Environment International最新文献

{"title":"Source apportionment of ultrafine particles in urban Europe","authors":"Meritxell Garcia-Marlès, Rosa Lara, Cristina Reche, Noemí Pérez, Aurelio Tobías, Marjan Savadkoohi, David Beddows, Imre Salma, Máté Vörösmarty, Tamás Weidinger, Christoph Hueglin, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Georgios Grivas, Panayiotis Kalkavouras, Jakub Ondracek, Nadezda Zikova, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, David C. Green, Anja H. Tremper, Xavier Querol","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109149","url":null,"abstract":"There is a body of evidence that ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm) might have significant impacts on health. Accordingly, identifying sources of UFP is essential to develop abatement policies. This study focuses on urban Europe, and aims at identifying sources and quantifying their contributions to particle number size distribution (PNSD) using receptor modelling (Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF), and evaluating long-term trends of these source contributions using the non-parametric Theil-Sen’s method. Datasets evaluated include 14 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 4 suburban background (SUB), and 1 regional background (RB) sites, covering 18 European and 1 USA cities, over the period, when available, from 2009 to 2019. Ten factors were identified (4 road traffic factors, photonucleation, urban background, domestic heating, 2 regional factors and long-distance transport), with road traffic being the primary contributor at all UB and TR sites (56–95 %), and photonucleation being also significant in many cities. The trends analyses showed a notable decrease in traffic-related UFP ambient concentrations, with statistically significant decreasing trends for the total traffic-related factors of −5.40 and −2.15 % yr⁻¹ for the TR and UB sites, respectively. This abatement is most probably due to the implementation of European emissions standards, particularly after the introduction of diesel particle filters (DPFs) in 2011. However, DPFs do not retain nucleated particles generated during the dilution of diesel exhaust semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Trends in photonucleation were more diverse, influenced by a reduction in the condensation sink potential facilitating new particle formation (NPF) or by a decrease in the emissions of UFP precursors. The decrease of primary PM emissions and precursors of UFP also contributed to the reduction of urban and regional background sources.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"166 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cord plasma metabolomic signatures of prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposures in the Boston birth Cohort","authors":"Zeyu Li, Mingyu Zhang, Xiumei Hong, Guoying Wang, Giehae Choi, Kari C. Nadeau, Jessie P. Buckley, Xiaobin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109144","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3>Prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposures are associated with adverse offspring health outcomes, yet the underlying pathological mechanisms are unclear. Cord blood metabolomics can identify potentially important pathways associated with prenatal PFAS exposures, providing mechanistic insights that may help explain the long-term health effects.<h3>Methods</h3>The study included 590 mother-infant dyads from the Boston Birth Cohort. We measured PFAS in maternal plasma samples collected 24–72 h after delivery and metabolites in cord plasma samples. We used metabolome-wide association studies and pathway enrichment analyses to identify metabolites and pathways associated with individual PFAS, and quantile-based g-computation to examine associations of metabolites with the PFAS mixture. We used False Discovery Rate to account for multiple comparisons.<h3>Results</h3>We found that 331 metabolites and 18 pathways were associated with ≥ 1 PFAS, and 38 metabolites were associated with the PFAS mixture, predominantly amino acids and lipids. Amino acids such as alanine and lysine and their pathways, crucial to energy generation, biosynthesis, and bone health, were associated with PFAS and may explain PFAS’ effects on fetal growth restriction. Carnitines and carnitine shuttle pathway, associated with 7 PFAS and the PFAS mixture, are involved in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which may predispose higher risks of fetal and child growth restriction and cardiovascular diseases. Lipids, such as glycerophospholipids and their related pathway, can contribute to insulin resistance and diabetes by modulating transporters on cell membranes, participating in β-cell signaling pathways, and inducing oxidative damage. Neurotransmission-related metabolites and pathways associated with PFAS, including cofactors, precursors, and neurotransmitters, may explain the PFAS’ effects on child neurodevelopment. We observed stronger associations between prenatal PFAS exposures and metabolites in males.