Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science最新文献

{"title":"A Comparison Of Water Quality Of The Lower Mississippi River In Port Gibson Area, Mississippi, USA With The Otamiri River In Egbu, Imo State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Acholonu, S. Austin, Ashley Bonds, K. James","doi":"10.5423/PNGAS.V12I1.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PNGAS.V12I1.104","url":null,"abstract":"The Mississippi River is the second longest River in North America. It runs from Lake Itasca, Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico. It is considered the US national principal river. Otamiri is a river that rises from Egbu, Imo State, reaches Ngor Okpula where it is joined by River Ogochia and then joins Imo River that empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Since these two bodies of water are located on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, there was a need to find out the similarities and differences in their water quality, hence this study. In January 2017, water samples were collected from the Otamiri River in Egbu, Imo State from 3 sites 50 meters apart, transported to the US and chemically tested in the Alcorn State University laboratory using the LaMotte water pollution detection kits. During the month of July 2017, water samples were collected from three different sites, 50 meters apart, from the Mississippi River in Port Gibson area. They were taken to the Alcorn State University laboratory and tested. The Results of the tests on the two rivers were recorded and analyzed. The Otamiri River met the Mississippi Water Quality Criteria (MSWQC/EPA) with the exception of alkalinity, Carbon dioxide, and phosphate. Coliform bacteria were negative. The Mississippi River met the MSWQC with the exception of alkalinity, Carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen (Low), hardness, and phosphate. Coliform bacteria tests were negative also. Of all the differences and similarities., the most outstanding was the Mississippi River’s very high water hardness concentration and Otamiri River’s none existence of hardness.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117148988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amelioration Of Doxorubicin-Induced Liver And Kidney Toxicities By Nicorandil Alone And Co-Administered With Prednisolone And Diltiazem","authors":"A. Akindele, K. Amagon, Gboyega T. Ekundayo, D. Singh, D. Osiagwu","doi":"10.5423/PNGAS.V12I1.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PNGAS.V12I1.107","url":null,"abstract":"Antineoplastic agents are widely used in cancer chemotherapy, despite causing organ toxicity. This study was conducted to investigate the ameliorative properties of nicorandil alone and co-administered with prednisolone and diltiazem on doxorubicin-induced hepato- and nephrotoxicities in rats. Seventy female Wistar rats were treated for 16 days as follows: GI: normal saline (10 ml/kg; normal control); GII: normal saline (doxorubicin control); GIII: gallic acid (200 mg/kg); GIV-VI: nicorandil (0.22, 0.43 and 0.86 mg/kg respectively); GVII: diltiazem (3.43 mg/kg); GVIII: diltiazem + nicorandil (0.43 mg/kg); IX: prednisolone (0.57 mg/kg); and GX: prednisolone + nicorandil (0.43 mg/kg). Doxorubicin (40 mg/kg) was administered on day 14 i.p. to animals in GII-X. Nicorandil significantly (p<0.05) decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal creatinine, renal and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased hepatic and renal catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), compared to those administered doxorubicin alone. Co-administration of nicorandil with prednisolone and diltiazem significantly increased catalase, glutathione and superoxide dismutase, and decreased malondialdehyde, compared with the doxorubicin-only group. In conclusion, nicorandil decreased renal and hepatic markers of injury and increased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Co-administration with the calcium channel blocker/phospholipase A2 inhibitor did not elicit superior protective effect.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126320153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Commercial Sand Mining on Water Quality Parameters of Nworie River In Owerri, Nigeria.","authors":"P. Okorie, A. Acholonu","doi":"10.5423/PNGAS.V11I1.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PNGAS.V11I1.81","url":null,"abstract":"Nworie River, in the Imo River basin of Nigeria, roughly bisects Owerri municipality which hosts the administrative capital of Imo State of Nigeria. As a result of this location the river is vulnerable to potentially polluting human activities. A study of the water quality parameters was done in 2008 as a baseline for monitoring future changes in the river. That study recommended professionally supervised dredging to remove surplus silt and organic debris in some sections of the river. What followed in the past few years has been an unsupervised free-for-all commercial sand mining that has conspicuously degraded the physical characteristics of the river. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this sand mining on quality parameters of the river. A total of eleven(11) physico-chemical parameters were investigated. The study showed that major indicators of organic pollution like high ammonia-nitrogen, low dissolved oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentrations still persist and, in some cases, have become worse since the sand mining activities. The study recommends an immediate stop to the sand mining followed by a professionally supervised dredging to restore the physical and biological characteristics of the river.