of bone mass).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High-calcium mineral waters could provide useful quantities of bioavailable calcium.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"371-4"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26190171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early nutritional determinants of coronary artery disease: a question of timing?","authors":"Rachel R Huxley","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.271","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"271-2"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26188743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary sphingolipids lower plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol and prevent liver steatosis in APOE*3Leiden mice.","authors":"Ilse Duivenvoorden,&nbsp;Peter J Voshol,&nbsp;Patrick C N Rensen,&nbsp;Wim van Duyvenvoorde,&nbsp;Johannes A Romijn,&nbsp;Jef J Emeis,&nbsp;Louis M Havekes,&nbsp;Willem F Nieuwenhuizen","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of dyslipidemia and obesity resulting from excess energy intake and physical inactivity is increasing. The liver plays a pivotal role in systemic lipid homeostasis. Effective, natural dietary interventions that lower plasma lipids and promote liver health are needed.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our goal was to determine the effect of dietary sphingolipids on plasma lipids and liver steatosis.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>APOE*3Leiden mice were fed a Western-type diet supplemented with different sphingolipids. Body cholesterol and triacylglycerol metabolism as well as hepatic lipid concentrations and lipid-related gene expression were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dietary sphingolipids dose-dependently lowered both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol in APOE*3Leiden mice; 1% phytosphingosine (PS) reduced plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol by 57% and 58%, respectively. PS decreased the absorption of dietary cholesterol and free fatty acids by 50% and 40%, respectively, whereas intestinal triacylglycerol lipolysis was not affected. PS increased hepatic VLDL-triacylglycerol production by 20%, whereas plasma lipolysis was not affected. PS increased the hepatic uptake of VLDL remnants by 60%. Hepatic messenger RNA concentrations indicated enhanced hepatic lipid synthesis and VLDL and LDL uptake. The net result of these changes was a strong decrease in plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol. The livers of 1% PS-fed mice were less pale, 22% lighter, and contained 61% less cholesteryl ester and 56% less triacylglycerol than livers of control mice. Furthermore, markers of liver inflammation (serum amyloid A) and liver damage (alanine aminotransferase) decreased by 74% and 79%, respectively, in PS-fed mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sphingolipids lower plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol and protect the liver from fat- and cholesterol-induced steatosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"312-21"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26188649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in The Hague, Netherlands.","authors":"Irene M van der Meer,&nbsp;Nasra S Karamali,&nbsp;A Joan P Boeke,&nbsp;Paul Lips,&nbsp;Barend J C Middelkoop,&nbsp;Irene Verhoeven,&nbsp;Jan D Wuister","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vitamin D deficiency is common in dark-skinned persons living in northern countries. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may have serious consequences for both mother and child.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective was to ascertain the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women of several ethnic backgrounds who were living in The Hague, a large city in the Netherlands.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Midwives whose practice was visited by a large number of non-Western immigrants added the assessment of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] to the standard blood test given to women who visited the practice during week 12 of pregnancy. Subsequently, the Municipal Health Service collected additional data from the midwives' files (June 2002 through March 2004): background variables, use of tobacco or alcohol or drugs, and infectious diseases. The women were grouped ethnically as Western, Turkish, Moroccan, and other non-Western.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The vitamin D concentrations of 358 women were found in the midwives' files. Of these women, 29% were Western, 22% were Turkish, and 19% were Moroccan. Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in Turkish (15.2 +/- 12.1 nmol/L), Moroccan (20.1 +/- 13.5 nmol/L), and other non-Western women (26.3 +/- 25.9 nmol/L) were significantly (P </= 0.001) lower than those in Western women (52.7 +/- 21.6 nmol/L). Serum 25(OH)D was below the detection limit in 22% of the Turkish women. The differences between ethnic groups were not confounded by other determinants such as age, socioeconomic status, or parity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in the Netherlands is very high, and screening should be recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"350-3; quiz 468-9"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26188653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early onset of coronary artery disease after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine.","authors":"Rebecca C Painter,&nbsp;Susanne R de Rooij,&nbsp;Patrick M Bossuyt,&nbsp;Timothy A Simmers,&nbsp;Clive Osmond,&nbsp;David J Barker,&nbsp;Otto P Bleker,&nbsp;Tessa J Roseboom","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Limited evidence suggests that maternal undernutrition at the time of conception is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in adult offspring.