<h3>Conclusions</h3>This prospective birth cohort study contributes to the limited literature on potential metabolic perturbations for prenatal PFAS exposures. More studies are needed to replicate our findings and link prenatal PFAS associated metabolic perturbations to long-term child health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dynamics and assembly patterns of airborne pathogen communities in the municipal food waste treatment system and its risk implications","authors":"Liangmao Zhang, Binghan Wang, Kaiyi Li, Yinglong Su, Dong Wu, Ming Zhan, Bing Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109143","url":null,"abstract":"While municipal solid waste (MSW) provides an ideal habitat for pathogen propagation, the dynamics and assembly of airborne pathogen communities in these environments remain largely unknown. Here, we combined amplicon and metagenomics with spatiotemporal sampling to study inhalable particulate matter-carried potential pathogenic bacteria at full-scale food waste treatment plants (FWTPs), alongside comparisons to urban air in the area. The results showed that pathogenic bacteria constituted a notable portion (64.5 % ± 20.6 %, n = 75) of the total bacterial communities in FWTPs-impacted air, with species and relative abundance 2–4 times higher than that of urban air, and contributed over 50 % of pathogens to the outdoor air. Airborne pathogen community structures were highly shaped by sampling sites (i.e. treatment units), but conserved across seasons (summer <em>vs</em>. winter) and particle sizes (PM_2.5 <em>vs.</em> PM₁₀). Notably, <em>Acinetobacter johnsonii</em>-dominated pathogens (i.e. biofilm-related species) presented high levels of aerosolization and consistently occupied the upper-representative niches in all neutral models, highlighting their persistent exposure risk. Furthermore, pathogen community assembly was strongly driven by stochastic processes (58.8 %-96.8 %), while environmental variables explained only limited variations (3.4 %-28.7 %). In particular, the relative importance of stochastic processes clearly increased along an outdoor-to-indoor gradient (84.9 %-96.5 % <em>vs.</em> 76 %-71.3 %), which might be related to indoor anthropogenic activities that weaken microbial network stability and environmental filtering effects. This work enhances our knowledge of the dynamic behaviors and risk of airborne pathogen communities in MSW disposal and underscores the role of FWTPs in disseminating airborne pathogens.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"247 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower chlorinated PCBs accumulate in demolition workers while working on a contaminated worksite","authors":"Stephanie C. Hammel, Vivi Schlünssen, David Hope, Mike Dereviankin, Courtney D. Sandau, Karin Sørig Hougaard, Harald W. Meyer, Pete Kines, Keld Alstrup Jensen, Marie Frederiksen","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109076","url":null,"abstract":"Several buildings in a Danish social housing estate exceeded indoor air guidance values for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), leading to their demolition. Here, we conducted a biomonitoring study among the workers on-site (n = 24) to evaluate their exposure to all 209 PCBs across the two-year demolition. We compared their PCB serum concentrations and accumulation to those of demolition workers at other worksites (n = 21) and office workers (n = 17). Demolition workers were provided with personal protective equipment according to risk assessments for PCB-related work. Serum PCBs were measured from baseline and up to two annual follow-up visits using gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Forty-six peaks representing 58 PCBs were detected in &gt; 60 % of serum samples; eight congeners were found in every sample. PCB-153 was the most abundant congener (median = 22.1 ng/g lipid). After adjusting for age and smoking status, demolition workers after one year on the contaminated site experienced more than a four-fold increase in all lower chlorinated PCBs compared to office workers at baseline, with increases most prominent for tri- and tetra-CBs (10^β = 6.2 and 9.2, p &lt; 0.01). Nine PCBs were significantly elevated from baseline to year 1 in only contaminated-site demolition workers, with the largest increase observed for PCB-66/80. For higher chlorinated PCBs, levels remained consistent or decreased slightly over the three samples from these workers. Those who worked in active demolition for at least 4 years at baseline experienced a 40 % increase (95 % CI: 10 %, 90 %) in the WHO-12 PCB sum. Age significantly predicted increases in PCBs, which tracked closely with logK_ow values. Our study showed that despite safety measures, demolition workers who worked on a PCB-contaminated site experienced increased and accumulating internal exposure to lower chlorinated PCBs compared to general demolition and office workers. Consequently, workers’ safety should be carefully considered to reduce exposures among this high risk group.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142609827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wastewater-based effective reproduction number and prediction under the absence of shedding information","authors":"Hiroki Andoa, Kelly A. Reynolds","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109128","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating effective reproduction number (Re) and predicting disease incidences are essential to formulate effective strategies for disease control. Although recent studies developed models for inferring Re from wastewater-based data, they require information on shedding dynamics. Here, we proposed a framework of Re estimation and prediction without shedding information. The framework consists of a space-state model for smoothing wastewater-based data and a renewal equation modified for wastewater-based data. The