Water Sustainability eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Droughts, Distress, and Policies for Drought Proofing Agriculture in Bihar, India","authors":"A. Kishore, P. K. Joshi, D. Pandey","doi":"10.1007/978-981-10-8171-2_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8171-2_7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123899916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Endangered Springflow Act: How the Endangered Species Act Influences Groundwater Law and Protects Springflow in Texas","authors":"Vanessa Puig-Williams","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2540317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2540317","url":null,"abstract":"Many springs in Texas are in danger of drying up as two contradictory forces – drought and development – collide. As groundwater from an aquifer is pumped for irrigation, municipal, or industrial use, the water level in the aquifer is lowered and the result is decreased flow from springs at the surface. The lack of recharge to the aquifer caused by drought exacerbates the decline in groundwater levels and diminished springflow. Reductions in springflow are problematic because springs sustain numerous creeks and rivers, especially during drought when surface runoff from rainfall is low. As springflow decreases, so does the flow of surface water, degrading aquatic habitats, threatening consumptive uses of water, interfering with recreational activities, and harming water quality. While the Texas State Water Plan indicates that water management strategies will focus on surface water in the future, reliance on groundwater supplies, including brackish sources, to support population growth, agriculture, and a booming oil and gas industry will continue.When an endangered species is present in a spring, can the Endangered Species Act influence groundwater management and protect springflow? What regulatory tools can a groundwater conservation district utilize to protect springflow to ensure the long-term survival of rare species? What potential legal vulnerabilities do groundwater districts face if they fail to do so? What options are available under the ESA for the districts to obtain authorization for unavoidable harm to the species? In this paper, we explore the significant and developing relationship between groundwater management and endangered species protection.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127742944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Virtual Water Flows in the Mediterranean","authors":"A. Fracasso, M. Sartori, S. Schiavo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2536794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2536794","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to investigate the main determinants of the bilateral virtual water ‘flows’ associated with international trade in agricultural goods across the Mediterranean basin. Virtual water refers to the volume of water used in the production of a commodity or a service. The exchange of water as embedded in traded goods brings about the so-called virtual water ‘trade’. We consider the bilateral gross ‘flows’ of virtual water in the area and study what export-specific and import-specific factors are significantly associated with virtual water ‘flows’. We follow a sequential approach. Through a gravity model of trade, we obtain a “refined” version of the variable we aim to explain, one that is free of the amount of flows due to pair-specific factors affecting bilateral trade flows and that fully reflects the impact of country-specific determinants of virtual water ‘trade’. A number of country-specific potential explanatory variables is presented and tested. To identify the variables that help to explain the bilateral ‘flows’ of virtual water, we adopt a model selection procedure based on model averaging. Our findings confirm one of the main controversial results in the literature: larger water endowments do not necessarily lead to a larger ‘export’ of virtual water, as one could expect. We also find some evidence that higher water irrigation prices reduce (increase) virtual water ‘exports’ (‘imports’).","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128409163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Temporal Trends and Industry Contributions to Air and Water Pollution Using Stochastic Dominance","authors":"E. Agliardi, Mehmet Pinar, T. Stengos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2533403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2533403","url":null,"abstract":"We employ a stochastic dominance (SD) approach to analyze the components that contribute to environmental degradation over time. The variables that are considered include countries’ greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water pollution. Our approach is based on pair-wise SD tests. First, we study the dynamic progress of each separate variable over time, from 1990 to 2005, within 5-year horizons. Then, pair-wise SD tests are used to study the major industry contributors to the overall GHG emissions and water pollution at any given time, to uncover the industry which contributes the most to total emissions and water pollution. We find that CO2 emissions not only contribute the most to the GHG emissions over time, but also increased within 15 year in the first-order SD sense. On the other hand, water pollution increased in a second-order SD sense. Pair-wise industry comparisons suggest that the major industry contributors to the CO2 emissions have always been the electricity and heat production sectors, while the transport sector has been the second contributor between 1990 and 2005. Finally, the food industry gradually became the major contributing industry for water pollution over time.