Environment International最新文献

{"title":"Machine learning helps reveal key factors affecting tire wear particulate matter emissions","authors":"Zhenyu Jia, Jiawei Yin, Tiange Fang, Zhiwen Jiang, Chongzhi Zhong, Zeping Cao, Lin Wu, Ning Wei, Zhengyu Men, Lei Yang, Qijun Zhang, Hongjun Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109224","url":null,"abstract":"Tire wear particles (TWPs) are generated with every rotation of the tire. However, obtaining TWPs under real driving conditions and revealing key factors affecting TWPs are challenging. In this study, we obtained a TWPs dataset by simulating tire wear process under real driving conditions using a tire wear simulator and custom-designed test conditions. This study shows that tire wear PM_2.5 accounts for about 65 % of PM₁₀. The response relationship between TWP emissions (both PM_2.5 and PM_2.5-10) and factors (the radial force, the lateral force, the tangential force, speed, driving torque, tire contact area, total contour length and tire tread temperature) was obtained by machine learning (ML) method. The random forest (RF) model was developed and displayed good prediction performance with an R² of 0.84 and 0.78 for PM_2.5 and PM_2.5-10 on the test set, respectively. Model-related (similarity network graph) and model-unrelated (partial dependence plots and centered-individual conditional expectation plots) explainability methods were used to break the black box of ML. Model explainability results show that the feature parameters-emission response relationships for tire wear PM_2.5 and PM_2.5-10 are different. Avoiding strenuous driving behaviors (TTF < 400 N, TLF < 400 N), reducing tread temperature (T < 45℃), and minimizing the number of small tread patterns are feasible ways to reduce TWPs.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"259 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142849083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Private, public, and bottled drinking water: Shared contaminant-mixture exposures and effects challenge","authors":"Paul M. Bradley, Kristin M. Romanok, Kelly L. Smalling, Stephanie E. Gordon, Bradley J. Huffman, Katie Paul Friedman, Daniel L. Villeneuve, Brett R. Blackwell, Suzanne C. Fitzpatrick, Michael J. Focazio, Elizabeth Medlock-Kakaley, Shannon M. Meppelink, Ana Navas–Acien, Anne E. Nigra, Molly L. Schreiner","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109220","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3>Humans are primary drivers of environmental–contaminant exposures worldwide, including in drinking-water (DW). In the United States, point-of-use DW (POU–DW) is supplied via private tapwater (TW), public-supply TW, and bottled water (BW). Differences in management, monitoring, and messaging and lack of directly–intercomparable exposure data influence the actual and perceived quality and safety of different DW supplies and directly impact consumer decision–making.<h3>Objectives</h3>The purpose of this paper is to provide a meta-analysis (quantitative synthesis) of POU–DW contaminant–mixture exposures and corresponding potential human–health effects of private-TW, public-TW, and BW by aggregating exposure results and harmonizing apical–health–benchmark–weighted and bioactivity–weighted effects predictions across previous studies by this research group.<h3>Discussion</h3>Simultaneous exposures to multiple inorganic and organic contaminants of known or suspected human-health concern are common across all three DW supplies, with substantial variability observed in each and no systematic difference in predicted cumulative risk between supplies. Differences in contaminant or contaminant–class exposures, with important implications for DW–quality improvements, were observed and attributed to corresponding differences in regulation and compliance monitoring.<h3>Conclusion</h3>The results indicate that human-health risks from contaminant exposures are common to and comparable in all three DW–supplies, including BW. Importantly, this study’s target analytical coverage, which exceeds that currently feasible for water purveyors or homeowners, nevertheless is a substantial underestimation of the breadth of contaminant mixtures in the environment and potentially present in DW. Thus, the results emphasize the need for improved understanding of the adverse human-health implications of long-term exposures to low–level inorganic–/organic–contaminant mixtures across all three distribution pipelines and do not support commercial messaging of BW as a systematically safer alternative to public-TW. Regardless of the supply, increased public engagement in source-water protection and drinking–water treatment is necessary to reduce risks associated with long-term DW–contaminant exposures, especially in vulnerable populations, and to reduce environmental waste and plastics contamination.