The American journal of clinical nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Lack of a relation between vitamin and mineral antioxidants and bone mineral density: results from the Women's Health Initiative.","authors":"R. Wolf, J. Cauley, M. Pettinger, R. Jackson, A. LaCroix, M. LeBoff, C. Lewis, M. Nevitt, J. Simon, K. Stone, J. Wactawski‐Wende","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.581","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Antioxidant defenses are one possible mechanism for decreasing oxidative damage and its potentially negative effects on age-related bone mass.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000This study cross-sectionally examined whether higher dietary intakes, total intakes, and serum concentrations of antioxidants may be associated with higher bone mineral density (BMD).\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Total hip (and subregions), spine, and total-body BMDs were measured in 11,068 women aged 50-79 y enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study and Clinical Trial at 3 clinics. Antioxidant intakes from diet (vitamin A, retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) were estimated by using a self-reported food-frequency questionnaire. Antioxidants from supplements were estimated with an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A random subset (n = 379) had serum concentrations of retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols measured.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000After adjustment for important BMD-related covariates, increasing intakes of antioxidants were not independently associated with BMD. A significant interaction effect was observed between intake of total vitamin C (lower three-fourths compared with highest one-fourth) and use of hormone therapy (HT) (P < 0.01). The beneficial effect of current HT use on femoral neck BMD appeared to be greater in women with higher concentrations of total vitamin C. This interaction was also significant for total-body (P < 0.045), spine (P = 0.03), and total-hip BMDs (P = 0.029).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Our results do not support independent associations between dietary intake, total intake, or serum concentrations of antioxidants and BMD in women participating in the Women's Health Initiative. The extent to which HT use may interact with vitamin C intake and BMD warrants further exploration.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130536331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-protein diet increases postprandial but not fasting plasma total homocysteine concentrations: a dietary controlled, crossover trial in healthy volunteers.","authors":"P. Verhoef, T. van Vliet, M. Olthof, M. Katan","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.553","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000A high plasma concentration of total homocysteine (tHcy) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A high protein intake and hence a high intake of methionine--the sole dietary precursor of homocysteine--may raise plasma tHcy concentrations.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVES\u0000We studied whether high intake of protein increases plasma concentrations of tHcy in the fasting state and throughout the day.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000We conducted a randomized, dietary controlled, crossover trial in 20 healthy men aged 18-44 y. For 8 d, men consumed a controlled low-protein diet enriched with either a protein supplement [high-protein diet (21% of energy as protein)] or an isocaloric amount of short-chain glucose polymers [low-protein diet (9% of energy as protein)]. After a 13-d washout period, treatments were reversed. On days 1 and 8 of each treatment period, blood was sampled before breakfast (fasting) and throughout the day.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Fasting tHcy concentrations did not differ significantly after the 1-wk high-protein and the 1-wk low-protein diets. The high-protein diet resulted in a significantly higher area under the 24-h homocysteine-by-time curves compared with the low-protein diet, both on day 1 (difference: 45.1 h x micromol/L; 95% CI: 35.3, 54.8 h x micromol/L; P < 0.0001) and on day 8 (difference: 24.7 h x micromol/L; 95% CI: 15.0, 34.5 h x micromol/L; P < 0.0001).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000A high-protein diet increases tHcy concentrations throughout the day but does not increase fasting tHcy concentrations. As previously shown, the extent of the tHcy increase is modified by the amino acid composition of the protein diet. The clinical relevance of this finding depends on whether high concentrations of tHcy-particularly postprandially-cause cardiovascular disease.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121041865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tanning and vitamin D status.","authors":"Martin A Weinstock,&nbsp;DeAnn Lazovich","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/82.3.707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.3.707","url":null,"abstract":"We read with concern the article by Tangpricha et al (1) on tanning and vitamin D status in a recent issue of the Journal. They concluded, on the basis of their study, that “tanning beds may also provide some medical benefit.” Our concern is based on several factors. First, Tangpricha et al recruited a convenience sample via an online bulletin board and newspaper advertisement. Hence, their study population was likely not representative of the general population. As a consequence, their results could be biased by the selfselected nature of their study participants. Furthermore, their comparison of vitamin D concentrations in tanners and nontanners may have been biased by their failure to account for differences in ethnic group, multivitamin consumption, or sunlight exposure between the 2 groups—factors that may have led to spuriously low vitamin D concentrations in nontanners relative to tanners. Second, patrons of commercial tanning parlors are unable to distinguish whether the lamps to which they are exposed emit pure ultraviolet (UV) A radiation (ie, wavelengths between 320 and 400 nm), which will not result in the photosynthesis of vitamin D in human skin, or emit a mixture of UV B (ie, wavelengths between 280 and 320 nm) and UVA radiation, which will result in the photosynthesis of vitamin D in human skin, nor can they tell how much UVB radiation is emitted by these lamps. Third, the investigators imply that artificial tanning lamps may be useful for improving vitamin D status, but they downplay their carcinogenicity. Artificial tanning has been linked to multiple types of skin cancers. Oral vitamin supplements are a safer, much less expensive, and more convenient method for improving vitamin D status. Fourth, the authors of the article acknowledge having received support from the UV Foundation for their work, and the senior author is a consultant for this foundation. However, the authors failed to note the close connection between the UV Foundation and the commercial tanning industry. Were the readers aware of this close connection, they might infer that the implicit endorsement of tanning parlors in this article is related to the authors’ financial connections with the commercial tanning industry.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"707; author reply 707-8"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ajcn/82.3.707","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25003231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small differences in the effects of stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid on the serum lipoprotein profile of humans.","authors":"M. Thijssen, R. Mensink","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.510","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Studies have suggested that oleic and stearic acids, as well as oleic and linoleic acids, have comparable effects on the serum lipoprotein profile. If so, then substituting these three 18-carbon fatty acids for each other would result in similar effects on the serum lipoprotein profile.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The aim of this study was to compare simultaneously the effects of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids on the serum lipoprotein profile of healthy subjects.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Forty-five subjects (27 women and 18 men) consumed in random order 3 experimental diets, each for 5 wk. The diets provided 38% of energy from fat, of which 60% was supplied by the experimental fats. The dietary compositions of the diets were the same, except for 7% of energy, which was provided by stearic, oleic, or linoleic acid. At the end of each intervention period, serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were measured. In addition, LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle sizes and particle concentrations of lipoprotein subclasses were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000No significant diet-induced changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins were found. Mean (+/-SD) serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations were 3.79 +/- 0.91, 3.71 +/- 0.79, and 3.65 +/- 0.91 mmol/L with the high-stearic acid, high-oleic acid, and high-linoleic acid diets, respectively (P = 0.137 for diet effects). Mean (+/-SD) HDL-cholesterol concentrations were 1.45 +/- 0.43, 1.46 +/- 0.45, and 1.46 +/- 0.44 mmol/L (P = 0.866). LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle sizes and lipoprotein subclass distributions also did not differ significantly between the 3 diets.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000With realistic intakes of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, differences between their effects on the serum lipoprotein profile are small.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124518556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to MA Weinstock and D Lazovich","authors":"M. Holick, V. Tangpricha","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.707A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.707A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130683284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypovitaminosis D is associated with reductions in serum apolipoprotein A-I but not with fasting lipids in British Bangladeshis.","authors":"W. John, K. Noonan, N. Mannan, B. Boucher","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.3.517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.3.517","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Although hypovitaminosis D has been suggested to increase the risk of heart disease, its relation to components of the fasting lipid profile has not been clarified for specific ethnic groups.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The objective was to determine the relation of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations to fasting lipid concentrations in South Asian subjects at risk of hypovitaminosis D.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000The present study was conducted in 170 British Bangladeshi adults, 69 men and 101 women, from east London who were free of known diabetes or chronic disorders. Vitamin D repletion was assessed by measuring fasting serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Fasting lipid profiles were measured as part of a study of the risk factors for type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease, which included hypovitaminosis D.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000A univariate analysis showed that total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and both apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apo B concentrations correlated directly with serum 25(OH)D concentrations. However, a multiple regression analysis, which included all the documented risk factors for diabetes and ischemic heart disease, showed that the 25(OH)D concentration (vitamin D status) was an independent predictor of increasing apo A-I concentrations (standardized coefficient beta = 0.3; P < 0.001) but not of fasting lipid concentrations.