Environmental Pollution最新文献

{"title":"Effect of drying treatment on the leachability of metallic elements (Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) from amended mine soils during batch leaching experiments","authors":"Juhee Kim ,&nbsp;Heyyeon Lim ,&nbsp;Yoojin Jang ,&nbsp;Minseok Park ,&nbsp;Deok Hyun Moon ,&nbsp;Goontaek Lee ,&nbsp;Seunghun Hyun","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical amendments are frequently applied to immobilize toxic elements in contaminated soils. However, remobilization of elements in amended soils is poorly understood. The elution of metallic elements (Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) from mine soil amended with mine sludge (MS), steel slag (SS), and limestone (LS) was evaluated using batch leaching tests under continuous wetting and intermittent drying. The elements were effectively immobilized by the three amendments, as evidenced by the reductions in the labile fraction (10.6–78.8 %) of SEP (sequential extraction procedure) and cumulative mass (42.0–98.5 %) during 14 leaching runs. Drying events increased the leaching potential by 2.9-fold and 4.4-fold for the eluted mass (μg) and depletion rate (<em>k</em>, h⁻¹), respectively. The depletion rate of cationic elements (e.g., Zn, Cd, and Pb) from the amended samples (MSS, SSS, and LSS) correlated with the leachate pH (<em>r</em>² &gt; 0.583), while the leaching of anionic element (e.g., As) from MSS and SSS correlated well with the leachate concentration of Fe (<em>r</em>² = 0.898). The findings indicate that drying events can substantially increase the remobilization of metallic elements from amended soils. Moreover, change in the leachate phase, such as the pH drop (up to 1.5 unit) and/or the Fe concentration rise (up to 62 %), can be an early sign of the increased remobilization potential of metallic elements in amendment-treated remediation sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126246"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ bioelectrochemical remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater: A review","authors":"Guohao Shao ,&nbsp;Jun Dong ,&nbsp;Weihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Sifan Sun ,&nbsp;Chenlu Li ,&nbsp;Yan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contamination of the subsurface environment poses a serious hazard to the environment and human health. Recently, the bioelectrochemical system (BES) has drawn great attention in soil and groundwater remediation as it does not necessitate the addition of chemicals and exhibits minimal energy consumption to facilitate microbial degradation of pollutants. However, the complexity of the subsurface environment and the design parameters of the BES significantly affect the remediation performance and the current literature on BES primarily concentrates on its application in wastewater treatment, with a lack of summary of that in the subsurface environment. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to provide the current status, challenges, and outlooks of BES <em>in situ</em> treatment of pollutants from soil and groundwater. Firstly, the principles and efficacies of BES in treating the typical pollutants from the subsurface environment were discussed. Secondly, the factors that impact the BES treatment efficiencies, especially soil properties, the distinctive and pivotal factors for BES <em>in situ</em> application, were discussed specifically. Finally, the challenges and outlooks of BES for the <em>in situ</em> remediation of the contaminated soil and groundwater were addressed. BES is a green and sustainable <em>in situ</em> remediation technology and future advancements may necessitate the integration with complementary technologies and innovative system configurations to advance the practical implementation of BES.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126250"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing antibiotic resistance genes in soil: The role of organic materials in reductive soil disinfestation","authors":"Ranran Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenpan Gong ,&nbsp;Yuze Gao ,&nbsp;Yushui Chen ,&nbsp;Liuyuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Qian Lou ,&nbsp;Yufei Zhao ,&nbsp;Haifeng Zhuang ,&nbsp;Jin Zhang ,&nbsp;Shengdao Shan ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Wang ,&nbsp;Xun Qian ,&nbsp;Liusheng Lei ,&nbsp;Ming Hung Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing attention has been given to the role of reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil. The selection of organic materials in RSD is crucial to the effectiveness of the RSD method. However, the effects of distinct organic materials on ARGs remains unclear. In this study, we selected straw and rapeseed meal as the organic materials in RSD and explored their effects on ARGs. The results showed that using straw significantly reduced the abundance of ARGs, high-risk ARGs, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) by 31.5 %–65.8 %, while using rapeseed meal led to ARGs enrichment. