Forensic Anthropology最新文献_第4页

Comparison of the Effect of Two Dynamic Loading Rates on Fracture Characteristics of Human Ribs in Bending 两种动加载速率对人体肋骨弯曲断裂特性影响的比较

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-04-04 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2021.0028

Angela L Harden, Y. Kang, A. Agnew

{"title":"Comparison of the Effect of Two Dynamic Loading Rates on Fracture Characteristics of Human Ribs in Bending","authors":"Angela L Harden, Y. Kang, A. Agnew","doi":"10.5744/fa.2021.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen an increase in contributions to the criminal justice system through expert testimony regardingskeletal trauma analysis and interpretation. In order to scientifically validate skeletal trauma analysis methods and ensure the dependability of interpretations to support expert testimonies, the reliability of generally accepted concepts must be determined. This research focused on the traditional assumption that extrinsic factors influence fracture characteristics in human bone. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of loading rate on fracture characteristics by evaluating the effect of two dynamic loading rates in blunt-force trauma to human ribs. The sample consisted of mid-level human ribs in which fracture characteristics were evaluated in bilateral rib pairs experimentally tested in precisely the same loading scenario (anterior to posterior bending) at different dynamic loading rates. These comparisons demonstrated that the difference between 1 m/s and 2 m/s had no independent influence on fracture characteristics, despite the large difference in impact energy associated with these rates (27.2 J and 108.8 J, respectively). The general assumption that greater impact speed and energy leads to increased injury severity and more complex fracture characteristics was not supported in ribs loaded at 1 m/s versus 2 m/s.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117154176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forensic Semiology 法医符号学

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-03-28 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2022.2003a

Erika Reyes Baeza

引用次数: 0

Estudio antropologico forense de los restos humanos atribuidos al Apóstol Santiago Alfeo 对使徒圣地亚哥·阿尔菲奥的人类遗骸的法医人类学研究

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2019.0019b

Fernando Serrulla

引用次数: 0

Confronting Cognitive Bias in Forensic Anthropology Michigan’s Craigslist Killer Case 面对密歇根Craigslist杀手案中法医人类学的认知偏见

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-03-23 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2021.0032

Alexis C. Goots, J. Hefner, D. Start

{"title":"Confronting Cognitive Bias in Forensic Anthropology Michigan’s Craigslist Killer Case","authors":"Alexis C. Goots, J. Hefner, D. Start","doi":"10.5744/fa.2021.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.0032","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately estimating the biological profile is a foundational analysis within forensic anthropology. Although the methods for estimating the biological profile are well established, their accuracy can be affected by several factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic to the skeletal remains. If any of these factors impact the anthropological analysis to the degree that any one of the four components of the biological profile is estimated inaccurately, the potential for making a positive identification is significantly limited. Since identification is one of the primary goals of forensic anthropologists, effort should be undertaken to avoid any issues that could lead to a lengthy case resolution process. One particularly troubling issue in estimating the biological profile is the potential for cognitive bias to influence the anthropological analysis. The ramifications of this bias can be understood especially well in a case context. Therefore, we will present a case that has two clear impacts. First, the circumstances of this case will illustrate the biasing power of extraneous demographic information. The lessons learned from this case will be placed in the context of broader literature regarding cognitive bias in forensic anthropology and will present a cautionary tale and recommendations for forensic practitioners moving forward. Second, this case will underscore the importance of estimating ancestry in forensic anthropology. The methodological process of estimating ancestry in the following case played a crucial role in our eventual ability to make a positive identification, and as such, ancestry estimation should continue to be considered an integral part of the biological profile.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":" 82","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120826470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Análisis e Identificación de Daños por Intervención de Cánidos (Canis lupus familiaris) en Tejidos Textiles como Evidencia Cultural Asociada en Casos Forenses 分析和识别犬类(犬类狼疮)对纺织组织的损害，作为法医案件的相关文化证据

