Environment International最新文献

{"title":"Prenatal exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and its association with Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) and dental caries in 4 years old children: Findings from Shanghai birth cohort","authors":"Kaiweisa Abuduxukuer ,&nbsp;Huning Wang ,&nbsp;Chuchu Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Luo ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Zeng ,&nbsp;Dongxin Da ,&nbsp;Jin Yu ,&nbsp;Wenjian Lu ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Luo ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;for the Shanghai Birth Cohort Study","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants with potential health risks. While the association between PFAS and dental health is under-researched, this study aims to address this gap by investigating prenatal PFAS exposure in relation to Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) and dental caries in children.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included 1,136 children from the Shanghai Birth Cohort, with maternal blood samples collected during early pregnancy to measure concentrations of 10 PFAS compounds. Oral health outcomes, assessed when the children were 4 years old, included the prevalence of DDE and dental caries, as well as DDE tooth count and the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index. Logistic regression and zero-inflated negative binomial regression were used to examine associations between individual PFAS compounds and oral health outcomes. Restricted Cubic Splines (RCS) were used to explore potential nonlinear associations. Additionally, Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS), and Quantile G-Computation (QGC) were employed to assess the joint effects of PFAS mixtures on the outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Individual PFAS compounds, particularly perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), exhibited heterogeneous associations with DDE prevalence. PFBS was linked to an increased risk of DDE (OR: 1.37; 95%CI: 1.05, 1.80), while PFHpA showed a protective effect (OR: 0.72; 95%CI: 0.54, 0.97). No significant associations were observed between individual PFAS compounds and dental caries outcomes. Additionally, the study found a lack of significant associations between PFAS mixtures and the prevalence of DDE or dental caries, as well as the absence of any marked effects on DDE tooth count or dmft.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although no overall association was observed between PFAS mixtures and oral health outcomes, certain short-chain PFAS compounds, such as PFBS and PFHpA, demonstrated distinct effects on enamel defects. Further research is warranted to clarify the biological mechanisms underlying these associations and to examine the role of PFAS exposure in other populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109411"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143784846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic assessment of phthalate exposure: Linking internal and external monitoring in diverse indoor environments","authors":"Xiaojun Zhou,&nbsp;Wenlong Li,&nbsp;Runjie Li,&nbsp;Haoyu Dang,&nbsp;Xinke Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phthalates (PAEs), as prevalent endocrine disruptors, are widely distributed in indoor environments and enter the human body through dermal contact, respiratory inhalation, and ingestion, subsequently participating in metabolic processes across various organs and tissues. Existing studies primarily focus on predicting regional exposure scenarios to assess internal or external exposures risks; however, limited studies have systematically examined the correlation and discrepancies between internal and external exposures. This study collected PAEs samples from three phases (gas, particle, and dust phases) across three representative indoor environments and conducted urinary biomonitoring of phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) among exposed populations. Results showed that PAEs concentrations in the gas phase (21.67 μg·m⁻³) and particle phase (2.38 μg·m⁻³) were significantly higher in laboratories than in dormitories and offices, whereas office desktops exhibited the highest dust phase concentration (312 μg·g⁻¹). Urinary analysis revealed distinct metabolic profiles across populations: MBP was the dominant metabolite in office and dormitory groups (median: 19.3 ng·mL⁻¹ and 10.4 ng·mL⁻¹, respectively), while MMP prevailed in laboratory populations (median: 18.3 ng·mL⁻¹). Seasonal variation analysis indicated that urinary mPAEs concentrations were 4.28 times higher in summer than in winter. Demographic analysis showed that mPAEs levels were higher in males, individuals with obesity, and those with frequent plastic use compared to females, individuals with normal BMI, and those with infrequent plastic use. Furthermore, external exposure estimated from ambient PAEs concentrations exceeded internal exposure derived from urinary mPAEs concentrations by 17.3 %. These findings provide critical insights into exposure pathway differentiation and risk