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123906797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Science Education In South-West Nigeria: Implications For Educational Policy","authors":"A. Adebayo, Oluwatoyin Sekoni, Scholastica Lan, Oladoyin Odubanji, O. Akinyemi, T. Obembe, K. Osungbade, Anjola Olanipekun, A. Omigbodun","doi":"10.57046/kuvz8012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/kuvz8012","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for quality science education requires periodic assessment for its improvement especially in areas with previous challenges. This study was conducted to assess the current status of science education in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria. A cross-sectional design, combining a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative data collection approach, was used following a records review. Schools were selected using a cluster sampling technique. Science education status was ascertained by three parameters: students’ pass rates in science subjects in the Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination, science teachers’ profile (assessed with a 14-item self-administered questionnaire) and availability and functionality of infrastructure for science education using an observational checklist. In-depth interviews were conducted among relevant stakeholders using an in-depth interview guide. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and a thematic approach respectively. Students’ pass rates were below 50% in Mathematics and Biology but above in Physics, Chemistry and Agricultural Science. The science teacher: student ratio was 1:8 and 37.5% of the teachers were members of the Nigerian Science Teachers Association. One school (8.3%) had a computer library that was adequately equipped. Laboratory facilities were mostly multipurpose in nature. A quarter of the schools had no library while 33.3% had grossly inadequate library facilities. Opinions about science education status among the respondents was widely divergent with some feeling that it was good while others felt otherwise. This study revealed poor status of science education as evidenced by a low science teacher-student ratio and lack of basic infrastructure for science education. Interventions to improve these findings are recommended.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121542495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significance Of The Basic Sciences In The Socio-Economic Development of Africa","authors":"G. Aflakpui","doi":"10.57046/gniw7689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/gniw7689","url":null,"abstract":"The basic sciences, e.g. physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics are the building blocks so to speak of all the applied sciences of agriculture, food science, energy, medicine, pharmacy, engineering and telecommunications, to name a few. The pioneering discoveries by some trail blazers such as Louis Pasteur who developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax point to the significance of the basic sciences to the socio-economic development of any country or continent. Pasteur invented a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurisation. As Alexander Fleming said “I certainly did not plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer but that was what happened. Constatin Fahlberg, a Russian Chemist, discovered saccharin, an artificial sweetener on. How did I discover saccharin?” he said. “Well, it was partly by accident and partly by study”. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry gave the first indication of climate change in 1896 through his calculations of how doubling the levels of concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere would increase the mean temperature by 5-60C on earth. Some of the challenges facing teaching and learning of basic sciences in Africa include lack of interest by students in the secondary schools, inadequate teachers, facilities and equipment and lack of political will by governments to commit the required funds to the study of the basic sciences. Stakeholders, especially governments, can help create the conducive environment for basic science education in Africa by first training a critical mass of teachers to teach the basic sciences, providing state of the art laboratories with the relevant equipment, and creating schemes and the conducive environment to encourage the younger generation to study the basic sciences.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115520563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research And Innovation For Sustainable Development In Africa","authors":"Ahmed Hamdi","doi":"10.57046/cbno5001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/cbno5001","url":null,"abstract":"Agenda 2063 is the continental framework that projects transition of the continent from resource based economy to innovation-led knowledge driven economy portrayed an array of polices, strategies and frameworks among of which the African Union Science and Technology Strategy for Africa 2024. This was developed by High Level Panel consist of experts both within and outside the continent, the strategy was built on the experiences accumulated during the implementation of Africa’s Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action in addressing the international STI challenges and to