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2019.0036b

G. Molina, Stefano De Luca, Fabiana Scarso

{"title":"Análisis e Identificación de Daños por Intervención de Cánidos (Canis lupus familiaris) en Tejidos Textiles como Evidencia Cultural Asociada en Casos Forenses","authors":"G. Molina, Stefano De Luca, Fabiana Scarso","doi":"10.5744/fa.2019.0036b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2019.0036b","url":null,"abstract":"La intervención carroñera en restos humanos por parte de perros (Canis lupus familiaris) puede dificultar el proceso de identificación y el análisis de traumas perimortem. Se han publicado numerosos estudios científicos acerca de los daños provocados por perros en restos óseos, como consecuencia de consumo postmortem o de ataques letales. Sin embargo, escasean aquellos relativos al análisis de vestimentas asociadas a los restos humanos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar patrones de daños causados por perros domésticos en tejidos textiles de uso común. Para ello, se utilizaron 45 sacos, de 20 × 30 cm cada uno, elaborados manualmente con tres tipos distintos de tejidos textiles (15 por textil): bistrech, mezclilla y poliéster, con una densidad de 40,84; 57,95 y 31,46 hilos por cm², respectivamente. La muestra canina consistió en 15 ejemplares de diferente tamaño, edad y sexo, procedentes de la “Fundación Chile Mestizo” de Santiago (Chile). Se analizó, mediante análisis de la varianza, la relación entre tipo de textil y presencia de daños y, posteriormente, se calculó la frecuencia de daños observados por tipo de textil. Para ello se utilizó el programa estadístico Minitab 19. Según los resultados obtenidos, se identificaron cuatro tipos de patrón: punción y masticación, presentes en el 62% y 75% de los casos, respectivamente; perforación y el daño de hole and tear, con una frecuencia del 91% de los casos analizados. Con respecto a la relación entre tipo de textil y daños observados, se observó que la densidad y el peso del tejido están directamente asociados con el tipo de daño presente.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120924533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Adaptación del protocolo Weldon Spring como propuesta para la búsqueda de cadáveres e indicios en superficie en áreas naturales protegidas y de conservación ecológica de la Ciudad de México 改编《韦尔登泉议定书》，作为在墨西哥城自然保护区和生态保护区寻找尸体和地表迹象的建议

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2022.4001b

Lorena Caballero Valencia, Erica Landa

{"title":"Adaptación del protocolo Weldon Spring como propuesta para la búsqueda de cadáveres e indicios en superficie en áreas naturales protegidas y de conservación ecológica de la Ciudad de México","authors":"Lorena Caballero Valencia, Erica Landa","doi":"10.5744/fa.2022.4001b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2022.4001b","url":null,"abstract":"Las instituciones encargadas de administrar e impartir justicia de la Ciudad de México carecen de metodología, técnicas, protocolos y personal altamente capacitado para la búsqueda de personas desaparecidas, por tal razón, no existe una estructura, ni organización para tal acción. Para evitar que se siga actuando de manera empírica, decidimos proponer un modelo de búsqueda de cuerpos humanos e indicios en superficie, tomando en cuenta el conocimiento y experiencia del protocolo Weldon Spring, el cual fue creado, adoptado y aplicado en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica para casos de desastres masivos. La adaptación de dicho protocolo para la Ciudad de México está enfocado a las áreas naturales protegidas y áreas de conservación ecológica, debido a que son las zonas donde es más probable que se depositen cuerpos humanos, producto de delitos causados por los grupos de delincuencia organizada urbana. Es decir, esas áreas se encuentran geográficamente en las partes altas y alejadas de la ciudad, además de que son zonas que carecen de iluminación, medios de transporte, servicios y seguridad públicos; y que constituye el 23.7% del suelo en conservación. Con este modelo hacemos hincapié de la importancia de hacer un equipo sólido de trabajo, de conocer las áreas naturales, saber cómo está constituida la delincuencia organizada urbana, y también de la necesidad al aplicar la prospección remota y a pie, además de hacer un recorrido organizado que es en transectos, tomar en cuenta el impacto social y económico de usar elementos tecnológicos actuales para georreferenciar el sitio y la implementación de cédulas para registrar los eventos.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128173089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unidentified Bodies in the Mexican Context 墨西哥背景下的不明尸体