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis identified MGEs and microbial communities as the primary drivers of ARGS changes under different organic materials. The abundance of MGEs was effectively controlled in straw treatments, reducing the potential for horizontal gene transfer of ARGs. Bacterial diversity was significantly lower in the straw treatments compared to the rapeseed meal treatments, potentially leading to a reduced abundance of ARGs host bacteria. Network co-occurrence analysis further revealed that <em>Symbiobacteraceae</em> and <em>Bacillus</em> were potential bacterial hosts of ARGs. In straw treatments, these genera’ abundance decreased by 12 %–100 % compared to the control (CK) and rapeseed meal groups, further inhibiting the spread of ARGs. These findings demonstrate that RSD with straw as the organic material is more effective in mitigating ARGs compared to rapeseed meal, providing insights into controlling soil antibiotic resistance risks and utilizing agricultural waste resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126245"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The release of antimony from soils surrounding the smelters in Karst Areas and its Environmental Implications","authors":"Zaiju Jiang ,&nbsp;Lu Liao ,&nbsp;Xuexian Li ,&nbsp;Shaozhang Yang ,&nbsp;Ling Li ,&nbsp;Pan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antimony(Sb) in soil can be reintroduced into the environment through leaching processes driven by rainfall and surface runoff, raising concerns about secondary pollution. This study examined the release dynamics of Sb in carbonate-rich soils from an Sb smelting area in the karst region of southern China, aiming to elucidate the roles of pH, organic matter (OM), and geological conditions in Sb mobilization. The experiment was conducted under three different pH conditions (4.5, 6.0, and 7.5) and explores the influence of OM on the release behavior of Sb in the soil. Results indicated a characteristic release pattern for Sb in the soil solution, with an initial rapid increase, followed by a sharp decline, and a subsequent rise.The leaching rate of Sb was higher in neutral to weakly alkaline soil compared to acidic soils.The removal of soil OM enhanced Sb release by 3.21–4.09 times, with a significant inhibition rate reaching 50.01–76.86 %.</div><div>The findings suggested Sb release kinetics followed a triphasic pattern consisting of rapid initial release, mid-term adsorption inhibition, and late-stage secondary release, which elucidated the underlying mechanisms of long-term leaching risks and provided a theoretical foundation for predicting contaminant dispersion. Soil OM effectively reduced Sb mobility through functional group complexation and soil aggregate formation, offering direct evidence for OM-based remediation strategies such as organic amendment applications. Neutral to weakly alkaline conditions (pH 6.0–7.5) significantly enhanced Sb release rates by promoting mineral desorption, indicating elevated contamination risks of Sb in karst region soils. This study emphasizes that priority should be given to increasing OM concentration and regulating pH buffering capacity to suppress Sb activity in karst areas, providing actionable scientific solutions for the remediation and management of Sb-contaminated sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 126249"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-target screening of emerging contaminants in tropical island rivers: A case study of the Nandu River","authors":"Chuanjie Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiangshun Zeng ,&nbsp;Tianyao Wang ,&nbsp;Jingjing Yang ,&nbsp;Yini Ma ,&nbsp;Xingcai Chen ,&nbsp;Kaibo Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pollution of Nandu River, a tropical island river, is causing widespread concern due to the rapid development of agriculture and tourism. This study investigates the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the Nandu River at multiple scales, including basin-wide, seasonal, and media-specific variations. Samples were analyzed using a non-targeted screening (NTS) method involving solid phase extraction (SPE), liquid chromatography (LC), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A total of 257 CECs were identified in the flatwater samples. They mainly comprised primarily consisting of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and industrial materials, indicating the simultaneous development of agriculture, farming, and tourism in river basin. The 75 CECs were quantified, and hierarchical clustering revealed the 20 most frequently detected CECs were strongly correlated with the pollution levels. The 75 CECs were further classified into distinct source clusters based on detection rates, providing insights into pollutant characteristics across different river sections. Comparisons between pollutants in various media showed minimal flux exchange, attributed to the pollutants' nature and the hydrological and water quality characteristics of island rivers. Seasonal variations in pollutant concentrations revealed that 63 CECs were present year-round in the Nandu River, with eight exhibiting high detection frequencies (&gt;60 %) at all sites. Based on the 63 CECs detected year-round, a priority list of 36 control pollutants was developed using Agency's Aquatic Toxicity Profiles (ATP). This study provides valuable information to natural resource and public health agencies on Hainan Island and similar tropical islands, supporting ecosystem conservation, fisheries management, and human health risk assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126225"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformations of aquatic mercury species by the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana","authors":"João P. Santos ,&nbsp;Javier Garcia-Calleja ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Tessier ,&nbsp;Séverine Le Faucheur ,&nbsp;Zoyne Pedrero ,&nbsp;David Amouroux ,&nbsp;Vera I. Slaveykova","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phytoplankton are traditionally viewed as simple bioaccumulators and key entry points for mercury (Hg) into aquatic trophic chain. However the more recent findings suggest that they can function as dynamic biological systems capable of enhancing Hg cycling reactivity and altering its speciation. Nevertheless, the role of phytoplankton species in mercury transformations remains largely overlooked. The present study examined inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) methylation, monomethylmercury (MeHg) demethylation, and the production of dissolved gaseous mercury (Hg(0)) following exposure to sub-nanomolar concentrations Hg(II) or MeHg, representative of contaminated environments. Diatom <em>Cyclotella meneghiniana</em> was selected as a representative phytoplankton species due to its widespread presence in diverse aquatic ecosystems. To track transformation pathways, isotopically labeled Hg species were used to distinguish between methylation and demethylation processes. The results demonstrated rapid accumulation of both Hg(II) and MeHg in the diatom cells. A cellular demethylation of MeHg into Hg(II), primarily occurring within the cell debris fraction, but no detectable Hg(II) methylation was observed. The reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) was found to be biologically mediated and independent of the photosynthetic system. No significant production of Hg(0) after MeHg exposure was determined. Overall, these findings imply that phytoplankton species could actively contribute to mercury cycling in aquatic environments through cellular transformation processes, including MeHg demethylation and Hg(II) reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126248"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent mitigation mechanisms of soil antibiotic resistance genes by biochar from different agricultural wastes","authors":"Yu Yao ,&nbsp;Peiyang Yang ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Qiao Xu ,&nbsp;Fanhao Song ,&nbsp;Yabo Wang ,&nbsp;Yingdong Zhao ,&nbsp;Lei Guo ,&nbsp;Xiaozhi Wang ,&nbsp;Meiling Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar, produced from agricultural waste, provides a sustainable solution for effective waste management and soil remediation. The potential and mechanisms of biochar derived from primary agricultural sources (plant residues and animal manure) to mitigate the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pollution in agricultural soil remain unexplored. To address this, a 60-day microcosm experiment was conducted, applying biochar derived from either corn straw (B1) or chicken manure (B2) to sulfamethazine and tetracycline-contaminated soil. The results demonstrated that B1 had richer functional groups than B2. B1 increased soil pH (+1.63 %) and total carbon (+24.56 %), but it decreased the abundance of <em>norank_Vicinamibacteraceae</em> (−35.71 %) and <em>Haliangium</em> (−42.11 %), and inhibited the dissemination of <em>tetM</em> and <em>tetW</em> by 57.76 % and 39.17 %, respectively. Comparatively, B2 significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon (+161.66 %) and decreased the abundance of potential ARGs hosts (<em>Acidibacter</em>, −40.32 %), leading to reduced <em>sul2</em> abundance (−33.47 %). Besides, B2 enhanced soil total nitrogen and bacterial diversity, and further reduced <em>tetW</em> abundance (−33.76 %). Overall, this study revealed divergent mechanisms and potential for mitigating soil ARGs transmission by biochar derived from corn straw and chicken manure. This study contributes to developing more effective strategies for managing ARGs in contaminated soil and mitigating their environmental risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126247"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient electrochemical oxidation of ofloxacin by IrO2 -RuO2-TiO2 /Ti anode: Parameters optimization, kinetics and degradation pathways","authors":"Juxiang Chen,&nbsp;Yanying Jiang,&nbsp;Yuxia Feng,&nbsp;Shangye Yang,&nbsp;Xinrong Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Among various pharmaceutical pollutants, fluoroquinolones broad-spectrum antibiotics are major water pollutants, usually present in the aquatic environment as multicomponent mixtures with potentially deleterious effects on humans and the environment. This study used electrochemical oxidation to remove ofloxacin from aqueous solution using Ti and IrO₂–RuO₂–TiO₂/Ti electrodes as cathode and anode, respectively. We investigated the morphology and electrochemical behavior of the selected anode and analyzed the effects of operational variables on the degradation performance of OFL in detail. The results showed that the electrochemical system for degrading OFL possessed high oxidizing activity and excellent durability, and the hydroxyl and reactive chlorine radicals generated by the