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128034653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Morphology of Urban Waterfront Tourism: The Local Identity Portray in Melaka and Makassar","authors":"Andi Erham, A. Hamzah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2498473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2498473","url":null,"abstract":"Waterfront has become vitally important to many historic cities in Southeast Asia since last two decades. The city of Melaka proved to be a successful city as a heritage one that has been well preserved and aesthetic feeling of the attractive old town waterfront in Malaysia. The city of Makassar as historic coastal city started considering waterfront as vital aspect by revitalizing its shores as a waterfront change the face of the city into attractive as a commercial and leisure city in the eastern parts of Indonesia. The authors discuss aspects of urban morphology and tourism to get the city identity by explaining the differences and the similarities of the changing urban waterfront and waterfront tourism between the two cities identity. This study uses a qualitative approach through observation and in-depth interviews with stakeholders in Makassar and Melaka. The analysis and findings revealed that waterfront development in both cities have focused on tourism as a catalyst which have resulted in conflicts between commercial viability and meeting the needs and aspirations of the local residents. As waterfront redevelopments are becoming a trend across the region, both cities are seen to be struggling in ensuring that their approach is able to create a waterfront that portrays the local identity in a contemporary manner.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125502632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compulsory Water Fluoridation: Justifiable Public Health Benefit or Human Experimental Research Without Informed Consent?","authors":"Rita Barnett-Rose","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2491117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2491117","url":null,"abstract":"Most Americans are under the impression that compulsory water fluoridation is a safe and effective public health measure to fight tooth decay, and courts have routinely upheld compulsory water fluoridation schemes as legitimate exercises of police power to ensure the dental health of communities. Yet the evidence is steadily mounting against water fluoridation, with recent scientific studies suggesting that not only is fluoridation not effective at achieving the stated public health goal of combating dental caries, but also that excess exposure to fluoride contributes to a host of far more serious health concerns, particularly in the very population the public health measure was originally alleged to benefit -- children. With growing evidence suggesting that systemic intake of excess fluoride is linked to dental and skeletal fluorosis, endocrine disruption, hypothyroidism, bone cancer, and lowered IQ’s in children, it is perhaps not surprising that hundreds of U.S. and Canadian cities and towns are now opting to either reject or cease fluoridating their water supplies, joining over 97% of Europe and most of the developed world in rejecting compulsory water fluoridation. In 2011, in light of new scientific evidence as well as the recommendation by the National Research Council (“NRC”), the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) announced its intention to re-examine its currently allowed Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) of fluoride in drinking water. EPA’s decision was based on the 2006 NRC report recommending that EPA lower its allowable fluoride levels, due to the numerous studies linking serious health problems with excess exposure to fluoride, as well as the significant gaps in research establishing the safety of systemic fluoride intake. Shortly after EPA made its own announcement, the Department of Health and Human Services recommended that community water districts lower their allowable fluoride levels to .7 ppm, the lowest level in a range earlier recommended by DHHS. This change sprang from DHHS’s recognition that original “optimal” fluoride levels were set without considering human fluoride consumption from other products, including fluoridated toothpaste and food and beverages made with fluoridated water. Although the EPA to date has not yet come out with any revised Maximum Contaminant Levels for fluoride, this article is first to suggest that, in light of the mounting scientific evidence and ongoing federal agency reconsideration of safe fluoride levels in drinking water, compulsory water fluoridation must now be reassessed to determine whether it remains both legally and ethically justifiable as a coercive public health measure. Specifically, this article analyzes whether compulsory water fluoridation can withstand systematic scrutiny of its risks, benefits, human rights burden and economic costs, or whether the significant gaps in research suggest that compulsory water fluoridation is more properly viewed as human subjects experimen","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121741318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Floods on Firms’ Performance","authors":"Federica Coelli, P. Manasse","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2440712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2440712","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the short-run impact of a major flood that hit the region of Veneto in 2010 on firms' performance. Using firm level data and a difference in difference approach we compare the value added growth of hit firms to the one of a control group of companies that are not exposed to the flood. The results indicate that the value added growth of affected firms is 6.9% higher two years after the flood. We further investigate the role of aid transfers in the aftermath of the disaster event. Considering both the flood and the aid treatment, we construct four mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups. The results indicate that, among firms exposed to the flood, both the ones that benefit from financial aid and the ones that don't grow faster than the reference groups of firms that neither are exposed to the flood, nor receive financial aid. We also find a 2% additional growth effect that is attributable to the contribution of aid in the recovery phase.