BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-12Epub Date: 2025-04-09DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00043
Marle E J Vleugels, Esmee de Korver, Simone I S Hendrikse, Sinan Kardas, Shikha Dhiman, Bas F M de Waal, Sandra M C Schoenmakers, Stefan Wijker, Bruno G De Geest, Mathieu Surin, Anja R A Palmans, E W Meijer
{"title":"Antibody-Recruiting Surfaces Using Adaptive Multicomponent Supramolecular Copolymers.","authors":"Marle E J Vleugels, Esmee de Korver, Simone I S Hendrikse, Sinan Kardas, Shikha Dhiman, Bas F M de Waal, Sandra M C Schoenmakers, Stefan Wijker, Bruno G De Geest, Mathieu Surin, Anja R A Palmans, E W Meijer","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00043","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multicomponent structures that mediate the clustering of antibodies on cancer cell surfaces are an attractive strategy to unleash innate immune killing mechanisms. However, covalent multifunctional scaffolds that combine cell surface anchoring and antibody binding can be challenging to synthesize and lack adaptability. Here, we present a dynamic multicomponent supramolecular system displaying both antibody- and cell surface-binding motifs, without covalent linkage between them. Supramolecular monomers based on benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (<b>BTA-(OH)</b><sub>3</sub>) were functionalized with benzoxaborole (Ba) for surface anchoring (<b>BTA-Ba</b>) or dinitrophenyl (DNP) for antibody binding (<b>BTA-DNP</b><sub><b>1/3</b></sub>). The multicomponent fibers comprising <b>BTA-(OH)</b><sub><b>3</b></sub>, <b>BTA</b>-<b>Ba</b>, and <b>BTA-DNP</b><sub><b>1/3</b></sub> recruited anti-DNP antibodies to sialic acid-functionalized supported lipid bilayers, indicating that both Ba and DNP remained accessible for binding. Dynamic exchange was demonstrated in a cell-mimicking environment, highlighting the adaptivity of these supramolecular polymers. Despite the complexity of a ternary system, the adaptivity of supramolecular polymers gives the individual components the possibility to act in concert, mimicking natural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":"26 5","pages":"2971-2985"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12076489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143954286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-10DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00267
Paola Varvarà, Gennara Cavallaro, Nicolò Mauro
{"title":"Poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-Functionalized Carbon Nanodots as Theranostic Platforms for siRNA Delivery and Survivin Silencing in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.","authors":"Paola Varvarà, Gennara Cavallaro, Nicolò Mauro","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes the development of carbon nanodot (CDs)-based theranostic nanocarriers that integrate gene silencing with fluorescence imaging. Nitrogen- and sulfur-doped CDs were functionalized through controlled radical surface polymerization of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA), yielding self-tracking, cationic siRNA carriers CDs-pDEAEMA. The functionalization of CDs enhanced their fluorescence, broadening the emission spectrum toward the biologically transparent window. Fluorescent CDs-pDEAEMA effectively bound siRNA, remaining stable under physiological conditions, while in vitro studies proved their hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility on human dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, the ability to deliver BIRC5 siRNA was demonstrated in MDA-MB-231, successfully transfecting triple-negative breast cancer cells and resulting in an 80% reduction in the anti-apoptotic protein survivin. Furthermore, uptake studies demonstrated that the theranostic CDs are efficiently internalized in tumor cells and are clearly detectable by fluorescence imaging in the red region. These findings highlight the potential of CDs-pDEAEMA as an advanced theranostic tool for real-time tracking of siRNA therapy of breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143951539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-10DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00088
Dao Thi Hong Le, Chuan Yang, Yue Zhang, Gui Zhao, Melgious J Y Ang, Ki Hyun Bae, James H P Hui, James L Hedrick, Yi Yan Yang
{"title":"Replacing PEG-Lipid with Amphiphilic Polycarbonates in mRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles: Impact of Polycarbonate Structure on Physicochemical and Transfection Properties.","authors":"Dao Thi Hong Le, Chuan Yang, Yue Zhang, Gui Zhao, Melgious J Y Ang, Ki Hyun Bae, James H P Hui, James L Hedrick, Yi Yan Yang","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the remarkable breakthrough of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained substantial attention as the most cutting-edge clinical formulations for mRNA delivery. PEGylated lipid (PEG-lipid) has been regarded as an essential constituent of LNPs that helps to prolong their systemic circulation by preventing particle aggregation in the blood and sequestration by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Herein, we synthesized a series of mRNA-loaded nanoparticles by replacing ALC-0159 (a PEG-lipid used in the Comirnaty formulation) with amphiphilic PEG-polycarbonate diblock copolymers (PC-HNPs). Interestingly, variations of polycarbonate block length and structure significantly influenced mRNA encapsulation efficiency, transfection potency, colloidal stability, and PEG shedding rate of PC-HNPs. <i>In vivo</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> bioluminescence imaging revealed that upon subcutaneous administration in mice, the leading candidate PC3-HNP achieved lymph node accumulation comparable to that of the conventional ALC-0159-based LNP formulation while avoiding undesirable liver accumulation. Our findings may provide valuable information for the construction of next-generation nanocarriers for effective mRNA delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143952260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-10DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01744