respond to the mission of the AU Agenda 2063. The output of the panel comprise regional consultations and inputs of the stakeholders gave an impetus to the Science, Technology and Innovation for Africa Strategy (STIAS 2024) that was subsequently endorsed by the African Union Head of States and Governments. Similar to any regional Strategy STISA 2024 has its challenge to be adopted; integrated and implemented at all AU levels i.e. at the level of Member States, Regional Economic Communities and the Continent. In this regards, the African Union Scientific, Technical Research Commission (AU-STRC) took the responsibility to identify the institutional and policy gaps in all AU levels to ensure STISA’s successful implementation. Using finite element analysis and problem tree methodology and taking into cognizance STASA output/objectives as the boundary conditions for the analysis leads to the identification of policies and institutional gaps that may exist in our Member States. This article is to highlight these gaps and to encourage the leading STI African Countries to champion the transition of the Africa’s economy by utilizing Science Technology and Innovation.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"436 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124248004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sources Of Information On Family Life Health Education (FLHE) Among The Youth And Preparedness Of Teachers for FLHE Curriculum Delivery In Nassarawa State, Nigeria","authors":"Scholastica Lan, Obomo Obono, K. Osungbade, O. Odubanjo, Mobolaji Ogunsulire, A. Omigbodun","doi":"10.57046/rorh7467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/rorh7467","url":null,"abstract":"The youth constitute a significant demographic group with peculiar developmental and reproductive health needs. They encounter challenges such as limited access to proper health information needed for informed life choices and this makes them vulnerable to risky behaviour that threatens their proper development and well-being. This survey sought to find out the current and the preferred sources of information for the youth about family life health education (FLHE). It also sought to ascertain the preparedness of teachers to provide such education to in-school youth. The survey was a cross sectional study among in-school youth, out-of-school youth and science teachers in 6 selected schools in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The findings showed that school teachers (44.1%), and mothers (28.4%) are the most common sources of FLHE information for the youth. Only 4% of the youth consider this to be satisfactory. About 36% would prefer impersonal sources such as television, films or magazines. This findings suggest that there is an urgent need for government and youth development stakeholders to redirect efforts to upscale the teaching of family life health education in schools as that is where pupils are currently obtaining the information they need. It is therefore suggested that more training should be conducted for teachers while the FLHE curriculum should be adapted to meet local needs. It is also important to prepare educational materials for media such as films, videos and magazines, as the youth have a preference for these sources.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117160289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Transition From Normal To Epileptic Eeg Signals: A Neuron-Astrocyte Mass Action Approach","authors":"H. A. Agboola, C. Solebo, D. Aribike, F. Lesi, A. Susu","doi":"10.57046/sfah7243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/sfah7243","url":null,"abstract":"Epileptic seizures occur intermittently as a result of complex dynamical interactions among many regions of the brain. The sudden and apparently unpredictable nature of refractory seizures is one of the most disabling aspects of the disease. Therefore, there is need for interdisciplinary research efforts directed at better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the emergence of epileptic seizures. Our research objective in this field is the use of applied methods from deterministic and nondeterministic dynamical systems modeling to study epilepsy. Dynamical systems refer to systems whose state variables evolve in time. By the assumption of deterministic system,the physiological system (the brain) can be treated as low dimensional without any random components. Nondeterministic assumption on the other hand allows randomness in some input components. We developed at the macroscopic level physiologically based mathematical models of parts of the brain believed to be eliciting the abnormal signals observed during Generalized Absence Epilepsy (GAE) and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE). In developing our models, we considered the activities of nerve cells, the surrounding astrocyte cells and the dynamics of extracellular neurotransmitters and conducted parameter sensitivity studies on our models. The models were then validated using Electroencephalogram (EEG) data of epileptic patients. The important conclusion from our findings is that the transition from normal to epileptic brain activity is critically dependent on small variations in few system parameters and/or the balance between a small number of system parameters, be it neural or astrocytes activity dependent","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127581514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Degradation With Particular Reference To The Sub-Humid And