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132406958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Late Embrace of Urban Water Service Privatization in India: A Political Economy Explanation","authors":"Gregory Pierce","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2432258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2432258","url":null,"abstract":"Political and economic reforms in India have made private sector participation (PSP) in urban water delivery a viable strategy for state and city policy, against the expectations of many scholars. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of temporal, geographic and stakeholder variation in urban water PSP within India. Basic regression models are used to explore state-level determinants of PSP as well as variation in city-level contract features. Findings emphasize the role of political party ideology in implementation, the decreasing cost and length of initiatives, and the prospects for future sector private participation in India.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129297227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interstate Groundwater Law in the Snake Valley: Equitable Apportionment and a New Model for Transboundary Aquifer Management","authors":"Noah D. Hall, Benjamin L. Cavataro","doi":"10.5072/ULR.V2013I6.1200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5072/ULR.V2013I6.1200","url":null,"abstract":"As demand for freshwater increases and surface water supplies diminish, states are increasingly tapping groundwater to meet their water needs. Like rivers and lakes, groundwater aquifers cross state lines and create legal challenges for allocation and management. For over a century, the Supreme Court has applied its equitable apportionment doctrine to allocate shared surface water supplies between states. The Court has not yet been faced with an equitable apportionment action for groundwater, but several disputes are emerging around the country that may soon command the Court’s attention.This article examines how the equitable apportionment doctrine can be applied to an interstate groundwater dispute, using the Snake Valley Aquifer shared by Nevada and Utah as a case study. Equitable apportionment is a viable doctrine for resolving interstate groundwater disputes, but it is not ideal. Instead, interstate compacts provide a Constitutional mechanism for cooperation by which states may protect and utilize a shared natural resource. There are over twenty interstate compacts currently in effect, covering major interstate waters such as the Colorado River and Great Lakes. Some of these compacts address connected groundwater, but none to date are focused on sustainable aquifer management. Recently, Nevada and Utah have developed a proposed agreement to manage the Snake Valley Aquifer. While the proposed agreement was rejected for political reasons, and the Snake Valley Aquifer dispute itself seems headed for litigation, the agreement provides a model for sustainable and cooperative transboundary aquifer management.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"31 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133042060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legal Responses to Drought in Kansas","authors":"J. Peck","doi":"10.17161/1808.20267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.20267","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I examine legal responses to drought in Kansas since statehood in 18611 by persons and various levels of government. An article about drought should probably use or create a definition for the term. Although precision in such definitions can be important in some legal contexts, it is not required here. The term drought has many meanings. I have not adopted any one definition against which to examine the legal responses, but rather have chosen to accept and use some periods of Kansas drought identified by experts.Even after identifying drought periods since statehood, one finds it difficult to discern whether a legal event during or following a drought has necessarily been a direct response to a particular drought or instead just a part of sound, long-term water resources planning efforts. Some state water planning efforts, such as the State Water Plan in Kansas, involve attempts to deal with droughts generally.This article is essentially retrospective and descriptive, not prospective and analytical. Analyses of state drought programs outside Kansas have been conducted, including a recent one published by the American Water Resources Association, which described and analyzed case studies in proactive drought management in Texas, Oregon, Hawaii, and Oklahoma. Such a study of responses to drought in Kansas, along with comparative analysis with other states' drought management techniques and experience, would be a worthy project.","PeriodicalId":308822,"journal":{"name":"Water Sustainability eJournal","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113987140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}