Jun Feng, Polina Ponomareva, Kunpeng Liu, Chuanxiong Nie, Rui Chen, Rainer Haag
{"title":"Dual-Dynamic Covalently Cross-Linked Polyglycerol Hydrogels for Tumor Spheroid Culture.","authors":"Jun Feng, Polina Ponomareva, Kunpeng Liu, Chuanxiong Nie, Rui Chen, Rainer Haag","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advancing cancer research depends significantly on developing accurate and reliable models that can replicate the complex tumor microenvironment. Tumor spheroids─three-dimensional clusters of cancer cells─have become crucial tools for this purpose. The overarching goal of tumor spheroid culture is to develop biomaterials that mimic the dynamic mechanical behavior of the native extracellular matrix, enabling high-fidelity culture models. In this study, we developed dynamic hydrogels based on dual-dynamic covalently cross-linked polyglycerol, using boronate bonds and Schiff-base interactions. In addition to good biocompatibility and long-term stability, the hydrogels showed tunable mechanical properties that enabled cells to actively remodel their surrounding microenvironment. This platform was used for successful 3D culture of various cancer cell lines, including HeLa, A549, HT-29, BT-474, and SK-BR-3, which were encapsulated in situ and formed 3D tumor spheroids. These results demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of our dynamic hydrogel system in supporting tumor spheroid culture.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143952961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-09DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00097
Justin E Svendsen, Madeleine R Ford, Chandler L Asnes, Simon C Oh, Jonathan Dorogin, Karly M Fear, Johnathan R O'Hara-Smith, Lauren O Chisholm, Sophia R Phillips, Michael J Harms, Parisa Hosseinzadeh, Marian H Hettiaratchi
{"title":"Applying Computational Protein Design to Engineer Affibodies for Affinity-controlled Delivery of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor.","authors":"Justin E Svendsen, Madeleine R Ford, Chandler L Asnes, Simon C Oh, Jonathan Dorogin, Karly M Fear, Johnathan R O'Hara-Smith, Lauren O Chisholm, Sophia R Phillips, Michael J Harms, Parisa Hosseinzadeh, Marian H Hettiaratchi","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) play coordinated roles in angiogenesis. However, current biomaterial delivery vehicles for these proteins have a limited ability to precisely control the kinetics of protein release, preventing systematic exploration of their temporal effects. Here, we combined yeast surface display and computational protein design to engineer eight VEGF-specific and PDGF-specific protein binders called affibodies with a broad range of affinities for controlled protein release. Soluble affibodies modulated protein bioactivity as evidenced by changes in VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation and luminescent output of a PDGF-responsive cell line. Affibody-conjugated hydrogels enabled tunable protein release over 7 days. VEGF and PDGF released from affibody-conjugated hydrogels exhibited higher bioactivity than proteins released from hydrogels without affibodies, suggesting that these engineered affinity interactions could prolong protein bioactivity. This work underscores the power of computational protein design to enhance biomaterial functionality, creating a platform for tunable protein delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143952916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-09DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00113
Pavithra M Wijeratne, Connie Ocando, Bruno Grignard, Lars A Berglund, Jean-Marie Raquez, Qi Zhou
{"title":"Synthesis, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Nonisocyanate Thermoplastic Polyhydroxyurethane Nanocomposites with Cellulose Nanocrystals and Chitin Nanocrystals.","authors":"Pavithra M Wijeratne, Connie Ocando, Bruno Grignard, Lars A Berglund, Jean-Marie Raquez, Qi Zhou","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Incorporating biobased nanofillers including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) into nonisocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) offers a multifunctional approach to improving mechanical and thermal properties while promoting sustainability and green chemistry. Nanocomposites of segmented thermoplastic polyhydroxyurethane (PHU) from vanillyl alcohol bis(cyclocarbonate) (VABC), poly(tetramethylene oxide) diamine (PTMODA), and bis(aminomethyl) norbornane (NORB) reinforced with a low amount of CNCs and partially deacetylated ChNCs were prepared and characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that partially deacetylated ChNCs were covalently grafted to the PHU through aminolysis of carbonate end groups in the hard segment, while CNCs were mixed with the PHU without interfacial covalent bonding. Consequently, the PHU/ChNC nanocomposites showed nanophase separation with smaller hard domains compared to neat PHU, while the PHU/CNC nanocomposites exhibited a phase-mixed system with broader interface regions. Dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests further revealed that the PHU/ChNC nanocomposites demonstrated a 49-fold increase in Young's modulus, a 20-fold increase in ultimate tensile strength, and a three-order-of-magnitude enhancement in storage modulus in the rubbery state compared to the PHU/CNC nanocomposites, highlighting the profound influence of interfacial covalent linkages in enhancing the thermal mechanical performance of segmented PHU.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-09DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01789
Wenqian Chen, Zi Ye, Lixiong Gao, Yuhang Jiang, Yue Wei, Xuejun Chen, Liqin Li, Tengfei Mao, Zhaohui Li
