The American journal of clinical nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases.","authors":"Barry M Popkin","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global energy imbalances and related obesity levels are rapidly increasing. The world is rapidly shifting from a dietary period in which the higher-income countries are dominated by patterns of degenerative diseases (whereas the lower- and middle-income countries are dominated by receding famine) to one in which the world is increasingly being dominated by degenerative diseases. This article documents the high levels of overweight and obesity found across higher- and lower-income countries and the global shift of this burden toward the poor and toward urban and rural populations. Dietary changes appear to be shifting universally toward a diet dominated by higher intakes of animal and partially hydrogenated fats and lower intakes of fiber. Activity patterns at work, at leisure, during travel, and in the home are equally shifting rapidly toward reduced energy expenditure. Large-scale decreases in food prices (eg, beef prices) have increased access to supermarkets, and the urbanization of both urban and rural areas is a key underlying factor. Limited documentation of the extent of the increased effects of the fast food and bottled soft drink industries on this nutrition shift is available, but some examples of the heterogeneity of the underlying changes are presented. The challenge to global health is clear.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"289-98"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26188745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preoperative weight loss with a very-low-energy diet: quantitation of changes in liver and abdominal fat by serial imaging.","authors":"Susan L Colles,&nbsp;John B Dixon,&nbsp;Paul Marks,&nbsp;Boyd J Strauss,&nbsp;Paul E O'Brien","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A very-low-energy diet (VLED) can result in substantial, rapid weight loss and is increasingly prescribed before obesity surgery to minimize risk and difficulty by reducing liver size and abdominal adiposity. Despite its growing popularity, a VLED in this setting has received little attention.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and acceptability of a preoperative VLED.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>In a prospective observational study, 32 subjects (n = 19 men and 13 women) with a mean (+/-SD) age of 47.5 +/- 8.3 y and a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 47.3 +/- 5.3 consumed a VLED for 12 wk. Primary outcomes included changes in liver volume (LV) and in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT/SAT). Changes in body weight, anthropometric measures, and biochemical variables were also recorded, and compliance with, acceptability of, and side effects of treatment were assessed. Changes in LV and VAT/SAT area were measured by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean (+/-SD) LV, VAT/SAT, and body weight decreased significantly (P < 0.001 for all). The degree of LV reduction was directly related to the reduction in relative body weight (r = 0.54, P = 0.001) and initial LV (r = 0.43, P = 0.015). Eighty percent of the reduction in LV occurred between weeks 0 and 2 (P < 0.001). Reductions in body weight and VAT were uniform over the 12-wk period. Attrition was 14%. Acceptability was adequate but waned over time, and mild transitory side effects occurred.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Given the observed early reduction in LV and the progressive reduction in VAT, we suggest that the minimum duration for a preoperative VLED be 2 wk. Ideally, the duration should be 6 wk to achieve maximal LV reduction and significant reductions in VAT and body weight without compromising compliance and acceptability.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"304-11"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26188647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in the US population.","authors":"Earl S Ford,&nbsp;Rosemary L Schleicher,&nbsp;Ali H Mokdad,&nbsp;Umed A Ajani,&nbsp;Simin Liu","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although the population distribution of serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol has been described in the United States, little is known about the distribution of gamma-tocopherol or the ratio of alpha-tocopherol to gamma-tocopherol.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our aim was to describe the distribution of serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in a nationally representative sample of US adults.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We reviewed data from 4087 adults aged >/=20 y who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2000). Concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol were measured by using HPLC with ultraviolet-visible wavelength detection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The arithmetic mean (+/-SEM) of serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol was 30.09 +/- 0.45 micromol/L, the median was 25.94 micromol/L, and the geometric mean (+/-SEM) was 27.39 +/- 0.38 micromol/L. The arithmetic mean of serum concentrations of gamma-tocopherol was 5.74 +/- 0.22 micromol/L, the median was 5.25 micromol/L, and the geometric mean was 4.79 +/- 0.18 micromol/L. The median ratio of alpha-tocopherol to total cholesterol was 4.93 micromol/mmol, that of gamma-tocopherol to total cholesterol was 1.03 micromol/mmol, and that of alpha-tocopherol to gamma-tocopherol was 4.53 micromol/mmol. Concentrations