applicability of the framework was tested with simulated data and real-world data on Influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 concentration in 2022/2023 season in the USA. We confirmed the state-space model effectively fits various simulated epidemic curves and accurately fits real-world data. In simulations, we found wastewater-based Re (Reww) closely aligns with instantaneous clinical Re when shedding dynamics are rapid. For more prolonged shedding, Reww approximates a smoothed Re over time. We also observed the necessary sampling frequency to trace dynamics of wastewater concentration and Reww accurately in the framework varies depending on the precision of detection methods, the epidemic status, the transmissibility of infectious diseases, and shedding dynamics. By applying our framework to real-world data, we found Reww for SARS-CoV-2 showed similar trend and values to clinically-based Re. Reww for IAV ranged from 0.66 to 1.52 with a clear peak in the winter season, which agrees with previously reported Re. We also succeeded in predicting wastewater concentration in a few weeks from available wastewater-based data. These results indicate that our framework potentially enables real-time approximations of Re and prediction of infectious disease dynamics through wastewater surveillance, which limits the delay between infection and reporting. Our framework is useful especially for regions where reliable clinical surveillance is not available and notifiable surveillance is abolished, and can be expanded to multiple infectious diseases that have been detected from wastewater without shedding information.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating disparities in air pollution as a function of ethnicity, deprivation and sectoral emissions in England","authors":"Nathan R. Gray, Alastair C. Lewis, Sarah J. Moller","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109146","url":null,"abstract":"Macro-scale distribution of air pollution concentrations is influenced by factors including geography, weather, industry, transport and regulation. Pollution sources are unevenly distributed, with some communities disproportionately impacted by higher emissions. This study separates the effects of deprivation from ethnicity as factors that influence proximity to pollution sources. We combine recent decadal census data (2021) on socioeconomic deprivation and detailed population ethnicity at fine scales (Lower Super Output layer Area, LSOA n = 1600 people) with a 1×1 km sector-resolved atmospheric emissions inventory for NO_x and primary PM_2.5 in England. All 24 minoritised ethnic groups studied experienced higher average local NO_x and PM_2.5 emissions than socio-economically matched populations in the majority ‘White: English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or British‘ ethnic group. Chinese, Arab and Bangladeshi communities experienced the largest disparity in NO_x, with weighted emissions 100 %, 91 %, 89 % higher than white populations of matched deprivation status. Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Roma groups experienced on average 40 %, 40 %, 36 % higher PM_2.5 emissions locally than matched white groups. For NO_x the largest contributors leading to disparity, were road transport (48 %), domestic combustion (23 %) and industry (15 %). For PM_2.5 the greatest contributors to disparity were domestic combustion (53 %), road transport (19 %), and industry (11 %). Living near to road transport and in city centres are frequently cited as primary drivers of ethnicity and deprivation-based disparities, however the analysis identifies that industrial, domestic and off-road sources create issues of the same magnitude, and disparities remain in suburban settings, smaller towns and some rural areas.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential mechanisms of synthetic endophytic bacterial community to reduce PAHs accumulation in vegetables","authors":"Pengfei Li ,&nbsp;Xian Zhou ,&nbsp;Tong Wei,&nbsp;Jian Wang,&nbsp;Yanzheng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The functional endophytic bacterial community can effectively degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), thereby reducing their accumulation in vegetables grown on contaminated sites. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this reduction remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the efficacy of different colonization methods of the functional endophytic bacterial community m5 in reducing PAHs in vegetables, with a particular focus on the leaf painting method. The results demonstrated that various colonization methods effectively reduced PAHs in vegetables, with leaf painting proving to be a cost-effective and efficient approach. Compared to the non-inoculated control, PAH content in the edible parts of amaranth was reduced by 40.63 % using the leaf painting method. High-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR revealed that leaf painting altered the bacterial community structure and key components of the bacterial network, enhancing bacterial cooperation. After 20 days of colonization, the abundance of <em>phe</em> and <em>nidA</em> genes in vegetables increased significantly, by tens to hundreds of times, compared to uninoculated controls, thereby promoting the degradation of PAHs in vegetables. This study enhances our understanding of the biological mechanisms by which endophytic bacterial communities reduce PAHs in vegetables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 109129"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Canu: Correspondence with reference to the review “Indoor Air Quality in Subway Microenvironments”","authors":"Shunyao Wang, Ran Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109142","url":null,"abstract":"We appreciate Dr. Canu for the helpful comments on our recent review paper “Indoor air quality in sub microenvironments: Pollutant characteristics, adverse health impacts, and population inequality”. We have carefully considered each point that Dr. Canu raised and will take this opportunity to clarify the references in this review for a better understanding of our study.