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated whether persons conceived during the Dutch famine of World War II had an early onset of coronary artery disease (CAD).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We compared the age at onset and cumulative incidence of CAD between persons born as term singletons who were exposed to the 1944-1945 Dutch famine during late (n = 160), mid- (n = 138), or early (n = 87) gestation and 590 unexposed subjects at age 50 or 58 y. Age at CAD onset was defined as the age at which angina pectoris was identified (according to the Rose questionnaire), Q waves were observed on an electrocardiogram (Minnesota codes 1-1 or 1-2), or coronary revascularization was performed (by angioplasty or bypass surgery).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 83 CAD cases identified, persons conceived during the famine were 3 y younger than the unexposed persons at the time of CAD diagnosis (47 y compared with 50 y) and had a higher cumulative incidence of CAD [13%; hazard ratio (HR) adjusted for sex: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0, 3.8] than did the unexposed persons. The HR changed little after adjustment for smoking (HR: 1.8), social class (HR: 2.0), or size at birth (HR: 2.0).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found an earlier onset of CAD among persons conceived during the famine, which suggests that maternal nutrition in early gestation may play a role in the onset of CAD. This finding agrees with evidence from animal experiments that identify periconceptional maternal diet as important in the offspring's adult health.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"322-7; quiz 466-7"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26188648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isoflavones in breastfed infants after mothers consume soy.","authors":"Adrian A Franke,&nbsp;Brunhild M Halm,&nbsp;Laurie J Custer,&nbsp;Yvonne Tatsumura,&nbsp;Sandra Hebshi","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The bioavailability of isoflavones in children after soy exposure is uncertain.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to compare isoflavone patterns in infants exposed to isoflavone-containing breast milk (BF), in tofu-fed (TF) infants, and in mothers consuming a soy beverage.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Eighteen nursing mothers who were not feeding soy foods to their infants consumed one daily serving of a soy protein beverage for 2-4 d and collected their own milk and urine and infant urine. Plasma was collected from infants if venous blood draws were ordered by pediatricians. Blood and urine were collected from additional children after they consumed tofu. Isoflavones were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 7 subjects, isoflavone values increased significantly from baseline after mothers ate soy: in maternal urine (x +/- SEM) from 18.4 +/- 13.0 to 135.1 +/- 26.0 nmol/mg creatinine, in breast milk from 5.1 +/- 2.2 to 70.7 +/- 19.2 nmol/L, and in infant urine from 29.8 +/- 11.6 to 111.6 +/- 18.9 nmol/mg creatinine. The mean isoflavone concentration in plasma obtained from 11 BF infants was 19.7 +/- 13.2 nmol/L. TF infants had much higher mean isoflavone values (urine, 229 +/- 129 nmol/mg creatinine; plasma, 1049 +/- 403 nmol/L). Statistically significant correlations were observed between the types of fluids investigated within mothers, between mothers and infants, and within infants. Urinary isoflavone excretion per hour adjusted for dose per body weight was 81% lower for BF infants and 24% higher for TF infants than for their mothers after eating soy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>More isoflavones appear in children than in adults after adjustment for isoflavone intake. Systemic isoflavone exposure in infants can be determined by urinary analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"406-13"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26189045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factor analysis of fatty acids in serum lipids as a measure of dietary fat quality in relation to the metabolic syndrome in men.","authors":"Eva Warensjö,&nbsp;Johan Sundström,&nbsp;Lars Lind,&nbsp;Bengt Vessby","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A specific fatty acid (FA) composition in plasma lipid esters is related to the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and may influence the development of the MetS.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective was to define and study FA factors as measures of dietary fat quality and endogenous FA metabolism in relation to MetS.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Principal factor analysis was performed to define specific FA factors in men participating in a population-based cohort study-the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men. The factors were generated at ages 50 (n = 2009) and 70 (n = 576) y, and relations between FA factors and MetS (National Cholesterol Education Program) were studied in cross-sectional and prospective (20 y) analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The factor analysis generated 3 major FA factors: a low-linoleic acid (LA) factor, a dietary saturated FA factor, and an n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) factor. All factors differed between those subjects with MetS (n = 281 of 2009) and those without MetS at age 50 y; only the low-LA factor differed at age 70 y, which suggests an association between MetS and fat quality. The low-LA factor (odds ratio: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.28, 1.79; P < 0.0001) and the n-3 PUFA factor (0.76; 0.64, 0.90; P < 0.001) predicted MetS development over 20 y, independent of smoking habits, physical activity, and BMI.