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wastewater-based estimation of temporal variation in shedding amount of influenza A virus and clinically identified cases using the PRESENS model","authors":"Hiroki Ando, Michio Murakami, Masaaki Kitajima, Kelly A. Reynolds","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109218","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater-based estimation of infectious disease prevalence in real-time assists public health authorities in developing effective responses to current outbreaks. However, wastewater-based estimation for IAV remains poorly demonstrated, partially because of a lack of knowledge about temporal variation in shedding amount of an IAV-infected person. In this study, we applied two mathematical models to previously collected wastewater and clinical data from four U.S. states during the 2022/2023 influenza season, dominated by the H3N2 subtype. First, we modeled the relationship between the detection probability of IAV in wastewater and FluA case counts, using a logistic function. The model revealed that a 50 % probability of IAV detection in wastewater corresponds to 0.53 (95 % CrI: 0.35–0.78) cases per 100,000 people, as observed in clinical surveillance over two weeks. Next, we applied the previously developed PRESENS model to IAV wastewater concentration data from California, revealing rapid and prolonged virus shedding patterns. The estimated shedding model was incorporated into an extended version of the PRESENS model to assess the variability in the relationship between IAV concentrations and case numbers across other states, including Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Utah. As a result, our analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of normalizing IAV concentrations against PMMoV (Pepper mild mottle virus) to accurately understand spatial distribution patterns of IAV prevalence. We successfully estimated FluA case counts from wastewater concentrations within a factor of two for 80 % of the states, covering 34 % of the population monitored by wastewater surveillance. Importantly, wastewater-based estimates provided real-time or leading insights (0–2 days) compared to clinical case detection in three states, enabling early understanding of the incidence trends despite delays in data publication. These findings highlight the potential of wastewater surveillance to predict outbreaks, providing valuable lead time over traditional methods by accounting for the lag between detection and public reporting of case data.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of occupational exposure to welding fumes on trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer: A supplementary analysis of regular occupational exposure and of occasional occupational exposure based on the systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and Injury","authors":"Natalie C. Momen, Marissa Baker, Tim Driscoll, Jian Li, Martha S. Martínez-Silveira, Michelle C. Turner, Susana Viegas, Paul J. Villeneuve, Frank Pega","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109216","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are the producers of the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury (WHO/ILO Joint Estimates). The WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified welding fumes as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). A previous systematic review and &lt;em&gt;meta&lt;/em&gt;-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates reported that there was sufficient evidence of harmfulness that compared with no (or low) occupational exposure to welding fumes, any (or high) occupational exposure to welding fumes increased the risk of developing trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer. It concluded that WHO/ILO Joint Estimates could be produced of the attributable burden of trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer. However, occupational exposure to welding fumes must be considered in greater detail, as there may be differences in risk between those with &lt;em&gt;regular&lt;/em&gt; occupational exposure to welding fumes and those with &lt;em&gt;occasional&lt;/em&gt; occupational exposure, the latter of which has previously been estimated to be highly prevalent. Regular and occasional occupational exposure to welding fumes have not previously been considered in a systematic review. Here, we present a supplementary analysis to our previous systematic review and &lt;em&gt;meta&lt;/em&gt;-analysis, providing parameters for estimating the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years from trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer attributable to &lt;em&gt;regular&lt;/em&gt; and to &lt;em&gt;occasional&lt;/em&gt; occupational exposure to welding fumes, to inform the development of WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of this burden of disease.