assessment optimization for indoor PAEs contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109423"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triphenyl phosphate induces lipid metabolism disorder and promotes obesity through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway","authors":"Tianlan Li ,&nbsp;Yiwa Liu ,&nbsp;Jingyi Cao,&nbsp;Xianzhu Lu,&nbsp;Yinghan Lu,&nbsp;Yuhan Wang,&nbsp;Chunmei Zhang,&nbsp;Meifen Wu,&nbsp;Song Deng,&nbsp;Li Li,&nbsp;Ming Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a widely used organic phosphate flame retardant that has been reported as a potential environmental obesogen. However, the potential impact and mechanism of action of TPHP on adipose tissue are still unclear. This study investigates the potential impact of TPHP on lipid metabolism disorders through <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> experiments. Male and female BALB/c mice were exposed to TPHP (0, 1, 10, and 150 mg/kg/day) for 60 days, and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with concentrations of TPHP (0, 0.1, 1, 10 μM) during differentiation. The results showed that exposure to TPHP could cause gender specific dyslipidemia, with male mice exhibiting dose-dependent increases in inguinal adipose tissue coefficient, adipocyte hypertrophy, and upregulation of adipose differentiation and adipogenesis-related genes. In contrast, female mice did not show significant changes in tissue morphology. This suggested that TPHP might promote the potential occurrence of adiposity by disrupting the lipid metabolism homeostasis of male adipose tissue. During the differentiation and maturation process of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, exposure to TPHP led to increased lipid accumulation and disrupted lipid homeostasis by simultaneous activation adipogenesis and lipolysis. Multiple omics data showed that the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling pathway and fatty acid metabolism was the core mechanism of TPHP induced metabolic dysfunction. Further research showed that TPHP activated the PI3K/AKT pathway, and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) could rescue TPHP induced lipid droplet formation and normalize the expression of adipogenic markers. These findings confirm that TPHP is a potential environmental obesogen that can disrupt the metabolic homeostasis of white adipose tissue through the PPARγ and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, with higher susceptibility in males. This study provides compelling evidence for the obesogenic effects of TPHP and information for risk assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109428"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143737160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concentrations, sources and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in ambient PM1 in the Pearl River Delta region, China","authors":"Mo Yang ,&nbsp;Xuan Liu ,&nbsp;Shu-Li Xu ,&nbsp;Xin-Feng Wang ,&nbsp;Marjut Roponen ,&nbsp;Nan-Xiang Jin ,&nbsp;Jing-Wen Huang ,&nbsp;Qi-Zhen Wu ,&nbsp;Chu Chu ,&nbsp;Ming-Kun Sun ,&nbsp;Wen-Wen Bao ,&nbsp;Li-Zi Lin ,&nbsp;Zhao-Huan Gui ,&nbsp;Ru-Qing Liu ,&nbsp;Li-Wen Hu ,&nbsp;Bin Xu ,&nbsp;Guang-Hui Dong ,&nbsp;Pasi I. Jalava","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most studies focus on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in dust or particle phase, leaving PFAS in PM₁ particles in urban areas poorly understood. This study investigated PFAS levels and sources in ambient PM₁ from 94 primary and secondary schools across six cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) during October to December 2018. We analyzed 32 PFAS compounds in PM₁, with total PFAS levels at 58.92 pg/m³, ranging from 7.33 to 341.77 pg/m³. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) dominated (median: 38.85 pg/m³), followed by perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs, median: 11.92 pg/m³), alternatives (median: 1.24 pg/m³), and perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors (median: 0.29 pg/m³). The main source for PFAS was organic synthesis industries (47.91 %). Air masses originated from southern China, the east coast, and the South China Sea. PFAS showed positive correlations with cations and anions. Health risk assessment using estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) found very low inhalation risk (HQ &lt; 1). Our results highlight pollution from local industrial production and the eastern coastal areas as being the primary contributor to airborne PFAS in PRD schools. Elevated PFAS levels in PM₁ present potential health risks, and their interactions with other pollutants in PM₁ reflect their complex origins and behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109439"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Percutaneous penetration of typical Organophosphate esters under catalysis by Carboxylesterase: Characteristics, mechanism and prediction model","authors":"Yan Yang ,&nbsp;Yuwan Hou ,&nbsp;Yonglong Liao ,&nbsp;Zeji Huang ,&nbsp;Jiejie Pan ,&nbsp;Xin Yang ,&nbsp;Haojia Chen ,&nbsp;Zenghua Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although