of alpha-tocopherol increased significantly (P for trend < 0.001) with age and were significantly (P = 0.015) lower in men than in women. African Americans and Mexican Americans had significantly (P < 0.001) lower concentrations of alpha-tocopherol than did whites. The median concentrations of gamma-tocopherol showed a trend with respect to age, did not differ significantly between men and women, and were slightly but nonsignificantly lower in white participants than in African American or Mexican American participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sociodemographic variations in serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol exist among US adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"375-83"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26190172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of high-carbohydrate mixed meals with different glycemic indexes on substrate utilization during subsequent exercise in women.","authors":"Emma J Stevenson,&nbsp;Clyde Williams,&nbsp;Laura E Mash,&nbsp;Beth Phillips,&nbsp;Maria L Nute","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few data exist on the metabolic responses to mixed meals with different glycemic indexes and their effects on substrate metabolism during exercise in women.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined the effects of preexercise mixed meals providing carbohydrates with high (HGI) or low glycemic index (LGI) on substrate utilization during rest and exercise in women.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Eight healthy, active, eumenorrheic women [aged 18.6 +/- 0.9 y; body mass: 59.9 +/- 7.1 kg; maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max): 48.7 +/- 1.1 mL . kg(-1) . min(-1)] completed 2 trials. On each occasion, subjects were provided with a test breakfast 3 h before performing a 60-min run at 65% VO(2)max on a motorized treadmill. Both breakfasts provided 2 g carbohydrate/kg body mass and were isoenergetic. The calculated GIs of the meals were 78 (HGI) and 44 (LGI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Peak plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations were greater after the HGI breakfast than after the LGI breakfast (P < 0.05). No significant differences in substrate oxidation were reported throughout the postprandial period. During exercise, the estimated rate of fat oxidation was greater in the LGI trial than in the HGI trial (P < 0.05). Similarly, plasma free fatty acid and glycerol concentrations were higher throughout exercise in the LGI trial (P < 0.05). No significant differences in plasma glucose or serum insulin were observed during exercise.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Altering the GI of the carbohydrate within a meal significantly changes the postprandial hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic responses in women. A LGI preexercise meal resulted in a higher rate of fat oxidation during exercise than did an HGI meal.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"354-60"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26190169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ratio of oleic to palmitic acid is a dietary determinant of thrombogenic and fibrinolytic factors during the postprandial state in men.","authors":"Yolanda M Pacheco,&nbsp;Beatriz Bermúdez,&nbsp;Sergio López,&nbsp;Rocío Abia,&nbsp;José Villar,&nbsp;Francisco J G Muriana","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The nature of dietary fats affects the postprandial activation of the hemostatic system.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated whether the ratio of oleic to palmitic acid [and that of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids (MUFA:SFA)] in the diet affects postprandial concentrations of triacylglycerols, tissue factor (TF), fibrinogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We studied the effects of diets enriched in olive oil (ROO), high-palmitic sunflower oil (HPSO), butter, or a mixture of vegetable and fish oils (VEFO) on circulating concentrations of the aforementioned factors in 14 healthy men. The fats had ratios of oleic to palmitic acid (MUFA:SFA) of 6.83 (5.43), 2.36 (2.42), 0.82 (0.48), and 13.81 (7.08).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The largest and longest-lasting postprandial changes in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were found with the butter-based diet (all P < 0.05). No correlation was observed between the net incremental area under the curve (netAUC) for triacylglycerol and the ratio of oleic to palmitic acid (or MUFA:SFA) in the dietary fats. The netAUCs for TF and PAI-1, however, were inversely related to the ratio of oleic to palmitic acid (and MUFA:SFA) in ROO, HPSO, butter, and VEFO. Similar results were found for the fibrinogen netAUC when VEFO was omitted from the analysis. The netAUC for t-PA was inversely correlated with postprandial concentrations of triacylglycerol.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Postprandial concentrations of TF, fibrinogen, and PAI-1 are associated with the ratio of oleic to palmitic acid (MUFA:SFA) in dietary fats. The postprandial t-PA response is related to postprandial concentrations of triacylglycerol.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"342-9"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26188652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intakes of 4 dietary lignans and cause-specific and all-cause mortality in the Zutphen Elderly Study.","authors":"Ivon E J Milder,&nbsp;Edith J M Feskens,&nbsp;Ilja C W Arts,&nbsp;H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita,&nbsp;Peter C H Hollman,&nbsp;Daan Kromhout","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plant lignans are converted to enterolignans that have antioxidant and weak estrogen-like activities, and therefore they may lower cardiovascular disease and cancer risks.