&lt;h3&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;We sought to systematically review and &lt;em&gt;meta&lt;/em&gt;-analyse estimates of the effect of regular occupational exposure to welding fumes and of occasional occupational exposure to welding fumes, compared with no (or very rare) occupational exposure to welding fumes, on trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer (three outcomes: prevalence, incidence, and mortality).&lt;h3&gt;Data sources&lt;/h3&gt;We developed and published a protocol for our previous systematic review, applying the Navigation Guide as an organizing systematic review framework where feasible. We searched electronic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL and CISDOC, up until 27 May 2024. We also searched grey literature databases, internet search engines, and organizational websites; hand-searched reference lists of previous systematic reviews; and consulted additional experts.&lt;h3&gt;Study eligibility and criteria&lt;/h3&gt;We included studies of working-age workers (≥15 years) in the formal and informal economy in any Member State of WHO and/or ILO but excluded studies of children (&lt;15 years) and of unpaid domestic workers. We included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and other non-randomized intervention studies w","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of long-term exposure to NO2, O3, and their oxidative potential on adolescents’ mental health, and the protective role of school-based greenness","authors":"Jiajia Dang, Yaqi Wang, Ning Ma, Shan Cai, Jianhui Guo, Yunfei Liu, Haoyu Zhou, Xinyao Lian, Di Shi, Ziyue Chen, Yihang Zhang, Jiaxin Li, Tianyu Huang, Guangrong Zhu, Jing Li, Jun Ma, Yi Song","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109212","url":null,"abstract":"Recent increases in nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃), two highly reactive and oxidative pollutants, have raised concerns about their potential impact on adolescent mental health. This study leveraged data from the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 2019, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of Chinese adolescents. A total of 149,697 adolescents aged 10-18 years were included in this study. NO₂ and O₃ were sourced from the ChinaHighAirPollutants dataset, and the combined oxidative potential (O_X) was subsequently calculated using the concentrations of NO₂ and O₃. The study quantitively examined the association of NO₂, O₃, and O_X with adolescent mental health using the Dual Factor Model of Mental Health (DFM), which was derived from a questionnaire. According to the DFM, mental health status was divided into four groups: complete mental health, vulnerable, symptomatic but content, and troubled. Greenness around schools, measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), was examined for its potential effect modification on the association between NO₂, O₃, O_X, and mental health. Each IQR (Interquartile Range) increase in Ox was related to adverse mental health outcomes, with ORs of 1.17 (95 % CI: 1.06, 1.29) for being vulnerable, 1.20 (95 % CI: 1.12, 1.28) for being more symptomatic but content, and 1.15 (95 % CI: 1.07, 1.23) for being troubled. Similar findings emerged in relation to O₃ exposure. A positive association was observed between NO₂ exposure and being vulnerable (OR = 1.07; 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.16). Additionally, the impact of exposure to NO₂, O₃, and O_X on mental health outcomes was significantly stronger in the low-level NDVI group compared to the high-level NDVI group (<em>P</em> for interaction &lt; 0.05). The joint effects analysis revealed that adolescents exposed to high levels of air pollutants and low NDVI had the highest odds of adverse mental health outcomes. These results highlight the complex relationship between NO₂, O₃, O_X, and mental health, with particular emphasis on the underexplored role of O_X. Notably, the findings suggest that reducing pollution and increasing greenery could offer significant benefits for improving adolescent mental health.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal associations between air pollution and incident dementia as mediated by MRI-measured brain volumes in the UK Biobank","authors":"Rhiannon Thompson, Xinning Tong, Xueyi Shen, Jinjun Ran, Shengzhi Sun, Xiaoxin Iris Yao, Chen Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109219","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3>Although there is increasing evidence that environmental exposures are associated with the risk of neurodegenerative conditions, there is still limited mechanistic evidence evaluating potential mediators in human populations.