electrochemical reaction could effectively degrade OFL. As predicted and optimized by the PSO-SVR model, the removal of OFL could be increased to 99.011 % when the electrolyte concentration was 5.65 mM, current density was 3.9 mA/cm², initial pH was 7.12, and treatment time was 3.7 min. In addition, four possible degradation pathways, including ring opening and mineralization, were proposed based on the byproducts calculated by DFT and determined by GC-MS. More importantly, this electrochemical process can efficiently degrade various organic pollutants (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, oxytetracycline, and chloromycetin). This study provides the theoretical basis and essential data for applying this electrochemical system in wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126216"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143819616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transgenerational thyroid hormone disruption in zebrafish induced by environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan","authors":"Ping Ding ,&nbsp;Jiayi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Li ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Ma ,&nbsp;Guocheng Hu ,&nbsp;Lijuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunjiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of triclosan (TCS)-containing disinfectants has become increasingly prevalent in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a heightened presence of TCS in aquatic ecosystems. Thyroid hormones (THs), which are essential for numerous developmental and metabolic processes, are structurally similar to TCS, rendering it prone to exert endocrine-disrupting effects. In this study, we demonstrate that TCS can induce thyroid hormone disruption in zebrafish, with transgenerational consequences. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS (0, 1, 3, and 10 μg/L) for 30, 60, and 180 days. TCS accumulated in zebrafish over an extended period, causing significant, dose-dependent alterations in TH levels. Furthermore, TCS significantly thereby interfered with the expression of thyroid axis-related genes in the P0-F1 generations. Molecular docking further confirmed that TCS induces transgenerational thyroid effects through potentially strong interactions with thyroglobulin (TG), interfering with the normal physiological function of THs. These findings suggest that TCS at environmentally relevant concentrations can exert ecologically harmful effects by disrupting THs. A rigorous ecological assessment of TCS is recommended before promoting or substituting antimicrobial agents in future disinfection products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126242"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143819617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric wet deposition monitoring of PCDD/Fs in an urban site: Fluxes, rain concentrations and washout ratios","authors":"Abdul Alim Noori ,&nbsp;Berke Gülegen ,&nbsp;Askin Birgül ,&nbsp;Yücel Tasdemir","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fate of atmospheric pollutants can partly be explained by deposition phenomena occurring either wet or dry. This investigation reported the wet deposition flux values of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) utilizing a wet deposition sampler (WDS) in a densely populated urban center in Türkiye between June 2022 and July 2023. The particulate phase in precipitation was captured on a filter, while the dissolved phase was sorbed onto the XAD-2 resin in the WDS. The experimental findings revealed that the average total PCDD/F (∑₁₇PCDD/F) wet deposition flux, measured on a monthly basis, exhibited values of 2030 ± 660 pg/m²-day (n = 12) and 397 ± 186 pg/m²-day (n = 11) for the particulate and dissolved phases, respectively. These results demonstrated that PCDD/Fs were significantly removed from the atmosphere through rainfall. Among the compounds, the most dominant congener was OCDD (744 ± 463 pg/m²-day in particulate and 107 ± 45 pg/m²-day dissolved phase). However, regarding TEQ units, the highest flux belonged to 2,3,7,8-TCDD (3.9 ± 1.2 pg I-TEQ/m²-day for particulate and 4.3 ± 3.0 pg I-TEQ/m²-day for dissolved phase). Rainwater samples revealed that ∑₁₇PCDD/F concentrations in the particulate phase (68.5 ± 44.3 pg/L) significantly exceeded those in the dissolved phase (12.4 ± 5.7 pg/L). The washout ratios for particulate and dissolved phases were calculated using the rainwater and atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/Fs. These ratios ranged between 1.44 × 10⁴ and 3.76 × 10⁵ for particulate phases and from 8.41 × 10³ to 8.75 × 10⁵ for dissolved phases. Consequently, the washout rates of 4- and 5-chlorinated compounds were lower than those of 7- and 8-chlorinated compounds. During the winter months, an increase in the PCDD/F pollution level was observed, leading to higher detections of PCDD/Fs in wet deposition compared to other seasons. However, this situation was not mirrored in the concentrations found in rainwater. The frequency of precipitation and the high volume of rainwater during the colder months resulted in lower concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 126224"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143819614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}