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated whether the intakes of 4 plant lignans (lariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol, and matairesinol) were inversely associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, and all-cause mortality.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The Zutphen Elderly Study is a prospective cohort study in which 570 men aged 64-84 y were followed for 15 y. We recently developed a database and used it to estimate the dietary intakes of 4 plant lignans. Lignan intake was related to mortality with the use of Cox proportional hazards analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median total lignan intake in 1985 was 977 microg/d. Tea, vegetables, bread, coffee, fruit, and wine were the major sources of lignan. The total lignan intake was not related to mortality. However, the intake of matairesinol was inversely associated with CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality (P </= 0.05 for all) and cancer (P = 0.06). Multivariate-adjusted rate ratios (95% CI) per 1-SD increase in intake were 0.72 (0.53, 0.98) for CHD, 0.83 (0.69, 1.00) for CVD, 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) for all-cause mortality, and 0.81 (0.65, 1.00) for cancer.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Total lignan intake was not associated with mortality. The intake of matairesinol was inversely associated with mortality due to CHD, CVD, cancer, and all causes. We cannot exclude the possibility that the inverse association between matairesinol intake and mortality is due to an associated factor, such as wine consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"400-5"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.400","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26190176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Major variables of zinc homeostasis in Chinese toddlers.","authors":"Xiao-Yang Sheng,&nbsp;K Michael Hambidge,&nbsp;Xi-Xiang Zhu,&nbsp;Jun-Xue Ni,&nbsp;Karl B Bailey,&nbsp;Rosalind S Gibson,&nbsp;Nancy F Krebs","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Measurement of the major variables of zinc homeostasis is an essential prerequisite for estimating human zinc requirements, which currently require a factorial approach. The data required for this approach have not been available for toddlers, whose requirements have been estimated by extrapolation from other age groups.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of the study was to measure key variables of zinc homeostasis in rural and small-town Chinese toddlers.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Zinc stable-isotope tracers were administered intravenously and orally with all meals for 1 d to 43 toddlers. Subsequent metabolic collections in the homes included duplicate diets, quantitative fecal collections, and spot urine sampling. Fractional absorption of zinc (FAZ) was measured by a dual-isotope tracer ratio technique, and endogenous fecal zinc (EFZ) was measured by an isotope dilution technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No group or sex differences were found. Therefore, results were combined for 43 toddlers aged 19-25 mo whose major food staple was white rice. Selected results (x+/- SD) were 1.86 +/- 0.55 mg total dietary Zn/d; 0.35 +/- 0.12 FAZ; 0.63 +/- 0.24 mg total absorbed Zn/d; 0.67 +/- 0.23 mg EFZ/d; and 65.0 +/- 8.3 microg plasma Zn/dL. The molar ratio of dietary phytate to zinc was 2.7:1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The mean intake and absorption of zinc in this population are low in comparison with estimated average dietary and physiologic requirements for zinc, and plasma zinc values are consistent with zinc deficiency. Intestinal losses of endogenous zinc exceed previous estimates for toddlers, and only modest evidence exists of conservation in response to low zinc intake and absorption.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"389-94"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26190174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study.","authors":"Ligia J Dominguez, Mario Barbagallo, Fulvio Lauretani, Stefania Bandinelli, Angelo Bos, Anna Maria Corsi, Eleanor M Simonsick, Luigi Ferrucci","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.419","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The role of magnesium in maintaining muscle integrity and function in older adults is largely unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to investigate the relation between serum magnesium concentrations and muscle performance in older subjects.