<h3>Methods</h3>UK Biobank is a large long-term study of 500,000 adults enrolled from 2006 to 2010 age 40–69 years. ICD-10 classified reports of dementia cases up to 2022 (Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, dementia in other classified diseases, and unspecified dementia) were identified from health record linkage. Estimates of residential air pollution, traffic noise, and greenspace exposure have been modelled. Structural brain MRI was conducted from 2014 to 2022, with brain volumes relevant to dementia identified a priori. Associations between environmental exposures, brain volumes, and dementia cases (diagnosed post-MRI) were tested using linear and logistic regression and adjusted for age, sex, household income, ethnicity, education, smoking, and area-level deprivation. Mediation of exposure-outcome associations by plausible brain volumes (those associated with both environmental exposure and dementia outcomes) were modelled using the quasi-Bayesian Monte Carlo method (N = 34,817–39,772).<h3>Results</h3>Small but significant mediating effects (2%-8% of relationships mediated) were observed between PM_2.5abs exposure and dementia risk by reduced total brain volume, NOx and Alzheimer’s disease risk by reduced peripheral cortical grey matter, PM_2.5abs and vascular dementia risk by reduced peripheral cortical grey matter, PM_2.5abs and other dementia risk by reduced total grey matter, and PM₁₀ and other dementia risk by reduced total grey matter. Greenspace and noise were not associated with dementia outcomes in the subset of the cohort providing brain imaging data.<h3>Conclusions</h3>This study adds to existing evidence of associations between environmental exposures and dementia outcomes. Our findings provide novel evidence that differences in brain volume may mediate these relationships. Future research is required to prove this mechanism and establish the other mechanisms through which exposure to air pollution might increase dementia risk.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the degradation mechanism of multiple pyrethroid insecticides by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its environmental bioremediation potential","authors":"Hui Liu, Wen-Juan Chen, Zeling Xu, Shao-Fang Chen, Haoran Song, Yaohua Huang, Kalpana Bhatt, Sandhya Mishra, Mohamed A. Ghorab, Lian-Hui Zhang, Shaohua Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109221","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive use of pyrethroid insecticides poses significant risks to both ecological ecosystems and human beings. Herein, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> PAO1 exhibited exceptional degradation capabilities towards a range of pyrethroid family insecticides including etofenprox, bifenthrin, tetramethrin, D-cypermethrin, allethrin, and permethrin, with a degradation efficiency reaching over 84 % within 36 h (50 mg·L^-1). Strain PAO1 demonstrated effective soil bioremediation by removing etofenprox across different concentrations (25–100 mg·kg⁻¹), with a degradation efficiency over 77 % within 15 days. Additionally, 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that introduction of strain PAO1 and etofenprox had a notable impact on the soil microbial community. Strain PAO1 displayed a synergistic effect with local degrading bacteria or flora to degrade etofenprox. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl) propan-2-ol and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid as the major metabolites of etofenprox biodegradation. A new esterase gene (<em>estA</em>) containing conserved motif (GDSL) and catalytic triad (Ser38, Asp310 and His313) was cloned from strain PAO1. Enzyme activity and gene knockout experiments confirmed the pivotal role of <em>estA</em> in pyrethroid biodegradation. The findings from this study shed a new light on elucidating the degradation mechanism of <em>P. aeruginosa</em> PAO1 and present a useful agent for development of effective pyrethroid bioremediation strategies.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of South Asia PM2.5 pollution to ammonia emission changes and associated impacts on human health","authors":"Yuanlin Wang, Eiko Nemitz, Samuel J. Tomlinson, Edward J. Carnell, Liquan Yao, Janice Scheffler, Tomas Liska, Clare Pearson, Ulrike Dragosits, Chandra Venkataraman, Srinidhi Balasubramanian, Rachel Beck, Mark A. Sutton, Massimo Vieno","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109207","url":null,"abstract":"Countries in South Asia are suffering severe PM_2.5 pollution with rapid economic development, impacting human health and the environment. Whilst much attention has been given to understanding the contribution of primary emissions, the contribution of agriculture to PM_2.5 concentrations, especially from agricultural ammonia (NH₃) emissions, remains less explored. Using an advanced regional atmospheric chemistry and transport modelling system (WRF-EMEP) with a new estimate of anthropogenic NH₃ emissions inputs, we estimate the influence of agricultural NH₃ emissions on surface PM_2.5 in South Asia and evaluate the health impacts and the economic losses attributable to PM_2.5 in 2018. Results show that WRF-EMEP can reproduce magnitudes and variations of PM_2.5 well, with a high annual mean PM_2.5 concentration that exceeds 120 µg/m² and mainly appeared in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. We estimate 2,228,000 (95 % Confidence Interval: 2,052,000–2,400,000) premature deaths and US$ 