the relationship between organophosphate esters (OPEs) percutaneous penetration and their specific physicochemical properties has been investigated, little information is available regarding the percutaneous penetration of OPEs under the interaction of skin enzymes. Herein, we used an <em>in vitro</em> skin model to quantitatively assess the skin permeation of six typical OPEs. The <em>in vitro</em> results demonstrated that 0.34–49.87% of OPEs and 0.80–2.95% of their metabolites (mOPEs) penetrated the skin. Notably, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and tri-3-cresyl phosphate (TCRP), which exhibit high lipophilicity and large molecular weights, were more likely to be deposited in the skin tissue, thereby hindering their penetration into the body. However, the concentrations of their metabolites, diphenyl hydrogen phosphate (DPHP) and bis(2-methylphenoxy) phosphinic acid (DCRP), in the receptor fluid were approximately six times higher than those of their parent compounds. After <em>in vivo</em> dermal OPE exposure, all parent OPEs were detected in both the stratum corneum and viable tissue (VT). Proteomic analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis experiments revealed that the percutaneous biotransformation of OPEs in VT is mediated primarily by carboxylesterase (CES). A biomimetic bilayer skin membrane based on the CES level in fresh skin yielded results closer to the real skin absorption data of OPEs than prior models. Thus, a more accurate prediction model was established to assess the percutaneous penetration of OPEs. Our results provide valuable insights into the skin absorption of OPEs and emphasize the role of skin CES in calculating and predicting the percutaneous penetration of OPEs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109419"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of greenhouse gas emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator using an uncrewed aerial vehicle","authors":"Keun Taek Kim ,&nbsp;Horim Kim ,&nbsp;Sangjae Jeong ,&nbsp;Young Su Lee ,&nbsp;Eunhwa Choi ,&nbsp;Jae Young Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accurate quantification of greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment facilities is critical for effective climate change mitigation and regulatory compliance. Measurement-based methods are increasingly emphasized as essential for addressing uncertainties in emission estimates, with uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) recognized for their flexibility and ability to capture spatially resolved data. This study evaluated CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions at a municipal solid waste incinerator using UAV monitoring with two quantification methods—the mass balance and inverse Gaussian methods. Ground-based wind data introduced significant uncertainty in CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emission quantification. Therefore, this study proposed using a mounted anemometer to capture high-resolution spatially-resolved wind data. The performance of the proposed quantification methods was assessed by comparing UAV-derived fluxes to reference quantification data to calculate errors, which were then compared across methods to evaluate accuracy. The mass balance method, incorporating spatially-resolved wind data, achieved a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 37.34%, which was a marked improvement compared to the 64.32% MAPE using spatially-averaged wind data. Similarly, the inverse Gaussian method showed a lower MAPE of 46.45% using spatially-resolved wind data, compared to 54.97% using spatially averaged wind data. Additionally, the advantages of each method under varying conditions of wind variability were evaluated. This study demonstrates that spatially-resolved wind measurements with a mounted anemometer improve the accuracy of CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emission calculations. This approach highlights the importance of UAV-based monitoring of greenhouse gases emitted by waste management facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109396"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143713214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating exposure to pollutants generated from indoor and outdoor sources within vulnerable populations using personal air quality monitors: A London case study","authors":"Hanbin Zhang ,&nbsp;Dimitris Evangelopoulos ,&nbsp;Dylan Wood ,&nbsp;Lia Chatzidiakou ,&nbsp;Diana Varaden ,&nbsp;Jennifer Quint ,&nbsp;Audrey de Nazelle ,&nbsp;Heather Walton ,&nbsp;Klea Katsouyanni ,&nbsp;Benjamin Barratt","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Personal exposure to air pollution can originate from indoor or outdoor sources, depending on location and activity. This study aimed to quantify personal exposure from each source separately, allowing comparison of the associated epidemiological estimates from each source type. We utilised 12,901 participant-day personal measurements of exposure to multiple pollutants collected from 344 London dwelling participants of four panel studies conducted between 