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Data are from the baseline examination conducted between September 1998 and March 2000 of the InCHIANTI (aging in the Chianti area) study, a prospective epidemiologic survey of risk factors for late-life disability. From among 1453 randomly selected community residents completing a home interview, 1138 men (46%) and women (aged 66.7 +/- 15.2 y; x +/- SD) with complete data on muscle performance and serum magnesium who were not severely cognitively compromised and had no evidence of kidney disease or hypercalcemia were included in the analysis. Muscle performance was evaluated by grip strength, lower-leg muscle power, knee extension torque, and ankle extension isometric strength and was normalized for age and body mass index (BMI) within each sex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, laboratory variables, presence of chronic diseases, muscle area, muscle density, and physical activity level, serum magnesium concentrations were significantly associated with indexes of muscle performance, including grip strength (beta = 2.0 +/- 0.5, P = 0.0002), lower-leg muscle power (beta = 8.8 +/- 2.7, P = 0.001), knee extension torque (beta = 31.2 +/- 7.9, P < 0.0001), and ankle extension strength (beta = 3.8 +/- 0.5, P < 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The serum magnesium concentration is an independent correlate of muscle performance in older persons. Whether magnesium supplementation improves muscle function remains to be shown.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"419-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669297/pdf/nihms45650.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26189047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body mass index history and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study.","authors":"Anja Schienkiewitz,&nbsp;Matthias B Schulze,&nbsp;Kurt Hoffmann,&nbsp;Anja Kroke,&nbsp;Heiner Boeing","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obesity and increases in body weight in adults are considered to be among the most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective was to evaluate and compare the associations between weight changes during 2 different periods of adult life and the risk of type 2 diabetes and age at diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The study included 7720 men and 10 371 women from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study with information on weight history; 390 men and 303 women of these participants received a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes during 7 y of follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of weight changes between ages 25 and 40 y and ages 40 and 55 y.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RR estimates in men and women were slightly higher for each unit of BMI gain between ages 25 and 40 y [men: 1.25 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.30); women: 1.24 (1.20, 1.27)] than between ages 40 and 55 y [men: 1.13 (1.10, 1.16); women: 1.11 (1.08, 1.14)]. Severe weight gain between ages 25 and 40 y was associated with a higher diabetes risk in men (1.5 times) and in women (4.3 times) than were stable weight in early adulthood and weight gain in later life, and it resulted in an average lower age at diabetes diagnosis in men (5 y) and in women (3 y).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Weight gain in early adulthood is related to a higher risk and earlier onset of type 2 diabetes than is weight gain between 40 and 55 y of age.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"427-33"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.427","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26189048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional risk and the metabolic syndrome in women: opportunities for preventive intervention from the Framingham Nutrition Study.","authors":"Barbara E Millen,&nbsp;Michael J Pencina,&nbsp;Ruth W Kimokoti,&nbsp;Lei Zhu,&nbsp;James B Meigs,&nbsp;Jose M Ordovas,&nbsp;Ralph B D'Agostino","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/84.1.434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diet is recognized as a key factor in the cause and management of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, policies to guide preventive clinical nutrition interventions of the condition are limited.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We examined the relation between dietary quality and incident MetS in adult women and identified foci for preventive nutrition interventions.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This was a prospective study of 300 healthy women (aged 30-69 y) in the Framingham Offspring-Spouse study who were free of MetS risk factors at baseline. The development of individual MetS traits and overall MetS status during 12 y of follow-up were compared in women by tertile of nutritional risk, based on intake of 19 nutrients. Multivariate logistic regression models considered age, smoking, physical activity, and menopausal status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline age-adjusted mean nutrient intake and ischemic heart disease risk profiles differed by tertile of nutritional risk. Women with higher nutritional risk profiles consumed more dietary lipids (total, saturated, and monounsaturated fats) and alcohol and less fiber and micronutrients; they had higher cigarette use and waist circumferences. Compared with women with the lowest nutritional risk, those in the highest tertile had a 2- to 3-fold risk of the development of abdominal obesity and overall MetS during 12 y of follow-up [odds ratio: 2.3 (95% CI: 1.2, 4.3) and 3.0 (95% CI: 1.2, 7.6), respectively].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher composite nutritional risk predicts the development of abdominal obesity and MetS during long-term follow-up in healthy women, independent of lifestyle and ischemic heart disease risk factors. Preventive nutrition interventions for obesity and MetS risk reduction should focus on the overall nutritional quality of women's dietary profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"434-41"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.434","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26189049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}