596,000 (95 % CI: 549,000–642,000) million in economic losses are attributable to total ambient PM_2.5 under the current emissions. We calculate that NH₃ emissions are associated with 11 % of the annual average PM_2.5 concentrations across South Asia. Changes in PM_2.5 concentrations follow a non-linear response to NH₃ emissions reductions, highlighting increased efficiency with 70 %–100 % reductions in NH₃ emissions reductions. We estimate that 247,000 (227,000–265,000) premature deaths and US$ 66,000 (61,000–71,000) million economic losses through this pathway can be attributed to NH₃ emissions. These findings confirm that in the current NH₃-rich chemical environment of South Asia, the efficiency of PM_2.5 reduction is only moderately sensitive to the reduction in intensity of NH₃ emissions until emissions are cut very severely. Thus, SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ emissions controls need to be considered jointly for greater mitigation of ambient secondary PM_2.5 in South Asia.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rap1 and mTOR signaling pathways drive opposing immunotoxic effects of structurally similar aryl-OPFRs, TPHP and TOCP","authors":"Bilin Zhao, Shuang Zheng, Gaoxiang Yang, Zhijun He, Jiewei Deng, Lijuan Luo, Xinyan Li, Tiangang Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109215","url":null,"abstract":"Aryl organophosphorus flame retardants (aryl-OPFRs), commonly used product additives with close ties to daily life, have been regrettably characterized by multiple well-defined toxicity risks. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), two structurally similar aryl-OPFRs, were observed in our previous study to exhibit contrasting immunotoxic effects on THP-1 macrophages, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study sought to address the knowledge gap by integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to elucidate the intricate mechanisms. During individual omics analyses, we unfortunately only obtained highly similar results for both TPHP and TOCP, failing to identify the key reasons for their differences. These results revealed comparable disturbances induced by both compounds, including disruptions in nucleic acid synthesis and energy metabolism, blocking ADP to ATP conversion by reducing TCA cycle intermediates, consequently leading to ATP depletion. However, through integrative analysis, specific pathways affected by each compound were successfully identified, shedding light on their unique effects. TPHP reduced GTP levels necessary for Rap1 activation, thereby inhibiting phagocytosis and adhesion of THP-1 macrophages. Conversely, TOCP stimulated the mTOR signaling pathway, enhancing phosphorylation of downstream proteins S6K, RHOA, and PKC, consequently promoting immune responses. This study not only clarified the distinct immunotoxic mechanisms of TPHP and TOCP but also provided critical insights into how structural variations in aryl-OPFRs can lead to markedly different immune responses, thereby informing future risk assessments and regulatory strategies for these compounds.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An extended PFAS profiling of a Swedish subpopulation and mixture risk assessments using multiple approaches","authors":"Josefin A. Engelhardt, Merle M. Plassmann, Jana M. Weiss","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109214","url":null,"abstract":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been detected worldwide, from the deep seas to polar regions. A previous review showed that PFAS are risk drivers of the chemical mixture present in human blood. This study focused on establishing the PFAS exposure of a Swedish subpopulation and investigated whether the exposure poses a risk of adverse health effects. Human serum from 60 blood donors in Stockholm, Sweden, was analyzed. A target method including 32 PFAS analytes and over 270 suspect features was used to detect and quantify PFAS. Twenty-six PFAS were quantified, and 7 suspect PFAS features (6H-PFCAs and PFECHS) were semi-quantified. Nine mixture risk assessment (MRA) strategies were used to assess the risk of health outcomes. Fifteen effect levels were derived and used, along with 15 already established values. The certainty of various derivation techniques was discussed. The MRAs showed that the entire studied population exceeded some of the risk thresholds, with effects including high cholesterol and immune suppression. However, the certainty was lower when deriving these two effect levels. The MRA, using human biomonitoring guidance values (high certainty), concluded that for 63 % of the individuals, a risk for adverse health effects cannot be excluded. This study has demonstrated that there is a reason for concern regarding PFAS exposure in the general population of Sweden. To our knowledge, this is the first time the H-PFCAs have been semi-quantified in human blood using a reference standard.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}