Water Sustainability eJournal最新文献

{"title":"A Simple Age- and Growth-Dependent Sequential Selectivity Function for Trawls - An Additional Module for the Eco²-Model.","authors":"E. Bethke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2737823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2737823","url":null,"abstract":"The selectivity properties of trawls are traditionally given as a function of fish length. This saves time during selectivity trials at sea and enables rapid calculation of the selectivity properties of the trawls. The tedious age readings are not necessary. If we assume a constant Fulton’s condition factor of fish then the length-based selectivity properties for the specie under consideration are an exclusive characteristic of the used trawl described by the parameters length-selection factor, range-selection factor and mesh opening. The length-based selectivity function is independent of the growth rates of fish. This, however, is a disadvantage when it comes to exploitation models. The length based results can not immediately be used in management models. It is important also to know when growth rates change, for example, by changing forage availability. Fast-growing fish in good years is accessible earlier to fishery than slow-growing fish in starvation periods. An equation describing the selectivity properties of trawls as a function of time is needed. This can easily be accomplished by inserting the fish length as a time-dependent function. However, age-dependent selectivity functions are difficult to handle within the derivation of stock equations. They inflate the results and prevent partly closed analytical solutions. The goal here is not exciting new biological knowledge, but a new simple mathematical function which describes the retention probability of trawls with sufficient accuracy while allowing sequential calculations in a simple manner. An example illustrates at the end of the manuscript in an exemplary fashion how an overfished (food in abundance – constant growth) and an underutilized fish stock (limited food – low growth rate) responds on changes in recruitment which causes variable nutritional requirements.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128973258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practices, Management and Interventions Required in Sustainable Fishing","authors":"S. Mishra","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2653572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2653572","url":null,"abstract":"In a world where fish are being hunted by massive ships and new technology, it is more important than ever for people to eat more sustainably. The need for sustainable fishing is rather large, because we are slowly killing off all the edible fish in the ocean. In fact, scientists predict that by 2048, there will be no more edible fish in the ocean if rates continue like this. Sustainable food means that “it is caught or grown in environmentally friendly ways”. One reason we should eat sustainable fish is because it is caught safely, and that the fish is good for us. Again, eating “red fish” is not sustainable in any way. Red fish (e.g., Bluefin tuna) are caught mostly by trawlers: large nets pulled by ships that drag up all kinds of sea life. One of the worst parts is when they take all the sea life that they don’t want (or is dead) and throw it overboard. Dead, rotting fish in such large quantities is not good for the ocean. Another reason we should eat sustainable seafood is because the way it affects people. Fish not caught in “environmentally friendly ways” can carry sicknesses. Eating sustainable seafood not only helps the environment, it also helps our family. This brief note primarily aims to give an insight into the significance and management of sustainable fishing. It also outlines the strategic intervention needed in order to ensure (a) that there is no overfishing, and (b) that sustainable fishing practices are in place. In the context of sustainability and unsustainability issuers, fishing and aquaculture techniques have also been looked into. In terms of methodology employed, secondary data (collected from various sources, including books, journal articles, government publications, etc.) have been analyzed using descriptive research method. The note concludes that the global community should choose seafood from “well-managed” and “sustainable fisheries”. To do so, there is need to educate ourselves about “where fish comes from and how it is caught”. The remaining struggle is that policymakers must consider the needs of consumers, the livelihoods of fishers, and the data of scientists as they look ahead. Another way to prevent overfishing and bycatch is to simply abstain from eating fish and other seafood.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121504789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing: Risks and Welfare Considerations for Water Supply in Germany","authors":"Sebastian Loucao, R. Madlener","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2650311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2650311","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the externalities related to hydraulic fracturing (‘hydrofracking’) in Germany, based on a detailed analysis of hydrofracking risks and potentials, and a stylized social welfare analysis related to adverse impacts of unconventional gas production on both surface and ground water resources and water supply. Natural gas is extracted by a profit-maximizing monopolist. Society faces several kinds of negative externalities, including additional water purification costs. The results of our sensitivity analysis show that the maximized welfare is in any case higher than the welfare resulting from the profit-maximizing quantities, as is predicted by our model. Also, the regulator always has to pay a subsidy in order to maximize welfare, which shows that the monopolist has an incentive to exercise his market power in order to keep the prices up for profit maximization. The monopolist’s profits are always non-negative, whereas the welfare-maximizing shale gas production generally reduces his profits. As profits do not drop below zero, however, there is no need to employ a second-best approach. We conclude that increasing costs and/or an increasing price sensitivity will lead to reduced profits and to reduced social welfare, while for an increasing choke price it is the other way around.