BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-04-14Epub Date: 2025-03-03DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01474
Jannik Jarms, Nina H Borzęcka, Bruno Serrador Goncalves, Kathirvel Ganesan, Barbara Milow, Ameya Rege
{"title":"Modeling of the Gelation Process in Cellulose Aerogels.","authors":"Jannik Jarms, Nina H Borzęcka, Bruno Serrador Goncalves, Kathirvel Ganesan, Barbara Milow, Ameya Rege","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01474","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cellulose aerogels are the most well-studied biopolymer-based systems in the literature, yet we lack a complete understanding of the underlying gelation mechanism, as well as that of the effect of solvent exchange on the topology of their network. This work presents a coarse-grained model describing the gelation kinetics in cellulose aerogel systems. A discrete element model is employed to generate the cellulose structure, and the solvents are modeled implicitly. Langevin dynamics is applied to solve the system of Newtonian equations. The model successfully generates the structure of the cellulose gel, hydrogel, alcogel, as well as aerogel. A model parameter sensitivity analysis is presented, and the results of the model are validated against the experimental data. The model provides insights into the mechanism of gelation while also shedding light on the morphological alterations resulting from the washing, solvent exchange, and drying steps.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"2199-2210"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12004520/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-04-14Epub Date: 2025-02-28DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01629
Fabio Henkel, Oliver Lieleg
{"title":"Foreign Mucins Alter the Properties of Reconstituted Gastric Mucus.","authors":"Fabio Henkel, Oliver Lieleg","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01629","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the course of evolution, distinct mucin subtypes have evolved, that predominantly occur in specific mucus variants of the body. A loss of this clear regional assignment is often associated with pathophysiological conditions such as asthma or gastric cancer. We here reconstitute mucus from different mucin subtypes to elucidate the influence of MUC5B/MUC2 contaminations on physiologically relevant properties of acidic MUC5AC gels as found in the stomach. Our findings indicate that these properties may be critically altered by the presence of an atypical mucin species. A weak integration of a contaminating mucin subtype into the host network yields weak viscoelastic gels with increased barrier capabilities. Unravelling the complex properties of mucosal barriers under disease conditions is crucial for the understanding of mucosal disease progression and for developing drug-carriers to traverse this biological barrier. Here, our results provide useful insights into mechanistic principles governing the physical properties of gastro-intestinal mucus.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"2293-2303"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12004450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143530913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-04-14Epub Date: 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01798
Hyejoong Jeong, Jiwoong Heo, Moonhyun Choi, Jinkee Hong
{"title":"Copper Nanoparticle Decorated Multilayer Nanocoatings for Controlled Nitric Oxide Release and Antimicrobial Performance with Biosafety.","authors":"Hyejoong Jeong, Jiwoong Heo, Moonhyun Choi, Jinkee Hong","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01798","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomedical device-related bacterial infections are a leading cause of mortality, and traditional antibiotics contribute to resistance. Various surface modification strategies have been explored, but effective clinical solutions remain limited. This study introduces a novel antibacterial nanocoating with copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) that triggers localized nitric oxide (NO) release. The multilayered nanocoating is created using branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) via a Layer-by-Layer assembly method. CuNP-decorated nanocoatings are formed by reducing copper ions coordinated with amine/carboxylic acid groups. In a physiological environment, CuNPs oxidize to Cu(I), promoting NO release from endogenous NO donors. The nanocoating's thickness is adjustable to regulate amount of CuNPs and NO flux. The optimal thickness for effective NO release against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is identified, preventing microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. Importantly, the coating remains cytocompatible due to minimal CuNPs, physiological NO levels, and stable coating properties under physiological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"2421-2432"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-04-14Epub Date: 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01768
