The American journal of clinical nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Artificial Nutrition Support in Clinical Practice, 2nd ed, edited by Jason Payne-James, George Grimble, and David Silk, 2001, 798 pages, hardcover, $165. Greenwich Medical Media Limited, London.","authors":"B. Bistrian","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.5.1143A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.5.1143A","url":null,"abstract":"Well, someone can decide by themselves what they want to do and need to do but sometimes, that kind of person will need some artificial nutrition support in clinical practice references. People with open minded will always try to seek for the new things and information from many sources. On the contrary, people with closed mind will always think that they can do it by their principals. So, what kind of person are you?","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114134584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health.","authors":"R. E. Black, Sheila M. Williams, I. Jones, A. Goulding","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.3.675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.3.675","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Information concerning the adequacy of bone mineralization in children who customarily avoid drinking cow milk is sparse.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The objective was to evaluate dietary calcium intakes, anthropometric measures, and bone health in prepubertal children with a history of long-term milk avoidance.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000We recruited 50 milk avoiders (30 girls, 20 boys) aged 3-10 y by advertisement. We measured current dietary calcium intakes with a food-frequency questionnaire and body composition and bone mineral density with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and compared the results with those of 200 milk-drinking control children.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The reasons for milk avoidance were intolerance (40%), bad taste (42%), and lifestyle choice (18%). Dietary calcium intakes were low (443 +/- 230 mg Ca/d), and few children consumed substitute calcium-rich drinks or mineral supplements. Although 9 children (18%) were obese, the milk avoiders were shorter (P < 0.01), had smaller skeletons (P < 0.01), had a lower total-body bone mineral content (P < 0.01), and had lower z scores (P < 0.05) for areal bone mineral density at the femoral neck, hip trochanter, lumbar spine, ultradistal radius, and 33% radius than did control children of the same age and sex from the same community. The z scores for volumetric (size-adjusted) bone mineral density (g/cm(3)) were -0.72 +/- 1.17 for the lumbar spine and -0.72 +/- 1.35 for the 33% radius (P < 0.001). Twelve children (24%) had previously broken bones.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000In growing children, long-term avoidance of cow milk is associated with small stature and poor bone health. This is a major concern that warrants further study.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126578635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting obesity in adults from childhood and adolescent weight.","authors":"G. Bray","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.3.497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.3.497","url":null,"abstract":"The article by Guo et al (1) published in this issue of the Journal is important because it provides guidance in identifying children who may become overweight or obese as adults. The authors reanalyzed the longitudinal follow-up of participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study by using the newly published standards from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The annual heights and weights of 166 males and 181 females were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) from 3 to 20 y of age and from 30 to 39 y of age. For each subject, the average of the annual BMI values between 30 and 39 y of age was used to provide a mean BMI value at 35 y of age. These mean BMI values were used to identify the subjects who were overweight (BMI ≥ 25) or obese (BMI ≥ 30) at 35 y of age. Using logistic regression, the authors then constructed curves for predicting the likelihood of overweight or obesity in children and adolescents between 3 and 20 y of age who were at the 75th, 85th, or 95th BMI percentiles. The risk of adult overweight or obesity increased with higher childhood and adolescent BMI values and with increasing age. At the 95th percentile, for example, the probability of adult obesity for young females was 40–59.9% from 5 to 12 y of age and ≥ 60% thereafter. For young males, the probability of adult obesity was 20–39.9% from 4 to 12 y of age and ≥ 60% thereafter. With the increasing epidemic of obesity in the world (2–4), the ability to identify individuals at an early age who are at a high risk of obesity is particularly important because it may allow the implementation of preventive strategies. The article by Guo et al provides one approach to this problem. However, there are some limitations in their study. The first problem is that the children who participated in the Fels Longitudinal Study grew up in the years around World War II when obesity was not the major epidemic that it is now. Thus, their data may underestimate the risk of becoming obese later in life. The BMIage relations they calculated may underestimate or overestimate this risk. Only additional data will answer this question. A second problem is that all of the children in the Fels Longitudinal Study were white. However, the current epidemic afflicts ethnic minorities in the United States more than it does whites (4). Thus, the data from this study may not provide us with predictive insights for the groups for whom they are most badly needed. Although obesity has important genetic and familial components, environmental factors are probably the predominant factors in the current epidemic. If so, the identification of children at high risk of obesity is particularly important. In addition to the approach provided by Guo et al, the weight status of the parents can be used. Children from families in which one or both parents are overweight have a substantially higher risk of becoming obese than do children whose parents are not overweight. Identification 1 From the Pennin","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124663444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary treatment of iron