2015 and 2019. A four-step process was applied to personal measurements incorporating 1) GPS spatial analysis including address identification and location tagging; 2) estimating outdoor home pollutant levels from matched fixed ambient monitors; 3) calculation of infiltration efficiency when participants were at home; and 4) indoor and outdoor source separation for personal exposure measurements. From the results, our participants with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) dataset had an average (SD) personal exposure from outdoor sources of 4.0 (1.3) μg/m³ for NO₂ and 5.1 (3.0) μg/m³ for PM_2.5, the school children’s average (SD) personal exposure to PM_2.5 from outdoor sources was 5.5 (4.3) μg/m³, the professional drivers’ average (SD) personal exposure to black carbon from outdoor sources was 1.7 (1.0) μg/m³, and the healthy young adults’ average (SD) personal exposure to black carbon from outdoor sources was 1.2 (0.5) μg/m³. Compared to the average total personal exposures, outdoor sources accounted for 49 % of NO₂ exposure, 41 % to 55 % of PM_2.5, and 60 % to 85 % of black carbon, dependent on the panel study – demonstrating a strong influence from outdoor sources for personal exposures to air pollution in London. Our findings highlighted that endeavours should continue to be made towards reducing pollution from both outdoor and indoor sources. The between-panel and within-panel exposure differences, derived from our novel partitioning methodology, can contribute to the estimation of health effects from indoor and outdoor sources and inform targeted interventions for vulnerable groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109431"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143784721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability in mobility-based air pollution exposure assessment: Effects of GPS tracking duration and temporal resolution of air pollution maps","authors":"Lai Wei ,&nbsp;Marco Helbich ,&nbsp;Benjamin Flückiger ,&nbsp;Youchen Shen ,&nbsp;Jelle Vlaanderen ,&nbsp;Ayoung Jeong ,&nbsp;Nicole Probst-Hensch ,&nbsp;Kees de Hoogh ,&nbsp;Gerard Hoek ,&nbsp;Roel Vermeulen","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mobility-based exposure assessment of air pollution has been proposed as a potentially more valid approach than home-based assessments. However, methodological uncertainties in operationalizing mobility-based assessment may still increase inaccuracies in estimating exposures. It remains unclear whether using short-term mobility data and yearly average air pollution concentrations is reliable for estimating personal air pollution exposure. This study aimed to assess variability in exposure estimates modeled by short- and long-term global positioning system (GPS) data and air pollution maps with yearly and monthly temporal resolutions. We tracked 428 participants for a short period (14 days) with a GPS device and for a long period (several months) with a smartphone application. Exposure estimates of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and fine particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) were computed based on GPS data, air pollution maps, and temporal and indoor/outdoor adjustments. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) indicated excellent agreement (0.85–0.99) between exposure estimates based on short- and long-term GPS data from smartphones but ranged from moderate to excellent (0.57–0.99) when comparing exposure estimates based on data from different devices. Agreement between yearly and monthly map-based estimates was poor to moderate without temporal adjustment (CCC: 0–0.63) but excellent after temporal adjustment (CCC: 0.92–1.0). The findings suggest that using short-term (i.e., 7 or 14 days) GPS data and yearly average air pollution concentrations in mobility-based assessments can well represent long-term mobility and yearly averages for determining long-term exposures. However, GPS data collected via dedicated devices and smartphones may identify distinct indoor/outdoor patterns, affecting the indoor/outdoor adjustments of exposure estimates. Additionally, careful selection of using yearly or monthly maps is advised for assessing exposures within specific short periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109454"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143819567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical characterization of menstrual and intimate care products: An extractables & leachables investigation","authors":"Quinten Marcelis ,&nbsp;Eric Deconinck ,&nbsp;Vera Rogiers ,&nbsp;Heidi Demaegdt ,&nbsp;Mélanie Di Mario ,&nbsp;Tamara Vanhaecke ,&nbsp;Bart Desmedt","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109401","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Menstrual and intimate care products (MICPs) such as tampons, menstrual pads, menstrual cups, and adult novelties are widely used worldwide for women’s menstrual comfort or pleasure, respectively. However, growing consumer concerns regarding the presence of hazardous chemicals in these products have been raised.