Ariparts Of Nigeria: Prospects For Conservation","authors":"N. Gadzama","doi":"10.57046/xmaj4224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/xmaj4224","url":null,"abstract":"Natural resources are our most valuable inheritance. Indeed the increased interest in the environment today testifies to the common interest and commitment in the promotion and the protection of this heritage. This is particularly in view of the past years of drought when many came to realize the importance of conservation in the socioeconomic and political well being of our society. As the result of increased awareness of environmental problems and the recent considerations, the new Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEN) now takes precedence over the Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) which is being integrated into FMEN. Ecological Disaster Fund, Nigeria Conservation Foundation, and the National Committee on Drought and Desertification Control have now consolidated their mandates on environmental problems. In this regard, the formation of environmental clubs adds to the growing number of groups playing the necessary leadership roles in this important endeavour. Indeed the conservation issue should presently be the preoccupation of Nigerians. Conservation of degraded natural resources is basic to the principles of ecology that, in the energy stratification phenomenon of the world’s total standing biomes, the primary producers, the green plants, are the foundation of the food chain. When this foundation is threatened, all of us are threatened as vividly seen during periods of drought. The priority action required now is for us to embark on effective planning and management of the natural resources so as to secure their prudent use and continuity of supply, while maintaining and enhancing their quality, value, and diversity of the flora, fauna and the physio-geographical features of our environment. Natural resources, of course consist of more than forest, vegetation and wildlife. According to Gerasimov et al (1971), “natural resources are those varied raw materials that man derives directly from nature and by means of which he sustains his livelihood. These resources are the natural vegetation and animal life that provide man with food and industrial raw materials; the air he breathes; the soil that nurtures his crops; the water he drinks and uses in agriculture, industry and power production; the ores he smelts; the rocks with which he builds his houses; the coal and oil that serve as domestic fuel and provide energy for his machines; and much more.” Broadly, and according to Gerasimov, natural resources could be categorized into three groups: non-renewable, renewable, and inexhaustible. Among non- renewable ones are a large number of valuable minerals such as gold, iron ore, coal, oil, etc. Their use will lead to exhaustion unless new deposits and reserves are worked. Salt is an exception in this case, as it could be precipitated out of lakes and lagoons of salty water. Renewable resources include soil, natural vegetation, and animal life. They are continuously replaced by nature as they are utilized; their use may however exceed supply. The","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114158942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Africa And Cancer: Preparing For The Next Epidemic","authors":"I. Adewole","doi":"10.57046/pbhk5963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57046/pbhk5963","url":null,"abstract":"It is my singular honour to deliver this guest lecture to a distinguished audience under the auspices of the Nigerian Academy of Science (NAS). Essentially tagged first quarter lecture in 2012, it can be likened to a state of the Union Address to the nation through NAS. I am proud to be a fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science (NAS), the foremost scientific organization in Nigeria with the aim of promoting the growth, acquisition, and dissemination of scientific knowledge and to facilitate its use in solving of major problems of national interest. I am also aware that our President is likely, Dr. Goodluck Jonathan, GCFR, to assume office as the next Chair of the African Union and have taken the liberty as President of the African Organisation for Research and Training in Cancer (AORTIC) to deliver a sermon on Cancer to Africa on this occasion. I thank the President, Prof Oye Ibidapo-Obe FAS,and the entire fellows of the Academy for the honour bestowed on me. I also thank my Chairman, Chief Wole Olanipekun SAN, who graciously accepted to chair this occasion at such notice despite his busy schedule. Africa is the world’s second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. Africa with a landmass of about 30.2 million km2 (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, covers 6% of the Earth’s total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area. With 1.0 billion people in 65 territories (including 54 recognized states), it accounts for about 14.72% of the world’s human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zone. Africa’s population is relatively young but has rapidly increased over the last 40 years. In some African states, half or more of the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa grew from 221 million in 1950 to 1 billion in 2009.","PeriodicalId":312312,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nigerian Academy of Science","volume":"446 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116586262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}