Su Jeong Park, Ho-Kyung Lim, Sung-Jae Lee, Seung Hyuk Im, Jong Min Lee, Youngmee Jung, Soo Hyun Kim, Ji-Seok Shim, Jong-Eun Won, Justin J Chung, In-Seok Song
{"title":"Enhancing Biodegradable Bone Plate Performance: Stereocomplex Polylactic Acid for Improved Mechanical Properties and Near-Infrared Transparency.","authors":"Su Jeong Park, Ho-Kyung Lim, Sung-Jae Lee, Seung Hyuk Im, Jong Min Lee, Youngmee Jung, Soo Hyun Kim, Ji-Seok Shim, Jong-Eun Won, Justin J Chung, In-Seok Song","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01768","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of biodegradable materials in bone plates offers remarkable advantages; however, their application in bone fixation is limited by their brittleness. Moreover, treatments tailored to patient conditions are needed in orthopedics. In this study, bone plates were fabricated with stereocomplex polylactic acid (scPLA) and the effects of poly(d-lactic acid) molecular weight and scPLA blending ratios were analyzed. Although modulus values of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and scPLA were similar, strain resistance improved at higher scPLA proportions. The enhanced elongation was owing to the presence of tie molecules within the scPLA as opposed to single PLA chains. The fabricated scPLA bone plates exhibited improved mechanical properties and transparency in the optical and near-infrared ranges. scPLA was characterized by a smaller crystallite size. These properties of scPLA combined with its biocompatibility indicate potential for various diagnostic and therapeutic orthopedic applications. Comparisons with commercial PLLA-based bone plates show no significant differences in in vivo bone-healing ability.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"2390-2401"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12004516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dual-Responsive Ultrathin Peptoid Nanofibers Assembled from Amphiphilic Alternating Peptoids with an Integration of Azobenzene and Histamine Moieties.","authors":"Mingyu Ding, Qianyu Jiang, Pengchao Wu, Pengliang Sui, Zichao Sun, Xiaoling Yang, Haibao Jin, Shaoliang Lin","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00211","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrathin organic nanofibers (UTONFs) have favorable potential as emerging nanomaterials due to their large aspect ratio, lightweight nature, and mechanical flexibility. Achieving dual stimuli-responsive UTONFs is necessary to satisfy the on-demand requirements of smart and miniature devices but remains challenging. Herein, amphiphilic alternating peptoids (AAPs) modified with azobenzene and histamine groups were successfully synthesized using the solid-phase submonomer synthesis technique. Following subsequent solution self-assembly, photo/CO<sub>2</sub> dual-responsive ultrathin peptoid nanofibers (UTPNFs) with a diameter of ∼1.8 nm and a length of up to several micrometers were generated based on the pendant hydrophobic conjugate stacking mechanism. The photoisomerization of azobenzene was accountable for the reversible transformation from UTPNFs to spherical micelles (∼60 nm) under recyclable light irradiation. Owing to the protonation and the resulting electrostatic repulsion interaction, both UTPNFs and spherical micelles displayed a reversible variation in shape and physicochemical properties, including the size, diameter, zeta potential, and pH. Our work offers prospective guidance on the construction of dual-responsive ultrathin organic nanofibers with controllable shape transformation and performance transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"2750-2758"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-04-14Epub Date: 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01820
Jian Hang Lam, Gaurav Sinsinbar, Ser Yue Loo, Teck Wan Chia, Yan Jun Lee, Jing Yi Fong, Yoong Eng Chia, Rocco Roberto Penna, Shaoqiong Liu, Steve Pascolo, Katherine Schultheis, Madhavan Nallani