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of individual external exposure doses based on environmental radiation in areas affected by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident","authors":"Rina Sato ,&nbsp;Kazuya Yoshimura ,&nbsp;Yukihisa Sanada ,&nbsp;Satoshi Mikami ,&nbsp;Tsutomu Yamada ,&nbsp;Takamasa Nakasone ,&nbsp;Seiichi Kanaizuka ,&nbsp;Tetsuro Sato ,&nbsp;Tsubasa Mori ,&nbsp;Marie Takagi","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Assessing individual external exposure doses from ambient dose equivalents is valuable for predictive and retrospective purposes when personal dosimeters are impractical. This study developed a model to assess individual external exposure doses from ambient dose equivalents, considering daily life patterns (location and time spent in various places), and evaluated parameters associated with individual external exposure doses, such as the reduction effects of radiation due to buildings and vehicles. The model parameters were evaluated using the robust datasets of environmental radiation measured in areas affected by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) accident. The effective dose estimated by the model was compared to 106 daily personal dose equivalents measured using personal dosimeters in the residents’ living environments near the FDNPS. The estimated effective dose well consists with the measured personal dose equivalents, particularly when considering natural radiation in indoor dose estimation. This model is adequate for radiation protection, enabling the predictive and retrospective estimation of individual external exposure doses using environmental radiation monitoring data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 109148"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142601534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their influence on inflammatory biomarkers in pregnancy: Findings from the LIFECODES cohort","authors":"Ram C. Siwakoti ,&nbsp;Sean M. Harris ,&nbsp;Kelly K. Ferguson ,&nbsp;Wei Hao ,&nbsp;David E. Cantonwine ,&nbsp;Bhramar Mukherjee ,&nbsp;Thomas F. McElrath ,&nbsp;John D. Meeker","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are fluorinated chemicals linked to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. However, the underlying mechanisms, specifically their effects on maternal inflammatory processes, are not well characterized.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We examined associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and repeated measures of inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and four cytokines [Interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)].</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed data from 469 pregnant women in a nested case-control study of preterm birth at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts (2006–2008). We measured nine PFAS in early pregnancy plasma samples (median gestation: 10 weeks), with inflammatory biomarkers measured at median gestations of 10, 18, 26, and 35 weeks. We used linear mixed models for repeated measures and multivariable regression for visit-specific analysis to examine associations between each PFAS and inflammation biomarker, adjusting for maternal demographics, pre-pregnancy BMI, and parity. We examined the effects of PFAS mixture using sum of all PFAS (<span><math><mrow><mo>∑</mo><mi>P</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow></math></span>) and quantile-based g-computation approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We observed consistent inverse associations between most PFAS and cytokines, specifically IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α, in both single pollutant and mixture analyses. For example, an interquartile range increase in perfluorooctanesulfonic acid was associated with −10.87 (95% CI: −19.75, −0.99), −13.91 (95% CI: −24.11, −2.34), and −8.63 (95% CI: −14.51, −2.35) percent change in IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, respectively. Fetal sex, maternal race, and visit-specific analyses showed associations between most PFAS and cytokines were generally stronger in mid-pregnancy and among women who delivered males or identified as African American.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The observed suppression of both regulatory (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (TNF-α) cytokines suggests that PFAS may alter maternal inflammatory processes or immune functions during pregnancy. Further research is needed to understand the effects of both legacy and newer PFAS on inflammatory pathways and their broader clinical implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 109145"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142601554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}