Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science最新文献

{"title":"Some differences in turnover kinetics of penams and cephems catalyzed by classes A and C ?-lactamases","authors":"S. Adediran, Rex Praff","doi":"10.57046/woll8646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/woll8646","url":null,"abstract":"The differences in the kinetic mechanism of catalysis of class A and class C ?-lactamases are shown by the manner by which these enzymes catalyze the hydrolyses of the penicillins and the cephalosporins. The hydrolysis of cephalosporins that are good substrates of the class C P99 ?-lactamase, where deacylation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate is rate-determining, has been shown to involve a free enzyme isoform (Adediran et al, 2021). We describe here how reconversion of this isoform to the native enzyme is accelerated by bases (e.g. imidazole) and salts (e. g. sodium chloride). The hydrolysis of penicillins by the P99 enzyme, where deacylation is also rate-determining, is not affected by imidazole and sodium chloride, a result that suggests that an enzyme isoform does not accumulate as an intermediate in turnover of this class of substrate. In support of these conclusions, solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effects on kcat values were changed by the presence of imidazole for turnover of cephalothin by the P99 enzyme but unaffected for benzylpenicillin turnover. The hydrolyses of cephalosporins and penicillins by the class A TEM-2 ?-lactamase were not affected by imidazole and sodium chloride and thus also may not involve an accumulating free enzyme isoform. Solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effects and proton inventories on the class A PC1 and P99 ?-lactamase-catalyzed hydrolyses of benzylpenicillin at saturating concentrations showed the deacylation transition states of these two classes of enzymes to be different with respect to proton motion.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129168742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the efficiency of animal bones and neem leaves adsorbents in the removal of Cadmium ions from aqueous medium","authors":"Hauwau Mahmud, L. Ekebafe, D. Ochi, Emeka C. Nworie, Samuel Aliu","doi":"10.57046/lypl4393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/lypl4393","url":null,"abstract":"The sorption efficiency of bones and neem leaves adsorbents for the removal of cadmium ions from wastewater was investigated in the study. The animal bones and neem leaves were carbonized and activated using phosphoric acid. The adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffractometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. The equilibrium sorption properties were assessed to optimize the conditions for maximum sorption of the cadmium ions. As for the samples of neem leaves, it was observed that the activated carbon prepared from neem leaves had a high adsorption efficiency of 73.13% than that of raw neem leaves of 67.53% and activated leaves having the lowest efficiency of 25.49%. From the values obtained for animal bones, the carbonized sample had the highest efficiency of 75.22% and the raw sample had high efficiency of 74.23%.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127402838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of graphite powder processed from waste dry cell batteries","authors":"Ben Festus, G.C. Enwerem, A. Faremi, Peter Olubami","doi":"10.57046/leds3514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/leds3514","url":null,"abstract":"The incessant nature of electrical power supplies in a developing country like Nigeria, the dependence on dry cell batteries for varying domestic applications such as transistor radios, torchlights, remote controls, amongst others continues to rise unabated. Improper disposal of these batteries poses serious adverse effect on the environment and human health. In this study, over 1000 dry cell batteries were collected from different locations in Ede, Osun State sorted and sectioned to harvest the carbon rods which is a key component of the battery cell. The rods were pulverized for about 15 hours and screened into different particle sizes using standard sieves. The microstructural characterization was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Displacer Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), and Ultraviolet (UV) Spectroscopy. High yield graphite powders (98%) were obtained from the processing. Absorption peak was observed at 272.5 nm by UV spectroscopy while XRD plots yielded a narrow peak of 26.60. The characterization results show good agreement with those available in literature.