{"title":"Development of Thermostable and Immunogenic Block Copolymer Nanoparticles (BNPs) for mRNA Delivery.","authors":"Jian Hang Lam, Gaurav Sinsinbar, Ser Yue Loo, Teck Wan Chia, Yan Jun Lee, Jing Yi Fong, Yoong Eng Chia, Rocco Roberto Penna, Shaoqiong Liu, Steve Pascolo, Katherine Schultheis, Madhavan Nallani","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01820","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Combining an amphiphilic block copolymer polybutadiene-<i>b</i>-poly(ethylene glycol) (PBD-<i>b</i>-PEO), an ionizable lipid, a helper lipid, and cholesterol produces thermostable BNPs. Luciferase mRNA-BNPs can be stored for over 1 year at 4 °C with no evidence of degradation to the mRNA or nanocarrier. In vivo, mRNA-BNPs exhibit a greater affinity for secondary lymphoid organs than mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and are efficiently taken up by macrophages and dendritic cells. Freshly fabricated ovalbumin (OVA) mRNA-BNPs elicit robust OVA-specific IgG and functional memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells that persist for at least 5 months. Immunogenicity remains intact after 24 weeks of storage at 4 °C. Anti-PEG antibodies are not boosted by the repeated administration of mRNA-BNPs, unlike mRNA-LNPs. Syrian hamsters vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA-BNPs are protected against weight loss associated with infection and potently suppress pulmonary viral loads. Protective efficacy is comparable to that conferred by a Comirnaty biosimilar. Cumulatively, mRNA-BNPs are thermostable, immunogenic and possess the potential for clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"2444-2457"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preparation, Conformational Structure, and Proteolytic Activity of Papain Covalently Conjugated to Poly(ethylene glycol)-Tethered Lipid Bilayer Membranes.","authors":"Yuya Takahashi, Kyohei Kubota, Makoto Yoshimoto, Noriko Yoshimoto","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01324","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conjugation of enzymes to lipid membranes is a key approach to reconstitute fascinating features of cell organelles and to deduce the nature of membrane-involved biological events. In this work, papain was covalently conjugated via a cross-linker to phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) tethered with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) at 25 °C and pH = 7.0, followed by chromatographic purification. The size of the PEG moiety and the type of cross-linker were optimized to obtain PEG-tethered liposome-conjugated papain (liposome-PEG-papain). Slight conformational changes of the membrane-conjugated papain in both its secondary and tertiary structures were revealed using circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence measurements. Notably, heat treatment of a liposome-PEG-papain dispersion at 77 or 84 °C caused permeabilization of the lipid membranes to 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. Furthermore, liposome-PEG-papain exhibited the digestion activity of casein at 37 °C and pH = 7.6. The structural flexibility of liposomes as enzyme carriers may provide the opportunity to functionalize the membrane-conjugated biomacromolecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"2131-2145"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12004522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-04-14Epub Date: 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00862
Julyana Noval de Souza Ferreira, Barbara Silva Figueiredo, Vannyla Viktória Viana Vasconcelos, Antony Luca Luna Vieira de Abreu, Sheila Souza da Silva Ribeiro, Esra Nur Kaya, Mustafa Bulut, Joselito Nardy Ribeiro, Mahmut Durmuş, André Romero da Silva
{"title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Biomolecules by Free and Encapsulated Indium(III) Phthalocyanines in PHB Nanoparticles: The Influence of the Position of the Coumarin Group.","authors":"Julyana Noval de Souza Ferreira, Barbara Silva Figueiredo, Vannyla Viktória Viana Vasconcelos, Antony Luca Luna Vieira de Abreu, Sheila Souza da Silva Ribeiro, Esra Nur Kaya, Mustafa Bulut, Joselito Nardy Ribeiro, Mahmut Durmuş, André Romero da Silva","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00862","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising alternative to inactivating resistant microorganisms. Metallic phthalocyanines (Pc) substituted with coumarin groups exhibit favorable photophysical properties for APDT; however, their hydrophobicity limits administration. This study investigates indium(III) Pc substituted with 7-oxy-3-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)coumarin at nonperipheral (<b>3nInOAc</b>) and peripheral (<b>4nInOAc</b>) positions, both in their free form and encapsulated in polyhydroxybutyrate nanoparticles, for the photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MSSA) bacteria. The photodynamic activity was also assessed through the photooxidation of tryptophan and bovine serum albumin. Theoretical calculations and molecular docking were performed to corroborate the experimental results, investigating the influence of molecular structure on the photodynamic and antimicrobial performance of Pc-loaded nanoparticles as well as their nanoparticulate properties. Overall, both free and encapsulated Pc were capable of photooxidizing biomolecules and exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity, with <b>4nInOAc</b> demonstrating superior efficacy, achieving an average reduction of 2 logs (99%) in MSSA and MRSA colonies.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"2076-2094"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12004533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-04-14Epub Date: 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01591