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000In this study of British South Asians, the data showed a positive relation of fasting apo A-I concentrations to serum 25(OH)D concentrations, independent of glycemia and other dietary, anthropometric, and lifestyle risk factors for type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease after multiple regression analyses. Subjects with hypovitaminosis D are likely to have an increased risk of ischemic heart disease independent of their increased risk of type 2 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131543919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of maternal smoking with overweight at age 3 y in American Indian children.","authors":"A. Adams, H. Harvey, Ronald J Prince","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.2.393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.2.393","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Prevalence rates of overweight are higher among American Indian children than among any other ethnic group, but little research has explored contributing influences.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The objective was to determine the prevalence and predictors of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) > or = 85th percentile in American Indian children in Wisconsin.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000A retrospective analysis was conducted with linked pediatric and pregnancy nutrition surveillance systems and birth records from 1997 through 2001. Participants were American Indian mothers and children (aged 0-3 y) who were participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children in Wisconsin. Outcome measurements included indicators of BMI > or = 85th percentile identified by using binary logistic regression.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Of the 3-y-olds, 22.2% were overweight and 18.7% were at risk of overweight. Of their mothers, 42.5% had smoked during pregnancy. Smoking at the initial prenatal visit significantly predicted overweight and risk of overweight in children at age 3 y (odds ratio: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.05, 4.47). Despite being smaller at birth, the children of smoking mothers had a significantly (P < 0.05) greater increase in weight-for-length z score between birth and age 3 y than did children of nonsmokers. This greater increase was due to a significantly (P < 0.02) greater increase in weight in children of smokers than in those of nonsmokers and not to a relatively slower increase in height.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Our findings suggest the early influence of maternal smoking on the prevalence of overweight at age 3 y in a high-risk American Indian population and provide evidence that interventions to reduce smoking in pregnant women may be warranted.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"82 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130428121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of theobromine should be considered in future studies.","authors":"C. Kelly","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.2.486A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.2.486A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115876941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy intakes of children after preloads: adjustment, not compensation.","authors":"J. Cecil, C. Palmer, W. Wrieden, I. Murrie, C. Bolton‐Smith, P. Watt, D. Wallis, M. Hetherington","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.2.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.2.302","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Young children accurately compensate for energy-dense preloads consumed before test meals. The accuracy of compensation seems to deteriorate as a function of age.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The hypothesis that accurate energy compensation varies by age, body mass index, and individual characteristics of children and their mothers was tested.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Energy intake (EI) from a test meal was measured in 74 children aged 6-9 y 90 min after the ingestion of no-energy (NE), low-energy (LE), or high-energy (HE) preload snacks. The NE preload consisted of 250 mL water, the LE preload consisted of a 56-g muffin + a 250-mL orange drink (783 kJ), and the HE preload consisted of a 56-g muffin + a 250-mL orange drink (1628 kJ).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000A significant dose-related reduction in EI was found after the preloads; younger children adjusted more effectively than did older children, although total EI (including preload energy) indicated that the adjustment was not accurate. The compensation index (COMPX) differed by preload and age group; COMPX scores were higher between the NE and LE preloads (younger children: 44.4 +/- 9.3%; older children: 57.0 +/- 11.6%) than between the NE and HE preloads (39.6 +/- 4.9%; 31.3 +/- 6.2%) and the LE and HE preloads (35.2 +/- 7.8%; 7.4 +/- 9.8%). This finding indicates a more consistent response across preloads and a greater sensitivity to energy load by younger than by older children. High interindividual variation and low intraindividual variation in COMPX was found. The tendency to over- or undereat in response to the preloads (deviation from perfect) correlated directly and positively with maternal concerns about child overweight, not with actual BMI.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000The children adjusted their EIs in response to different preloads, and the younger children did so more effectively than did the older children. Poor short-term energy compensation may constitute a behavioral marker for positive energy balance.","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128523305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breastfeeding and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: results of a pediatric, population-based, case-control study.","authors":"P. Jantchou, D. Turck, M. Balde, C. Gower-Rousseau","doi":"10.1093/AJCN/82.2.485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/82.2.485","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315016,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127421499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}