{"title":"Synthesis and Protective Mechanisms of Fluorescent Copolymers against Multi-Band UV-Induced Photodamage in HCE-T Cells.","authors":"Wenqian Chen, Zi Ye, Lixiong Gao, Yuhang Jiang, Yue Wei, Xuejun Chen, Liqin Li, Tengfei Mao, Zhaohui Li","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The corneal epithelium, the outermost barrier of the eye, is particularly susceptible to UV-induced photodamage. Owing to the limited protection provided by physical defense strategies, there is a critical need for effective UV-protective ocular medications. In this study, novel fluorescent copolymers were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-UV properties in human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells. These copolymers provided substantial protection to HCE-T cells against damage from various types of UV radiation. The protective effects were attributed to their ability to attenuate oxidative damage caused by UVA radiation and mitigate direct DNA damage induced by UVB and UVC radiation. Mechanistic investigations revealed that their antioxidant and DNA repair activities are mediated through the regulation of the PERK and NER signaling pathways. These findings underscore the potential of these functional polymers as promising ophthalmic agents against broad-spectrum UV-damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-08DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00062
Antonella Fantoni, Alice Salvadori, Aleksandr Ovsianikov, Robert Liska, Stefan Baudis
{"title":"Highlighting the Influence between Physical and Chemical Cross-Linking in Dynamic Hydrogels for Two-Photon Micropatterning.","authors":"Antonella Fantoni, Alice Salvadori, Aleksandr Ovsianikov, Robert Liska, Stefan Baudis","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photolabile hydrogels have gained tremendous interest for a wide range of applications in materials and life sciences. Usually, photodegradability is introduced via chromophores and labile bonds, making such materials intrinsically light sensitive. In recent years, disulfide bonds have emerged as an innovative alternative, as they can be selectively cleaved in the presence of (photo)generated radicals. However, such materials suffer from limited network stability and high swelling as a result of thiol-disulfide metathesis reactions. Herein, we present two strategies to counteract such phenomena by network stabilization either via physical or chemical incorporation of (un)modified gelatin macromers to norbornene-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) networks. Photolabile behavior was introduced by a simple disulfide-containing dithiol cross-linker. Tunable material properties were investigated by means of in situ photorheology, in vitro swelling, and degradation experiments. Finally, we demonstrate an innovative method for localized disulfide cleavage via two-photon micropatterning.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143952909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-08DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00194
Tao He, Qiuwen Tan, Yizhou Huang, Jun Chen, Jie Tan, Chen Zhou, Li Xu, Rong Nie, Qingyi Zhang, Peng Liang, Qing Lv, Hui-Qi Xie
{"title":"Extracellular Adipose Matrix Hydrogel Laden with Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Modulates Macrophage Polarization for Enhanced Full-Thickness Skin Wound Repair.","authors":"Tao He, Qiuwen Tan, Yizhou Huang, Jun Chen, Jie Tan, Chen Zhou, Li Xu, Rong Nie, Qingyi Zhang, Peng Liang, Qing Lv, Hui-Qi Xie","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) represent a promising approach for wound healing, while the limited survival rate has restricted their application. To address this, we equipped a hydrogel from acellular porcine adipose tissue (HAPA) with ADSC to fabricate the HAPA + ADSC composite hydrogel. In addition to serving as a carrier for stem cell delivery, the bioactive components of the HAPA hydrogel support immune regulation and tissue repair. In this study, we demonstrated that the HAPA + ADSC composite could effectively modulate macrophage polarization, promote angiogenesis, and regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling, thereby substantially accelerating wound healing. Additionally, transcriptomic sequencing analysis indicated that the HAPA + ADSC composite upregulated Nfkbia and Nfkbie to inhibit the nuclear transcription of RelA-p50 heterodimer so that macrophages polarization toward an M1 phenotype is suppressed. The combined effects of ADSC and HAPA hydrogel make it a promising candidate for functional skin wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143954808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-05-08DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00126
Aalaa K Moussa, Heba A Abd El-Rahman, Riham R Mohamed, Demiana H Hanna
{"title":"Multifunctional Plasticized Hyaluronic-Acid-Based Nanogel Dressing for Accelerating Diabetic and Nondiabetic Wounds.","authors":"Aalaa K Moussa, Heba A Abd El-Rahman, Riham R Mohamed, Demiana H Hanna","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic ulcers are associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, decreased synthesis of pro-healing mediators, and impaired vascularization, which convert the wound from acute to chronic and delay healing. An extended duration of wound healing raises the possibility of complications such as infection, sepsis, and even amputation. The objective of this study is the synthesis of a plasticized cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA)-grafted poly(acrylamide-<i>co</i>-itaconic acid) nanogel as a nontoxic adhesive, swellable, antibacterial wound dressing with good mechanical properties to protect the wound from pathogens and accelerate the healing process, in addition to decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis. Nanogel H3 with a ratio (AM/IA) (3:1) showed excellent adhesion with good mechanical properties, biocompatibility, swelling, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficiencies. It showed great wound closure <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> with downregulation of inflammatory cytokines, upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced angiogenesis <i>in vivo</i> on diabetic and nondiabetic wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143951517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}