Yan Ming Voon, Haochen Guo, Kaito Kanamori, Tomoko Ogiyama, Hiroyuki Chaya, Koji Morita, Nobuhiro Nishiyama, Takahiro Nomoto
{"title":"Effect of Spacers on the Affinity of Tyrosine-Modified Polymers to L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1.","authors":"Yan Ming Voon, Haochen Guo, Kaito Kanamori, Tomoko Ogiyama, Hiroyuki Chaya, Koji Morita, Nobuhiro Nishiyama, Takahiro Nomoto","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01591","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), which takes up neutral amino acids such as tyrosine, is overexpressed on various cancer cells, and many researchers have developed LAT1-targeting drug delivery systems (DDSs) by modifying them with substrates of LAT1. However, none of the previous studies have examined the effects of spacers conjugated with substrates on the interaction between the DDSs and LAT1. Here, we developed polymers with tyrosine-based ligands on the side chains via propyl- or triethylene glycol spacers and compared their targetability to that of LAT1. While both polymers exhibited efficient cellular uptake in cancer cells through endocytosis in an LAT1-selective manner, the polymer with the triethylene glycol spacers exhibited higher cellular uptake efficiency than that with the propyl-spacers. Consistently, in the in vivo study with mice bearing subcutaneous tumors, the polymer with the triethylene glycol spacers showed significantly high tumor accumulation and thereby accomplished tumor-selective delivery of photosensitizers, permitting efficient antitumor activity upon photoirradiation. Our results indicate the importance of the spacer structure in designing DDSs targeting amino acid transporters.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":" ","pages":"2256-2267"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143575562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BiomacromoleculesPub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c0150510.1021/acs.biomac.4c01505
Ali Maruf, Małgorzata Milewska*, Katarzyna Dudzisz, Anna Lalik, Sebastian Student, Anna Salvati and Ilona Wandzik,
{"title":"Trehalose-Releasing Nanogels: Study on Trehalose Release and Insights into Selected Biologically Relevant Aspects","authors":"Ali Maruf, Małgorzata Milewska*, Katarzyna Dudzisz, Anna Lalik, Sebastian Student, Anna Salvati and Ilona Wandzik, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.4c0150510.1021/acs.biomac.4c01505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01505https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01505","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Trehalose has sparked considerable interest in a variety of pharmaceutical applications as well as in cryopreservation. Recently, there have been growing efforts in the development of trehalose delivery nanocarriers to address the issue of the poor bioavailability of trehalose. The majority of the strategies comprise physical entrapment of trehalose, since its covalent, yet biolabile, conjugation is challenging. Here, we present research on trehalose-releasing nanogels, in which covalent, yet biolabile, conjugation of trehalose was achieved through the co-incorporation of trehalose (meth)acrylate(s) together with hydrophilic primary/secondary acrylamides in one polymeric network. In this case, the primary and secondary amide groups participated in ester hydrolysis in the (meth)acrylate units, making the hydrolysis feasible under physiologically relevant conditions. A set of nanogels with precisely selected compositions were synthesized, characterized, and then studied to evaluate the influence of various structural and environmental factors on the release rate of trehalose. The study also provides insights into some other aspects that are important in view of potential biomedical applications, including specific interactions of nanogels through their terminal α-<span>d</span>-glucopyranosyl moieties from pendant trehalose, protein corona formation, and cellular uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":30,"journal":{"name":"Biomacromolecules","volume":"26 5","pages":"2835–2851 2835–2851"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143933901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}