deficiency?","authors":"A. Heath, C. Skeaff, R. Gibson","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.3.687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.3.687","url":null,"abstract":"We read with great interest the article by Patterson et al (1) published recently in the Journal. In the conclusion of their abstract, the authors purport to have shown that “in iron-deficient women of childbearing age, a high-iron diet produced smaller increases in SF [serum ferritin] than did iron supplementation but resulted in continued improvements in iron status during a 6-mo follow-up.” Certainly, the iron-deficient women in the diet group were advised to consume a diet high in absorbable iron for the first 12 wk of the study. However, they did not do this. Throughout the 12-wk intervention, there was no significant increase in either heme or nonheme iron intake; nor were there any significant changes in the intakes of vitamin C, meat, alcohol, phytate, calcium, or tea. Furthermore, 6 mo after the end of the formal intervention, bioavailable iron intake was, if anything, lower than at baseline; yet, the diet group’s serum ferritin concentration was slightly (2.1 g/L) higher at the end of the 12wk intervention and moderately higher (4.2 g/L) 6 mo after the intervention. Given that any change in the intake of dietary iron or its absorption modifiers throughout the 9-mo study was negligible, what could account for the increase in serum ferritin concentration? It is possible that at the end of the 12-wk intervention, women in the diet group chose to take or were prescribed an iron supplement because they knew that they were iron deficient and had not received an iron supplement during the study. It is also possible that because serum ferritin is an acute-phase reactant, the small increase in mean serum ferritin concentration at follow-up resulted from the inclusion of one or more individuals with a serum ferritin concentration that was elevated because of infection. The absence of a true control group makes it particularly difficult to conclude that the changes in serum ferritin concentration were the result of an improvement in diet. The cornerstone of scientific research into the effects of diet on nutritional status is the randomized controlled trial in which participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Without an iron-deficient control group, it is difficult to quantify the effects on iron status of factors beyond the investigators’ control. For instance, it is well known that if a group of individuals is identified on the basis of a low biochemical index measured on one occasion, a subsequent measurement is likely, by chance, to be higher (ie, closer to the mean) even in the absence of any intervention effect. The only way to determine whether the increase in serum ferritin concentration in the iron-deficient diet group in this study was real, and not merely the result of a phenomenon such as regression to the mean, would be to compare it to changes in serum ferritin concentration in an iron-deficient control group. Concern about the ethics of not treating women with iron deficiency could have been minimized by recru","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128074537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting total energy expenditure from self-reported dietary records and physical characteristics in adult and elderly men and women.","authors":"J. Seale","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.3.529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.3.529","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Energy requirements and nutrient intakes are commonly estimated from self-reported dietary records, but such estimation has proven to be unreliable. When energy intakes determined from dietary records are compared with energy expenditures measured with the use of doubly labeled water, the former consistently underestimate energy requirements and have a high degree of variability.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The objective of this study was to reduce the bias and variability of self-reported dietary records through the use of stepwise multiple regression analysis to develop models that relate energy expenditure measured with the use of doubly labeled water to energy intake from dietary records, sex, and fat-free mass (or weight and height).\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Data from 54 healthy adult men and women were used to develop these models.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Fat-free mass, energy intake, and sex accounted for 86% of the variability in energy expenditure, whereas energy intake, sex, height, and weight accounted for 83%. When the model relating fat-free mass, energy intake, and sex to energy expenditure was tested on published data, it reduced the bias and variability of self-reported dietary records from -17 +/- 27% to 3 +/- 16%. When the model relating energy intake, sex, weight, and height to energy expenditure was tested on published data, it reduced the bias and variability of self-reported dietary records from -19 +/- 25% to -0.3 +/- 19%.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Results from this study indicate that a simple relation can be used to correct self-reported dietary records to estimated energy requirements.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124869496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases.","authors":"P. Knekt, J. Kumpulainen, R. Järvinen, H. Rissanen, M. Heliövaara, A. Reunanen, T. Hakulinen, A. Aromaa","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.3.560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.3.560","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Flavonoids are effective antioxidants and may protect against several chronic diseases.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The association between flavonoid intake and risk of several chronic diseases was studied.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000The total dietary intakes of 10 054 men and women during the year preceding the baseline examination were determined with a dietary history method. Flavonoid intakes were estimated, mainly on the basis of the flavonoid concentrations in Finnish foods. The incident cases of the diseases considered were identified from different national public health registers.