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133864594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking the Politics of Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Zambezi River Basin","authors":"F. Söderbaum","doi":"10.7564/14-IJWG52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7564/14-IJWG52","url":null,"abstract":"This article challenges the prevailing ‘problem-solving’ discourse around transboundary water management, according to which river basins are largely taken as a ‘given’ ecological spaces and where the main challenge is to find environmentally sustainable ‘solutions’ to a number of specific ‘problems’ through rational, functional-technocratic or even scientific policies and institutions. Without rejecting the normative attractiveness of ecologically sustainable and basin-wide approaches, this article pays particular attention to the continued relevance of politics, power and national sovereignty. Such political perspective gives rise to a number of general but often overlooked policy issues, two of which are focused upon in this article. The first is the challenge to reconcile national benefits and interests with the common good and basin-wide approaches. The second is related to whether transboundary waters are best governed through specialized and functional river basin organizations (RBOs) or through more multipurpose regional organizations that have a more distinct political leverage?","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125284081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Resources – An Analysis of Trends, Weak Signals and Wild Cards with Implications for Russia","authors":"O. Saritas, L. Proskuryakova, E. Kyzyngasheva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2586022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2586022","url":null,"abstract":"Water resources are crucial for the continuity of life. Humans and living species need fresh water for drinking and sanitation, while industries in most sectors of the economy need water for some part of production processes themselves. Access to fresh water is a grand challenge at the global level, mainly due to increasing water consumption, a low rate of replenishment of resources as well as external factors, like climate change, that significantly reduce amount of water available. The solutions to the existing water problems require systemic approaches for the sustainable use of water resources, while advancing water infrastructure and providing circular use of water. Russia is one of the countries, which is relatively better positioned compared to a number of other countries in the world regarding the availability of water resources. However, there are still considerable issues regarding the protection and use of water resources, purification processes, water networks, consumption patterns, discharge, treatment and re-use. The present study focuses on the use of water resources in Russia with a long term perspective developed through a Foresight study. The first step involved a scanning exercise, to be followed by future scenarios on the second step, and strategy proposals for action on the third one. The paper presents the results of the scanning phase. The present paper consists of four parts. The introduction reviews the key issues and challenges concerning water resources. The first part describes the detailed research methodology. Furthermore, trends and uncertainties are identified in the course of the study, and their implications for water resources in Russia are discussed. Particular attention is paid to state-of-the-art situation in three domains identified in the scope of research: sustainability of water systems, water use by households and industry, and new water products and services. Weak signals and wild cards are described in the third part. The paper concludes with a brief description of the next phases of the study and follow-up activities planned in the project.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127659409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia – HDR 2011","authors":"Seeme Mallick","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2576102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2576102","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has the potential to be the most significant challenge to human development in the near future, it is not only an environmental issue but also one that affect our very existence because of its direct links with agriculture and food security. The most painful reality of climate change is that it is the poorer countries that stand to suffer most, and it is the poorest in the poor countries that have the least capacity to withstand the effects of climate change. At a time when South Asia is seized with the problem of poverty and inflation, it stands to be further aggravated by climate change. Therefore, the action ought to be on the most vulnerable sector that climate change will affect i.e. food and agriculture.Across South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka), large proportion of the population depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. Most of the South Asia receives Monsoons every year, but rainfall in the semi-arid and sub-humid regions of South Asia is highly variable and unpredictable and influences agricultural productivity accordingly. Over the centuries, farming practices in the South Asia has developed as a response to local climatic conditions. The greatest challenge that South Asia faces is lifting some 500 million people out of poverty, but this already-formidable challenge is made all the more difficult because along with local environmental repercussions of intensive agriculture, global warming has also started to affect food production, raising food deficit over the last two decades, showing stagnation in productivity curve of the Green Revolution agricultural miracle of South Asia.The environmental challenges due to climate change, such as water shortages and storms resulting in soil erosion threaten future social upheavals, climate change migrants and political conflicts in the region.