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The aim of this study was to obtain an accurate overview of potential hazardous chemicals (organic and inorganic) that are present in MICPs and to determine the quantities that might leach under typical in-use conditions. Hereto, we developed a workflow analogous to the biological evaluation of medical devices (ISO-10993), encompassing three steps: (1) Conducting extraction experiments under exaggerated conditions and developing analytical methods to identify all chemical constituents (extractables); (2) Prioritizing the extracted chemicals based on available regulatory hazard information, eventually supplemented with &lt;em&gt;in silico&lt;/em&gt; toxicological data; (3) Performing migration studies using simulants of vaginal and menstrual fluids, followed by targeted quantification of the prioritized leachable chemicals using newly developed analytical methodologies. The established strategy was applied to 64 MICPs, including absorbent menstrual products (i.e. tampons (n = 9) and menstrual pads (n = 6)), adult novelties (n = 15), menstrual cups (n = 15), Kegel-exercise devices (n = 14) and menstrual sea sponges (n = 5), all products originating from EU, US and China.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;(1) Extractables assessment revealed the presence of 55 unique chemicals, including phthalates, siloxanes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), fragrances, and plastic additives. (2) A hazard-based prioritization step highlighted phthalates (DEHP, DiNP, DBP), styrene, and ethylbenzene as the top chemicals for further investigation. (3) The leaching simulation experiments revealed that 65 %, i.e. 36 of the 55 chemicals identified in the extractables assessment were not detected in the leachables assessment. The 19 leachable chemicals identified comprised 9 fragrances, 5 phthalates, 2 plastic additives and 3 VOCs. Their maximum levels quantified were 28.22 µg/g (heliotropine), 100 ppb (DEHP), 18 ppm (triethyl citrate), and 0.24 ppm (2-ethyl-1-hexanol), respectively. In addition to the analysis of organic chemicals, examination of metals and metalloids revealed that menstrual sea sponges had the highest levels of metals and metalloids leaching among all tested menstrual and intimate care product categories, with Nickel, Cadmium, Antimony, and Mercury reaching levels of 1850, 1.0, 0.3, and 0.6 ppm, respectively.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study provides new insights into the chemical composition of MICPs. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the majority of hazardous chemicals present in the studied MICPs are not detected under realistic use conditions; however exposure to ph","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109401"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PPARγ-SMAD6 axis-mediated inhibition of osteogenic differentiation is involved in BPS-induced osteoporosis","authors":"Zhenkun Weng ,&nbsp;Xiu Chen ,&nbsp;Jian Jiao ,&nbsp;Zuqiang Fu ,&nbsp;Qian Liu ,&nbsp;Jin Xu ,&nbsp;Hongchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Qingzhi Hou ,&nbsp;Dongmei Wang ,&nbsp;Jiong Li ,&nbsp;Shourui Wang ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanlong Chen ,&nbsp;Sining Meng ,&nbsp;Zhaoyan Jiang ,&nbsp;Aihua Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenol S (BPS) is extensively utilized in personal care products, foods, and paper products, raising growing concerns about its potential environmental hazards. However, few studies have reported the effects of BPS exposure on bone homeostasis. In this study, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we found a negative correlation between urinary BPS and bone mineral density (BMD). To further investigate the underlying mechanisms, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a human-equivalent dose of BPS for 6 months. Micro-CT analysis demonstrated reduced femoral BMD in the mice, indicating that osteoporosis was caused by chronic exposure. RNA-seq analysis showed that BPS activated PPARγ in human primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Additionally, 3D molecular docking confirmed a direct interaction between BPS and PPARγ. Bioinformatics analysis identified SMAD6 as a downstream target of PPARγ. Mechanistically, the BPS-PPARγ interaction activated PPARγ, promoting SMAD6 transcription, which inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. High-throughput virtual screening further revealed that olodanrigan effectively blocked the BPS-PPARγ interaction, and in vitro assays revealed that olodanrigan blocked the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs induced by BPS. Additionally, olodanrigan supplementation inhibited PPARγ levels, thereby reversing BPS-induced osteoporosis. In summary, this study elucidates the role of the PPARγ-SMAD6 axis in mediating BPS-induced osteoporosis and highlights olodanrigan as a promising therapeutic intervention, offering new insights into the health risks posed by BPS and potential targets for treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 109442"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143789709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}