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2022.4004a

M. Fortuna, Laura Corrales, Alan Robinson, Roxana Enríguez Farias, N. Márquez-Grant

引用次数: 0

Adaptation of the Weldon Spring protocol as a proposal for the search for cadavers and evidence in protected natural areas and areas of ecological conservation in Mexico City 改编韦尔登泉议定书，作为在墨西哥城自然保护区和生态保护区寻找尸体和证据的建议

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2022.4001a

Lorena Caballero Valencia, Erica Landa

{"title":"Adaptation of the Weldon Spring protocol as a proposal for the search for cadavers and evidence in protected natural areas and areas of ecological conservation in Mexico City","authors":"Lorena Caballero Valencia, Erica Landa","doi":"10.5744/fa.2022.4001a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2022.4001a","url":null,"abstract":"The institutions responsible for administrating and providing justice in Mexico City lack the methodology, techniques, protocols, and highly trained personnel to carry out the search for disappeared persons. Neither a structure nor organization exist to carry out this work. To avoid continuing to act solely empirically, we decided to propose a model for searching for human remains and surface evidence. We took as a guide the knowledge and experience of the Weldon Spring protocol, which was created, adopted and applied in the United States for cases of mass disasters. The adaptation of this protocol to Mexico City is focused on the protected natural areas and areas of ecological conservation, since they are the zones where human bodies are most likely deposited, a product of crimes carried out by urban organized crime groups. Those areas are located in the higher and more remote parts of the city, and in addition they lack illumination, modes of transportation, public services and security; and they constitute 23.7% of the land under conservation. With this model we stress the importance of developing solid work team; knowledge of natural areas and how urban organized crime is constituted; and the need to carry out prospecting remotely and on foot. It is also important to create a route organized in transect lines and to consider the social and economic impact of using current technological tools to geo-reference the site and the implementation of index cards to register events.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127688622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variación Craneométrica en una Muestra Regional de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia 哥伦比亚安蒂奥基亚地区样本的颅骨测量变化，medellin

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2020.2023b

Kelly Kamnikar, Joseph Hefner, Timisay Monsalve, Liliana Bernal Florez

{"title":"Variación Craneométrica en una Muestra Regional de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia","authors":"Kelly Kamnikar, Joseph Hefner, Timisay Monsalve, Liliana Bernal Florez","doi":"10.5744/fa.2020.2023b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.2023b","url":null,"abstract":"Las estimaciones de ancestría suelen basarse en mediciones del cráneo. Los modelos más comunes usan agrupaciones discretas que abarcan poblaciones muy diversas como, por ejemplo, “hispano.” Esta investigación se suma a otras recientes que desafían estas categorías mediante análisis de ancestría más detallados. Examinamos la información craneométrica de una muestra de individuos provenientes de varias regiones de Antioquia, Colombia. Primero, evaluamos la muestra buscando entender la variación intrarregional de la forma craneal como función del lugar de nacimiento o de una categoría de agrupación construida socioculturalmente. Luego, agrupando la información colombiana, comparamos la variación craneal con agrupaciones globales, tanto contemporáneas como prehistóricas. Los resultados no presentaron una variación intrarregional significativa en Antioquia; los modelos de clasificación arrojaron resultados débiles (28,6% para lugar de nacimiento y 36,6% para agrupación social). En comparación con otras agrupaciones (negro estadounidense, blanco estadounidense, asiático, hispano contemporáneo, y amerindio prehistórico) nuestro modelo clasificó correctamente el 75,5% de las muestras. Seguido, afinamos el modelo dividiendo la muestra ‘hispana’ entre mejicanos y guatemaltecos, obteniendo una tasa de certeza de 74,4%. Estos resultados indican diferencias significativas en la estructura craneal entre agrupaciones usualmente clasificadas como ‘hispanos’, y secundan la introducción de mayor detalle en las estimaciones de ancestría basadas en información craneométrica.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124811502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cuerpos No Identificados en el Contexto Mexicano 墨西哥背景下身份不明的尸体

Forensic Anthropology Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.5744/fa.2022.4004b

M. Fortuna, L. Corrales, Alan Robinson, Roxana Enríguez Farias, Nicholas Márquez-Grant

引用次数: 0