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129042757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical constituent and oxidative potencies of acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Acalypha Wilkesiana grown at the Kaura Namoda plant nursery","authors":"Hassan Bamidele, A. Abass, T. Hussaina","doi":"10.57046/wahp8823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/wahp8823","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of increased interest in the production of plant-based drugs for the treatment of many diseases has become a significant reason why people have become more coversant in the use of traditional medicine for the treatment of mild and serious illness. Due to increase in the thrust for the production of plant-based drugs, this present study was carried out to compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potencies of acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana collected from Kaura Namoda Botanical Garden in Zamfara State-Nigeria. The antioxidant activities was evaluated using various assays; The total phenolic content of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 15.58 0.66 mg GAE/g, 14.10 2.17 mg GAE/g and 8.70 0.01 mg GAE/g respectively. Total flavonol contents; 207.10 11.53 mg QE/g, 196.08 5.53 mg QE/g and 112.04 8.27 mg QE/g respectively. Total flavonoid contents; 240.99 9.50 mg QE/g, 252.52 3.73 mg QE/g and 123.88 5.58 mg QE/g respectively. FRAP values were 679.14 0.45 mmol/g, 611.90 7.09 mmol/g and 292.07 11.38mmol/g respectively. ABTS activity of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 24.30 5.86 mg AAE/g, 14.49 1.02 mg AAE/g and 7.00 0.57 mg AAE/g respectively, methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage DPPH Inhibition value of 42.64 5.13, followed by aqueous (31.77 4.08) at 0.25mg/ml while aqueous had the highest (52.63 0.67), followed by methanol extract (44.80 2.80) at 0.50mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage inhibition of Nitric Oxide with a value of 59.74 1.30, followed by methanol extract (46.11 2.54) at 0.25mg/ml. inhibition for aqueous was also highest at 0.5 mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage lipid peroxidation inhibition value of 22.66 2.93, followed by methanol leaf extract with the value of 18.89 0.80 while at 0.50mg/ml methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation (39.42 3.10), followed by aqueous leaf extract with the value of 31.48 1.61. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana displayed potent antioxidant effects with the aqueous having an edge. This present study therefore supports the view that Acalypha wilkesiana can be used in the management of oxidative stress and other related diseases.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131264493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the dispersion and reinforcing properties of peroxidated corn stover and sugarcane bagasse fibers in natural rubber compounds","authors":"L. Ekebafe","doi":"10.57046/zmad4158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/zmad4158","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of peroxidated powdered fibers of corn stover and sugarcane bagasse as fillers in natural rubber was evaluated in this study. Powdered corn stover and sugar bagasse fibers were subjected to the conventional peroxidation treatment for conversion to more hydrophobic fillers with enhanced tensile properties. The physicochemical properties of the peroxidated fibers were assessed using standard methods. Morphological properties, thermal stability, and functional groups were also assessed. The treated and untreated fibers were then used as fillers in natural rubber compounding using the two-roll mill, compression moulding and subjected to physico-mechanical characterization. There was improved dispersion of the peroxidated fibers in the polymer matrix, which meant significant improvement in the reinforcement and mechanical properties of the natural rubber compounds. A morphological study of the composites showed that natural rubberperoxided fiber composites have very good dispersion in the rubber matrix. The mechanical properties showed that the composites have improved properties with the highest tensile strength of 44.55 MPa, modulus at 100% elongation of 6.11 MPa, elongation at break of 294%, hardness of 74.30 IRHD.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127831121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and emission characteristics of Baobab (Adansonia Digitata) bio-lubricant in four stroke spark ignition engine","authors":"Muhammad Haruna, Hafizu Hassan, M. Kaisan, H. Ndagi","doi":"10.57046/cxvw9649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/cxvw9649","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, the growing interest for bio-based alternatives to mineral products (i.e. fuel and lubricant) to save energy and improve environmental friendliness has become one of the most researched topics. According to world meteorological organization (WMO), Concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) reached 420.23 parts per million in April, 2022. In this research, the extract from baobab nuts was purified, degummed and epoxidized to form Bio-lubricant. The physicochemical properties of the formed bio-lubricants were determined and are within the index of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) at different temperatures and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) with two different acids were conducted on the products. The results depicted minimal changes with repeated oxidation at higher temperature and different acids respectively. A four-stroke spark ignition engine at three different speeds was used to validate the bio-lubricant by compared with SAE40 performances. Four engine parameters considered: specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal efficiency, brake power and brake mean effective pressure. The bio-lubricant maintained a low values trend for the four parameters at engine speeds of 2000rpm, 2500rpm and 3000rpm with exception of brake thermal efficiency that depicts high value of 56% at both 2000rpm and 3000rpm. The SI engine lubricated with SAE40 has higher CO, HC and CO2 emissions.