Forensic Anthropology最新文献_第6页

Review of Ortner’s Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains, 3rd ed. 回顾奥特纳的鉴定病理条件在人类骨骼遗骸，第3版。

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-01-03 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.0013

Giovanna M. Vidoli

引用次数: 3

The (Mis)appropriation of Biological Anthropology in Race Science and the Implications for Forensic Anthropology 生物人类学在种族科学中的误用及其对法医人类学的启示

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2021.0010

Donovan M. Adams, M. Pilloud

{"title":"The (Mis)appropriation of Biological Anthropology in Race Science and the Implications for Forensic Anthropology","authors":"Donovan M. Adams, M. Pilloud","doi":"10.5744/fa.2021.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Most biological anthropologists acknowledge that phenotypic human variation is distinct from human race. However, there is the potential for the research on human variation to be (mis)interpreted by the public as a reification of biological races. To explore this possible misuse, this study is a content analysis of articles (n = 1146) in the prominent race science journals Mankind Quarterly; The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies; and The Occidental Quarterly. The goal is to investigate how race science employs research in biological and forensic anthropology to justify arguments. Articles were evaluated according to country affiliation, discipline, data sets, racial/ethnic terminology, position on racial hierarchy, position on racial segregation and eugenics, focus of study, views of scientific community, and the average power index (PI). Additionally, specific examples of (mis)appropriation are highlighted.\u0000Though the primary discipline represented in these publications is psychology, biological anthropology maintains a presence. Skeletal and dental traits, genetics, and paleoanthropological data are used to argue for biological racial differences and taxonomic distinctions. The research of forensic ancestry estimation was regularly used to legitimize the concept of biological race. While the PIs of the articles are low, they are present on the internet and circulate within social media. The continued use of biological anthropology to reinforce racial essentialism should force practitioners to question the ethical implications of their research. Finally, we provide discussion regarding shiftsin methodology and terminology to address how biological and forensic anthropologists can rectify the damage this research may directly and indirectly cause.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124877803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Self-Reported Ancestry and Craniofacial SNPs 自我报告的祖先和颅面snp

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2021.0011

Kamar Afra, M. Hamilton, Bridget F. B. Algee‐Hewitt

{"title":"Self-Reported Ancestry and Craniofacial SNPs","authors":"Kamar Afra, M. Hamilton, Bridget F. B. Algee‐Hewitt","doi":"10.5744/fa.2021.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Genotype-phenotype studies increasingly link single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) to the dimensions of the face for presumed homogeneous populations. To appreciate the significance of these findings, it is essential to investigate how these results differ between the genetic and phenotypic profiles of individuals. In prior work, we investigated the connection between SNPs previously identified as informative of soft tissue expression and measurements of the craniofacial skeleton. Using matched genetic and skeletal information on 17 individuals who self-identified as White with presumed common continental ancestry (European), we obtained significant Spearman correlations for 11 SNPs. In the present study, we looked at self-identified ancestry to understand the intersectional background of the individual’s phenotype and genotype. We integrated our samples within a diverse dataset of 2,242 modern Americans and applied an unsupervised model-based clustering routine to 13 craniometrics. We generated a mean estimate of 69.65% (±SD = 18%) European ancestry for the White sample under an unsupervised cluster model. We estimated higher quantities of European ancestry, 88.5%–93%, for our subset of 17 individuals. These elevated estimates were of interest with respect to the distribution of population-informative SNPs; we found, for example, that one of our sampled self-identified White individuals displayed SNPs commonly associated with Latin American populations. These results underscore the complex interrelationship between environment and genetics, and the need for continued research into connections between population affinity, social identity, and morphogenetic expression.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130338429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Explanation of Ancestry Estimation in Forensic Anthropology Textbooks 司法人类学教科书中祖先估计的解释

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.5744/bi.2021.0006

Amelia R. Hubbard

{"title":"Explanation of Ancestry Estimation in Forensic Anthropology Textbooks","authors":"Amelia R. Hubbard","doi":"10.5744/bi.2021.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/bi.2021.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The way we teach about race and racism can have profound impacts on undergraduate learners, both positive and negative. Textbooks represent a space in which hidden curriculum about race can cement misconceptions and biologically essentialist thinking, leading to the ongoing support of practices that harm racially minoritized populations. In this study, I critically examine five popular introductory level, undergraduate, forensic anthropology textbooks, with attention to chapters on ancestry estimation, and offer recommendations for supplementary or alternative content. Specific coverage of core concepts related to race and ancestry estimation practices in forensic anthropology are evaluated, as well as the order of presentation and consistency of key messages. Though each chapter focuses on distinct examples and approaches, none cover all of the concepts or present a consistent message about ancestry estimation as it pertains to the biological race concept. In particular, messaging within each chapter demonstrates some ambiguity in the distinction between race and ancestry, while also presenting a narrative through which racial typology practices are delineated as “in the past” and distinct from current ancestry estimation practices. These results demonstrate a need, at the undergraduate level, for a more explicit discussion of the biological race myth in lieu of traditional approaches that focus on demonstrating the practicality and validity of such methods. Finally, detailed presentations of ancestry estimation ","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126898911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Ancestry Estimation in Practice 实践中的祖先估计