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Persons with higher quercetin intakes had lower mortality from ischemic heart disease. The relative risk (RR) between the highest and lowest quartiles was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.99: P for trend = 0.02). The incidence of cerebrovascular disease was lower at higher kaempferol (0.70; 0.56, 0.86; P = 0.003), naringenin (0.79; 0.64, 0.98; P = 0.06), and hesperetin (0.80; 0.64, 0.99; P = 0.008) intakes. Men with higher quercetin intakes had a lower lung cancer incidence (0.42; 0.25, 0.72; P = 0.001), and men with higher myricetin intakes had a lower prostate cancer risk (0.43; 0.22, 0.86; P = 0.002). Asthma incidence was lower at higher quercetin (0.76; 0.56, 1.01; P = 0.005), naringenin (0.69; 0.50, 0.94; P = 0.06), and hesperetin (0.64; 0.46, 0.88; P = 0.03) intakes. A trend toward a reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes was associated with higher quercetin (0.81; 0.64, 1.02; P = 0.07) and myricetin (0.79; 0.62, 1.00; P = 0.07) intakes.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The risk of some chronic diseases may be lower at higher dietary flavonoid intakes.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124195387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy is associated with more mature neonatal sleep-state patterning.","authors":"Sunita R Cheruku, H. Montgomery-Downs, Susanna L Farkas, E. Thoman, C. Lammi‐Keefe","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.3.608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.3.608","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000The effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the developing fetal central nervous system (CNS) and related functional outcomes in infancy remain unexplored. Sleep and wake states of newborns provide a tool for assessing the functional integrity of the CNS.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000We investigated whether CNS integrity in newborns, measured with sleep recordings, was associated with maternal concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially DHA.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentrations were measured in 17 women at parturition. On postpartum day 1 (P1) and day 2 (P2), a pressure-sensitive pad under the infants' bedding recorded body movements and respiratory patterns to measure sleep and wake states.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Maternal plasma phospholipid DHA ranged from 1.91% to 4.5% by wt of total fatty acids. On the basis of previously published data and the median DHA concentration, the women were divided into 2 groups: high DHA (> 3.0% by wt of total fatty acids) and low DHA (</= 3.0% by wt of total fatty acids). Infants of high-DHA mothers had a significantly lower ratio of active sleep (AS) to quiet sleep (QS) and less AS than did infants of low-DHA mothers. Furthermore, the former infants had less sleep-wake transition and more wakefulness on P2. Correlations of maternal DHA status with infant sleep states were consistent with these data. Also, the ratio of maternal n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on P1 was inversely associated with QS and positively associated with arousals in QS. On P2, maternal n-6:n-3 was positively associated with AS, sleep-wake transition, and AS:QS.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The sleep patterns of infants born to mothers with higher plasma phospholipid DHA suggest greater CNS maturity.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125624416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to NW Solomons and K Schümann","authors":"S. Zlotkin, P. Arthur","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.3.693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.3.693","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117485439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Independent effects of residual renal function and dialysis adequacy on dietary micronutrient intakes in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.","authors":"A. Wang, M. Sea, R. Ip, M. Law, K. Chow, S. Lui, P. Li, J. Woo","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.3.569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.3.569","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Dialysis patients are at risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies, not only because of losses during chronic hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis but also because of low intakes.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The objective was to determine the importance of urea clearance (calculated as K(t)/V) and residual renal function (RRF) in predicting micronutrient intakes in a large cohort of patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000We conducted a survey of dietary intakes in 242 CAPD patients and divided them into 3 groups according to their weekly urea clearance and RRF: WD group (n = 84), a urea clearance >/= 1.7 and a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >/= 1 mL x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2); DD group (n = 71), a urea clearance >/= 1.7 and a GFR < 1 mL x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2); and ID group (n = 87), a urea clearance < 1.7.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Most of the patients had intakes of water-soluble vitamins and minerals that were lower than the recommended dietary allowance; most intakes were significantly higher in the WD group than in the DD and ID groups, except those of niacin and calcium. After age, sex, body weight, and the presence of diabetes were controlled for, total weekly urea clearance and the GFR (but not peritoneal dialysis urea clearance) were significantly associated with intakes of vitamins A and C, the B vitamins, and minerals (calcium, phosphate, iron, and zinc). Low intakes of vitamins and minerals with low RRF and urea clearance were the result of reduced overall food intakes, except for thiamine, vitamin B-6, and folic acid, which were deficient in the diet.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Supplementation with most water-soluble vitamins and minerals, including iron and zinc, should be considered in CAPD patients, especially those with low RRF and low urea clearance. The optimal dose needs to be determined.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126322710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extra dietary copper inhibits LDL oxidation.","authors":"L. Klevay","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/76.3.687A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/76.3.687A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124118565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}