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"265 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122080705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EDITORIAL: A call to strengthen eco-innovation using indigenous resources and waste products","authors":"","doi":"10.57046/rmoc6397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/rmoc6397","url":null,"abstract":"Waste is often taken for granted, as a broad category, which encompasses materials we no longer need. Another category of waste would be local resources that we have hitherto not found use for. Although waste management has always existed, recent studies seem to suggest that waste management needs to be addressed principally in poorer countries, given that since the 1970s the developed world has promoted techniques and policies to tackle waste (Jgensen, 2013) and has also advanced innovative measures and practices often associated with green ideas and care for the environment. However, waste management associated with indigenous practices have long been in existence in Africa. For example, according to Solomon et al. (2016) the old use of ash and recycled material to make the soil fertile among indigenous groups in Liberia and Ghana, West Africa, has been ignored (Salim et. al., 2018). The concept of innovation refers to a broad guiding principle that mobilizes science and technology in the service of the goals of national development. Today as a favourite concept eco-innovation is developing new ideas, promoting new operations, products, and processes to protect the environment, thus obtaining environmental sustainability. Worldwide, eco-innovation is one of the leading strategies to promote resource and energy efficiency and create a low carbon society. Some of the articles published in this regular edition support the eco-innovation principle, which imagines resources with a life cycle perspective, they consider all phases of the product life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials through material processing, manufacturing, distribution, use, repair and maintenance to disposal or re-use. From the outcome of the publications in this edition, it is recommended that eco-innovative research should be fostered through strategic investment in exploiting local resources and waste products for home grown solutions to sustainable development challenges. This provides opportunities to improve resource management and ensure the reuse of waste or prevent waste by developing indigenous resources","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122626015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE: Antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of some phyto-spices against some bacterial isolates of foods origin","authors":"Aliyu S. Ado, I. Ahmed, S. Umar, Z. Lambu, M. Haruna, S. Adamu, A. Shehu, Y. Mohammed, U. Ahmed, Haruna Babaji","doi":"10.57046/xots9659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/xots9659","url":null,"abstract":"Spices that are mostly of plant origin are used in the preparation of almost all processed food to enhance palatability, tastiness, sweetness, and its overall acceptability, without taking into consideration of its medicinal values. The study was conducted to determine the antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of the extracts ofAllium sativum,Syzygium aromaticum, andZingiber officinale against some bacterial isolates of foods origin including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli,Salmonella typhi,Shigella dysentriae,andStaphylococcus aureus. Bacterial isolates of food origin were collected from the laboratory unit of the Department of Microbiology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil. Antioxidant capacity of the extracts used was determined using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay while agar disc diffusion techniques were used in the determination of the antibacterial activity. Results show that extracts of the spices exhibited a strong antioxidants capacity that ranges from 89.5% to 97.5% at high concentrations of the extracts with methanol extracts being the most active. Methanolic extracts shows zone of inhibition ranging from 16.45mm to 5.26mm while that of aqueous extracts were 10.32mm to 4.32mm. Meanwhile isolates of E. coli and S. aureus were the most sensitive with 16.45 and 15.32. This study concluded that the antibacterial effect of methanolic extract of Allium sativum extract was stronger in comparison, followed by Syzygium aromaticum and Zingiber officinale against five test bacteria isolated of food origin. Therefore, this study revealed that spices produced using Allium sativum, Syzygium aromaticum and Zingiber officinale have an antibacterial property and can be used for food preservation.