Amy Michael, Leslie Fitzpatrick, M. Sorg, Steffen R. Poltak, Kyana Burgess, Alyssa Moreau
{"title":"Recovery of Human Remains from a Vehicle Submerged for 43 Years Using a Marine Venturi Vacuum System","authors":"Amy Michael, Leslie Fitzpatrick, M. Sorg, Steffen R. Poltak, Kyana Burgess, Alyssa Moreau","doi":"10.5744/fa.2022.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2022.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic recovery of submerged human remains may present logistical challenges for forensic anthropologists. In the case reported here, a decedent was recovered from a submerged car that could not be moved or dissembled per environmental safety standards. A recovery approach uniting forensic anthropologists, dive teams, and private contractors operating a marine venturi vacuum system resulted in a successful and nearly complete recovery.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116289063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forensic Archaeology in Cyprus","authors":"Maria Ktori","doi":"10.5744/fa.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic sciences is the umbrella term used to describe the different disciplines used in resolving forensic medicolegal, criminal, and humanitarian investigations. Physical anthropology played a key role since the inception of the field, and forensic anthropologists are often in charge of the recovery of human remains. The use of archaeological methods, first advocated in the late 1970s, developed into what we call today forensic archaeology; that is, the scientific discipline combining archaeological theories, methods, and field techniques with criminalistics in the context of a forensic investigation. This study follows the birth and development of forensic archaeology in Cyprus, as implemented by foreign experts and Cypriot scientists in the Republic of Cyprus. The author discusses examples from both criminal and humanitarian forensic investigations, their respective contexts, and the stakeholders involved to illustrate the different trajectories in Cypriot forensic archaeology. This shows that in some respects the discipline remains nascent, while in others there is a high level of local expertise that can be developed further. \u0000Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. \u0000Declaration of Competing Interest: The author reports no declarations of interest.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115329342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Micayla C. Spiros, Sherry Nakhaeizadeh, T. Thompson, Ruth Morgan, Viktor Olsson, Alexandra Berivoe, J. Hefner, Martin Arvidsson
{"title":"Using Eye-Tracking Technology to Quantify the Effect of Experience and Education on Forensic Anthropological Analyses","authors":"Micayla C. Spiros, Sherry Nakhaeizadeh, T. Thompson, Ruth Morgan, Viktor Olsson, Alexandra Berivoe, J. Hefner, Martin Arvidsson","doi":"10.5744/fa.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The human interpretation of analytical outputs is a significant challenge in forensic science, making it vital to explore the application of protocols as we enhance our practices. This study assesses decision making in forensic anthropological analyses utilizing eye-tracking technology to quantify an observer’s estimate of confidence and reliability. Ten individuals with varying levels of education and experience were asked to score cranial morphologies for two human crania. Each participant’s fixation points, fixation duration, and visit count and duration were assessed using Tobii™ Pro 2 eye-tracking glasses. Mid-facial morphologies capturing relative widths were the quickest scored traits, with an overall median time of 14.59 seconds; more complex morphological assessments took longer. Using time as a proxy for confidence, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum results indicate individuals with less experience differed significantly from individuals with greater experience (p = 0.01) although differences in level of education were not significant. Interestingly, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) indicate interobserver reliability is high between observers, suggesting experience only slightly improves agreement. These preliminary results suggest experience is more important than level of education. Through empirical decision making studies, forensic anthropologists can improve practices—increasing the transparency of evaluative decision making by targeting confusing or problematic aspects of a data collection practice, and in so doing, enhance training.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131084612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconsidering the Age-Informative Value of the Pubic Symphysis","authors":"Jacqueline Galimany, Sara M. Getz","doi":"10.5744/fa.2021.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.0033","url":null,"abstract":"Estimated age at death is a critical component of the skeletal biological profile for both forensic and archaeological applications. For adults, the pubic symphysis has long been regarded as the most useful feature for age estimation. This study compares the age-informative value of the pubic symphysis as captured by phase methods (Brooks & Suchey 1990; Hartnett 2010) and individual components, to the large suite of Transition Analysis 3 (TA3) traits distributed throughout the skeleton (Milner et al. 2019). Logistic regression curves (i.e., transition curves) are used to visualize where in the life span different skeletal features provide information and are interpreted to understand the features’ individual and collective age-informative value. A total of 309 individuals (217 males, 92 females) with documented ages at death between 15 and 96 years from the Santiago Subactual Osteology Collection (SSOC) were evaluated. Consistent with published literature, the pubic symphysis age-related information is concentrated in the first half of the life span. In contrast, the TA3 traits collectively provide age-informative data for the entire adult age life span. This is the first published study to characterize the collective age-informative value of the binary and ordinal TA3 traits in an independent sample. These data further support a shift toward the identification, evaluation, and use of a wider array of traits throughout the skeleton as a path toward more informative adult age estimates.