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.0047

H. Parsons

{"title":"Ancestry Estimation in Practice","authors":"H. Parsons","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.0047","url":null,"abstract":"The medicolegal system relies on forensic anthropologists to construct accurate biological profiles from skeletal remainsto narrow the pool of potential missing persons and provide support for positive identifications. The ancestry estimation component of theprofile offers physical descriptions of decedents through a combination of metric analysis and the interpretation of discrete traits believedto correlate with visible physical features. Forensic anthropologists employed in medical examiners’ offices in the United States regularlyconstruct these profiles in casework. However, ancestry estimation methods have been questioned in their ability to accurately describe theracial classification of the deceased. Although validation studies have documented the accuracy of ancestry estimation methods on skeletalcollections, it is unknown how well they operate in forensic casework and the assumption that methods mirror the results observed inacademic research studies remains unproven. In an effort to understand how well methods preform, this research was designed to evaluatethe accuracy ancestry estimation practices within three medical examiners’ offices in the United States. The results show an accuracy rateof 99% among 177 cases when both definitive and ambiguous ancestral and racial terminology was used to describe remains. Becauseunidentified cases lack antemortem information, it remains unknown if the ancestral assessments of the 280 unidentified individualsincluded in this study confer the same level of accuracy shown in resolved cases. The results presented here are informative not only forthe vital statistics obtained, but also for what this data reveals about the factors influencing ancestry estimation in practice.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125663357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Craniometric Variation in a Regional Sample from Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia 哥伦比亚安蒂奥基亚Medellín地区样本的颅骨测量差异

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.2023

Kelly R. Kamnikar, J. Hefner, Timisay Monsalve, Liliana Bernal Florez

{"title":"Craniometric Variation in a Regional Sample from Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia","authors":"Kelly R. Kamnikar, J. Hefner, Timisay Monsalve, Liliana Bernal Florez","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.2023","url":null,"abstract":"Population affinity estimation is frequently assessed from measurements of the cranium. Traditional models place individuals into discrete groups―such as Hispanic―that often encompass very diverse populations. Current research, including this study, challenges these assumptions using more refined population affinity estimation analyses. We examine craniometric data for a sample of individuals from different regions in Antioquia, Colombia. We first assessed the sample to understand intraregional variation in cranial shape as a function of birthplace or a culturally constructed social group label. Then, pooling the Colombian data, we compare cranial variation with global contemporary and prehistoric groups. Results did not indicate significant intraregional variation in Antioquia; classification models performed poorly (28.6% for birthplace and 36.6% for social group). When compared to other groups (American Black, American White, Asian, modern Hispanic, and prehistoric Native American), our model correctly classified 75.5% of the samples. We further refined the model by separating the pooled Hispanic sample into Mexican and Guatemalan samples, which produced a correct classification rate of 74.4%. These results indicate significant differences in cranial form among groups commonly united under the classification “Hispanic” and bolster the addition of a refined approach to population affinity estimation using craniometric data.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125399921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Testing the Homogeneity of “White” 检验“白色”的同质性

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2021.0002

H. Edgar, S. Ousley

{"title":"Testing the Homogeneity of “White”","authors":"H. Edgar, S. Ousley","doi":"10.5744/fa.2021.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of estimating each part of the biological profile is to reduce the number of missing persons for comparison with unknown human remains. To serve this purpose each part must: 1) derive from information garnered from the remains, and 2) provide information that missing person’s community will generally agree describes them. Observer and statistical error, sampling error, and the disconnect between biological and social categories are all associated with each step of estimation, and can render aspects of the biological profile useless, or even harmful, to the ultimate goal of identification. Here, we examine patterns of phenetic variation within a group usually treated as homogeneous, European-descended populations in the United States and Australia, usually described as “White” (n = 365). We analyzed dental morphological data for biological distances and using several classification techniques. We find that structure exists among these groups. Accuracy of classification of individuals from contemporary Tennessee approaches forensic significance, compared to samples from New York, Ohio, and Australia. These results point out that researchers commonly seek structured variation among some populations but not others. We examine this point, and make recommendations to the field to change our approach to the estimation of population affinity so that it reflects the biological variation associated with social meaning relevant in local communities. Additionally, our approach to population affinity should be iterative, reflecting cultural changes over time, and reflexive, aware and responding to our own biases.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116963463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On WEIRD Anthropologists and Their White Skeletons 关于怪异的人类学家和他们的白色骨架

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.0048

Matthew C. Go, Nandar Yukyi, Elaine Y. Chu

{"title":"On WEIRD Anthropologists and Their White Skeletons","authors":"Matthew C. Go, Nandar Yukyi, Elaine Y. Chu","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.0048","url":null,"abstract":"Most forensic anthropologists and the populations they study are WEIRD—that is, Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic. In their interventions into the WEIRD, Clancy and Davis (2019) contend that WEIRD is a euphemism for white and that it is the white, Western European–derived scientists and subjects that skew the predominating narrative of the human condition. While they demonstrate how biological anthropology can decenter the WEIRD, it is fruitful to extend their framework specifically to forensic anthropology. We argue that the scientific enterprise of forensic anthropology is unique in that: (1) it is touted as an objective tool that must operate within medicolegal systems, (2) it involves board certification and accreditation standards, and (3) it holds ancestry and race as core to its practice. In a bibliometric survey of journal articles over the past five years (n = 793), we find that up to 79% of authors originate from WEIRD contexts. In articles specifically studying ancestry, European-derived populations are included 88% of the time as a category for comparison to other groups, while only 12% do not include Europeans. Furthermore, 49% of articles unrelated to ancestry use white subjects solely or in part, reinforcing a historic tendency to measure all human variation against one particular norm. We also find that WEIRD articles receive significantly more recognition than non-WEIRD counterparts. In this reflexive and positional exercise, we hope to make visible how whiteness as WEIRDness informs the history, values, and practices of forensic anthropology on a global scale.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116466364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Steven A. Symes 史蒂文·a·赛姆斯

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2021.0005

Nicholas V. Passalacqua, Diana L. Messer, S. Symes

引用次数: 0

Review of: Ethics and Professionalism in Forensic Anthropology 综述:法医人类学的伦理与专业精神

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2021.0014

D. France

引用次数: 16