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The generated FA factors, which presumably represent dietary fat quality and endogenous FA metabolism, may be important in the development of MetS. This finding supports current dietary recommendations to increase PUFA intakes and restrict saturated FA intakes.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"442-8"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26189050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The low fat paradox--do dietary carbohydrates increase circulating saturated fatty acids?","authors":"Stephen D Phinney","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.461","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"461; author reply 461-2"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26189052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of plasma free fatty acids and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with clinically severe obesity.","authors":"Joshua G Leichman,&nbsp;David Aguilar,&nbsp;Terri M King,&nbsp;Adrian Vlada,&nbsp;Manuel Reyes,&nbsp;Heinrich Taegtmeyer","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obesity is an important contributor to many cardiovascular risk factors and has been associated with abnormalities in cardiac contractile function. Causes of impaired contractile function are not fully understood and may include an oversupply of substrates.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We tested the hypothesis that metabolic dysregulation may adversely influence cardiac function. Specifically, we examined the effects of plasma free fatty acids and insulin sensitivity on left ventricular function in patients with clinically severe obesity.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We measured metabolic and cardiac variables in 64 obese patients [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) > 35], including 2-D complete echocardiogram with M-mode and tissue Doppler imaging, anthropometric measurements, and analysis of blood chemistries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median (25th and 75th percentile) age and BMI were 46 y (36, 53 y) and 51.5 (42.5, 56.5), respectively. The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and insulin resistance were 38%, 53%, and 90%, respectively. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were elevated in the cohort. No association was observed between insulin sensitivity or anthropometric measurements and left ventricular contractile function. However, FFA concentration was independently associated with diastolic function (r = -0.33, P = 0.01), and 40% of the cohort showed age-adjusted diastolic impairment as measured by tissue Doppler imaging.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The negative association between FFA and diastolic function, in the setting of insulin resistance, suggests that excess FFA may exert a lipotoxic effect on the heart.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"336-41"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26188651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium retention in adolescent boys on a range of controlled calcium intakes.","authors":"Michelle Braun,&nbsp;Berdine R Martin,&nbsp;Mark Kern,&nbsp;George P McCabe,&nbsp;Munro Peacock,&nbsp;Zhen Jiang,&nbsp;Connie M Weaver","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>National calcium requirements in the United States for boys are based on data from girls. On average, boys develop larger skeletons than do girls, yet it is unknown whether the additional skeletal accretion in boys requires additional dietary calcium intake.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective was to determine calcium retention in adolescent boys in response to a range of controlled intakes and to compare the intake needed for maximal retention in boys with that needed in adolescent girls studied under the same conditions.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Thirty-one boys aged 12-15 y participated in 3-wk metabolic balance studies testing a range (700-2100 mg/d) of calcium intakes in a crossover study design with a 2-wk washout period. Calcium intake was varied by using a beverage fortified with calcium citrate malate. After a 1-wk equilibration period, calcium retention was calculated as dietary calcium intake minus the calcium excreted in the feces and urine over the following 2 wk. The dietary intake at which maximal calcium retention occurred was determined by using a nonlinear regression model. The results in boys were compared with those obtained in 35 adolescent girls previously studied under the same protocol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Maximal calcium retention in boys was achieved at an intake of 1140 mg/d. Calcium retention was higher (by 171 +/- 38 mg/d) in boys than in girls at all calcium intakes studied.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The higher calcium retention in boys than in girls was attained through higher net calcium absorption and lower urinary excretion than in girls.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"414-8"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26189046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}