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116221015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demand Offsets: Water Neutral Development in California","authors":"J. Harder","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2600288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2600288","url":null,"abstract":"California's water struggles in 2015 highlight the erratic nature of water availability in the state. Supply concerns are expected to worsen in the future as a result of population growth, increased ecological demand, and uncertainty caused by climate change and other factors. In recognition of the pressing need for careful water planning and innovation, some local governments have adopted a requirement that new development be “water neutral.” Water neutral policies require new projects to offset their water demand through conservation or new supplies. Water providers praise water neutral policies for increasing water efficiency and sustainability. Water neutral programs facilitate economic development, jobs, and housing, and have the potential to benefit disadvantaged communities. If properly designed, the programs may result in more reliable long-term conservation, and help achieve statewide conservation targets. Water neutral programs also provide incentives for developers to maximize efficiency, encourage investment in technology improvements, and inspire creative thinking about water management. At the same time, economic, practical and political factors can affect the value of water neutral programs. Good design and enforcement are critical to ensuring that water neutral programs achieve real water savings. Although not a good fit for every jurisdiction, regional and local water neutral programs have the potential to play a larger role in California’s urban water efficiency portfolio.This article describes the structure of water neutral programs through a survey of existing policies in California and elsewhere, explores the legal framework for adoption of such programs, and identifies key design and policy issues.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121191568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Servants as Sustainability Policy Entrepreneurs in Australia: The Issues And Outcomes","authors":"Ganesh B. Keremane, J. Mckay, Zhifang Wu","doi":"10.4337/9781849808248.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849808248.00015","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater and its allocation between competing users and uses has always been conflict ridden, but the intensity of these conflicts has escalated in recent history because of increased urbanization, changes in diet, increased population and several local factors (Dirksen, 2002). The escalation of conflict in Australia has been the result of relatively recent policies since 1994 that require ecologically sustainable development (ESD) to be pursued. This in practice means that the environment is now a player and must be considered in water allocation processes (McKay, 2010). Australia has several well-developed state and national processes to incorporate this policy, and the technique selected is the regional water allocation plan.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127512041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who's the Cleanest of Them All? Sanitation Scores in Indian Cities","authors":"S. Vedachalam, S. Riha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2431449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2431449","url":null,"abstract":"Urban India is struggling to provide adequate water and sanitation services to its citizens. Open defecation, insufficient wastewater treatment, and mixing of untreated wastewater with stormwater and drinking water supplies are contributing to a severe health and economic crisis. Recent government measures such as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission and National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) are steps in the right direction. We draw on sanitation scores awarded to 421 cities under NUSP to identify factors that explain the heterogeneity in city-level scores. Our estimates suggest the higher scores are partly a result of city location. Population is non-linearly associated with sanitation score. Consistent with recent literature, we show that increased presence of household toilets does not impact city-level sanitation outcomes. Further, smaller cities perform differently than medium and large cities, pointing to a need for customized policy prescriptions for different classes of cities, preferably designed by municipal governments.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129823831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household-Level Needs Assessment on Solid Waste Management of Selected Residents Living Along Tullahan Riverways: A Tool Guide for Barangay Project Development","authors":"S. Morales","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2684406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2684406","url":null,"abstract":"The intention of this paper is to provide needs assessment analysis for Sitio SAMASAPE and NAMAPA areas of Brgy. North Fariview living along the Tullahan riverways. The researcher used quantitative survey and descriptive survey of the households at the areas. The survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire that covered three parts; (i) checklist on the type of wastes produced by each households; (ii) methods of waste disposal; (iii) attitude-scale on solid waste management (participation and motivation, environmental awareness, purchase decision, and government initiatives). The findings show that most of the households produced kitchen and compostable wastes which are biodegradable having the highest percentage; recyclable and residual wastes that are non-biodegradable as second; and special waste like (ex. bulk and hazardous) as third. Findings also show that most of the households rely on local government's garbage collection and few practice recycling, composting and reusing. Despite of city ordinance, still some of the households burn their waste and dump/throw in riverways. The findings on household attitude scale towards solid waste management is good and positive. They have highly shown confidence on local government's effort to solve the problem on solid waste issues. Therefore, the research would like to provide tool guide with emphasis on solid waste management, which the researcher believes is crucial in a barangay development plan considering that domestic waste forms are one of the key problems of every local government unit and takes a substantial amount of resources both in the collection, segregation and the disposal of domestic waste. In the end, a dynamic response system is essential in designing such tool guide to community-based programs, indicating both the feedback and planning elements that is rigourously integrated and thereby considered dynamic.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130173354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}