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127785697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of waste polycarbonate as bitumen modifier","authors":"Abdufatai Murana, A. Umar, Manasseh Tyogo, A. Shuaibu, Y. Nabage","doi":"10.57046/ugjh5013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/ugjh5013","url":null,"abstract":"Modification of bitumen has been used to improve the properties of bitumen and bituminous mixes to mitigate the problems of bitumen at extreme and quiescent conditions. It also provides better bitumen at extreme temperatures as well as saving construction cost. In this study, polycarbonate from disposed compact discs was used as modifier for bitumen with the aim of improving its consistency properties. To establish the presence of polycarbonate in the recycled compact discs, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis was conducted on the waste compact discs. The FTIR results when compared with Infrared Spectroscopy Absorption Table (ISAT), revealed transmittance peaks described by the wave numbers 764-2967cm-1 (C-H), 1770cm-1 (C=O), 1599cm-1 (C=C), 1502cm-1 (C-C) and 1010-1020cm-1 (C-O-C). These peaks confirmed the compact discs as predominantly made up of polycarbonate. Comparative FTIR analysis carried out on the pure and modified bitumen revealed that there is appearance of additional new peaks with wave numbers 2371-2091cm-1 for C-H aromatic bending, 848-2110cm-1 for C=C aromatic bending and 1685-1700cm-1 for C-C aromatic stretching in the spectra of polycarbonate modified bitumen samples, indicating that the polycarbonate has undergone chemical interactions with the bitumen. Such interaction usually results in changes to the molecular structure of the bitumen. Also, comparative analysis carried out on some properties of pure and modified bitumen showed that the modifier decreases the penetration and ductility of bitumen but increases its specific gravity and softening point. These performance evaluation results indicate the ability of polycarbonate in improving the temperature susceptibility and rutting resistance of bitumen.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"5 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130741233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of antibiogram of bacteria isolated from laboratories and lecture theatres in Bayero University Kano","authors":"Y. Bichi, B. Aminu, Ramlatu Mohammed, Abdussamad Bulama, A. Ibrahim, Sadiq Yakubu","doi":"10.57046/vjyz4963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/vjyz4963","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed to evaluate antibiogram of bacteria within 25 laboratories and 16 lecture theatres in Bayero University, Kano (Old and New sites). Samples of air were randomly collected from the two sites. Observation schedule and questionnaires were used to assess sanitary conditions in the sampling areas. Enumeration, isolation and identification of isolate were carried out using settle plate technique. Meteorological parameters of the sampling sites were also recorded. An antimicrobial susceptibility test isolates against some commercially available disinfectants was also carried out using disc diffusion assay. Based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics, 11 bacterial species were isolated and identified Staphylococcus aureus have the highest frequency of occurrence and Entrobacter earogens, Bacillus sublilis have the lowest frequency of occurrence. Temperature in the laboratories ranged from 27 oC to 33.5 oC while in the lecture theatres ranged from 28.2oC to 33.2oC. Carbon dioxide concentration in the laboratories ranged from 92 ppm to 715 ppm while lecture theatres ranged from 405 ppm and 43 ppm. Relative Humidity in the laboratories ranged from 20 % to 38% while in the lecture theatres ranged from 17% to 38% .The susceptibility of disinfectant on isolate show that Enterobacter aerogens had the highest zone of inhibition of 17 mm on hypo and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have the lowest zone of inhibition of 7mm while sensitivity to dettol show that Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes have the highest zone of inhibition of 15mm each and Enterobacter aerogens have the lowest zone of 10mm, both at 100% concentration, fresh lemon show no zone of inhibition against all the isolates. All the three disinfectants showed no efficacy at concentrations lower than 25%. It is also important to understand that bacteria within public areas has important roles in spreading pneumonia infection and other respiratory diseases.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132561446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}