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114543509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Formation of Coffin Wear on Bone","authors":"J. Pokines, Amelia I. Blanton","doi":"10.5744/fa.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Localized, eroded flat areas on bones recovered from former coffin burials are hypothesized to have been formed as “coffin wear,” caused by a combination of acidic groundwater pooling in a coffin that is slowly degrading over time, bones coming to rest against a flat surface, and overlying sediments applying pressure. Due to the time expected to be needed for this taphonomic effect to accrue, no experiments have tested this hypothesis. To shorten the timeframe, the authors exposed weighted and unweighted, already skeletonized pig (Sus scrofa) bones for a period of 20 two-week cycles and a sample of previously degraded, assorted nonhuman bones to acidic solutions for 12 two-week cycles. Flattened areas consistent with coffin wear were formed only on the previously degraded sample and were more prevalent and prominent on the subsample that had been weighted down during exposure. These findings may help clarify forensic investigations where bones are suspected to originate from a cemetery burial and not of a more recent origin or non-coffin burial. Additional testing under differing conditions is needed to explore this topic more fully, including long-term burial projects and examination of dated cemetery populations.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129980751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Test of the (hu)MANid Program on a Diverse Sample of Mandibles","authors":"P. Lynch, Luis Lorenzo Cabo-Pérez","doi":"10.5744/fa.2021.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.0021","url":null,"abstract":"The (hu)MANid program is a free, web-based software using mandibular metric and morphoscopic variables to estimate sex and ancestry. The database consists of 1,745 individuals from 15 populations (modern, historic, and prehistoric). The required use of a mandibulometer presents two limitations. It is an expensive piece of equipment not available in all labs, and many users do not have experience using a mandibulometer, so error can be high. To address this, three-dimensional surface scans (3D scans) provide an alternative method for data collection. Here, the authors assess the accuracy of the (hu)MANid program on a diverse sample, compare accuracy from 3D scans and physical measurements, and evaluate whether mandibulometer measurements increase classification rates. Six metric and morphoscopic variables were collected from 3D scans (Ntotal = 555) and from bone (Ntotal = 41). Three additional mandibulometer measurements were collected from bone. Mixture discriminant analysis and non-stepwise options were applied due to reported higher correct classification and no significant difference when using stepwise options. Test samples with matching reference groups from the digital measurements had higher than chance average correct classifications for ancestry and sex/ancestry combined. Pooled sexes had correct classifications higher than chance for all comparisons except females using digital measurements. Physical measurements had a higher correct classification rate than digital measurements despite the small sample size. Including mandibulometer measurements did not significantly increase classification rates for physical measurements. Results indicate that hu(MAN)id is better than chance but suggest additional testing due to a lack of diversity in the physical measurements.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122102357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biography of the Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense (EAAF)","authors":"Pedro Pérez-Torres, D. Congram","doi":"10.5744/fa.2022.4002a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2022.4002a","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>N/A</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"413 30","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120930379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rhian Dunn, Andrea Zurek-Ost, Paige Lynch, Carrie Bohn Warren
{"title":"Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, D-ABFA","authors":"Rhian Dunn, Andrea Zurek-Ost, Paige Lynch, Carrie Bohn Warren","doi":"10.5744/fa.2021.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2021.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Dennis C. Dirkmaat, PhD, D-ABFA, is an essential figure in the discipline of forensic anthropology. He has been committed to research, as evidenced by the grants he has been awarded regarding victim recovery and outdoor crime scene interpretation. He has mentored not only hundreds of undergraduate and graduate students in his role as chair of the Applied Forensic Sciences Department at Mercyhurst University, but also countless individuals in the medicolegal system who have attended his annual forensic anthropology short courses over the past 30 years. Furthermore, he has conducted nearly 1,000 forensic cases to date and has consistently maintained his stance on the importance of the role forensic anthropologists play in outdoor crime scene recovery. His work and motto of “question everything” has surely influenced advances within the discipline of forensic anthropology, as well as encouraged his students to follow in his footsteps. Therefore, this article aims to provide insight into Dr. Dirkmaat’s life story and to present his achievements and convictions across his career.","PeriodicalId":309775,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133238081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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