Juan Forero-Saboya , Yue Zhou , Stephen Browne , Ivan A. Moiseev , Chloe Pablos , John Abou-Rjeily , Arame Mboup , Clémence Alphen , Leiting Zhang , Biao Li , Artem M. Abakumov , Jean-Marie Tarascon , Sathiya Mariyappan
{"title":"O3- vs P2-type Nax(Ni,Zn,Mn,Ti)O2 layered oxides: Comparative study on electrode-electrolyte reactivity and structural stability for cycling performance","authors":"Juan Forero-Saboya , Yue Zhou , Stephen Browne , Ivan A. Moiseev , Chloe Pablos , John Abou-Rjeily , Arame Mboup , Clémence Alphen , Leiting Zhang , Biao Li , Artem M. Abakumov , Jean-Marie Tarascon , Sathiya Mariyappan","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium layered oxides, having either O3, P2 or P3 stacking, are extensively studied as low-cost cathode materials for high energy Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Previous efforts focused on the optimization of layered oxide compositions resulted in the O3-Na<sub>0.85</sub>Ni<sub>0.38</sub>Zn<sub>0.04</sub>Mn<sub>0.48</sub>Ti<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and P2-Na<sub>0.67</sub>Ni<sub>0.3</sub>Zn<sub>0.03</sub>Mn<sub>0.52</sub>Ti<sub>0.15</sub>O<sub>2</sub> phases as potential candidates to establish prototype cylindrical 18650 cells with 120-150 Wh/kg specific cell energy. In this study, we focus particularly on the electrode-electrolyte reactivity of these phases, especially at high state of charge (∼70 % or more) and at high temperatures. Our results indicate that the end-of-charge phase, O1 and O2 formed during complete de-sodiation of O3 and P2, respectively, plays a major role in determining their reactivity. The O1 phase is particularly prone to transition metal migration and oxygen oxidation, having increased reactivity with electrolyte. On the other hand, the P2 layered oxide, while having lower capacity than O3, offers better cycling stability (90 % retention after 1000 cycles at 25 °C) due to the greater stability of the O2 end-of-charge structure. These results once again underline the fact that specific capacity should not be the sole metric for determining the most suitable electrode materials for Na-ion or other battery chemistries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 104423"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Amorphization Triggers Highly Reversible Intercalation Chemistry in Vanadium Tetrasulfide for Ultrafast Aqueous Zinc Batteries","authors":"Hui Zhang, Zichao Yan, Yu Han, Min Yang, Yaheng Geng, Zhiqiang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104440","url":null,"abstract":"Vanadium tetrasulfide (VS<sub>4</sub>) with abundant inter-chain ion storage sites and cationic and anionic redox centers represents a promising cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries. However, traditional crystalline VS<sub>4</sub> (c-VS<sub>4</sub>) undergoes irreversible water-participated conversion reactions during cycling, leading to a short lifespan. Herein, we propose a phase amorphization strategy to modulate the conversion reaction of VS<sub>4</sub> into highly reversible and fast intercalation chemistry. Specifically, the as-prepared amorphous VS<sub>4</sub> (a-VS<sub>4</sub>) features highly exposed hydrophobic sulfur atoms, avoiding water-participated irreversible conversion and enabling reversible H<sup>+</sup>/Zn<sup>2+</sup> co-(de)intercalation. Simultaneously, the loosely-packed structure of a-VS<sub>4</sub> contributes to its isotropic nature and reduced bond energies, facilitating efficient electron and ion transport. Consequently, a-VS<sub>4</sub> renders a high capacity of 324 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.1 A g<sup>−1</sup>, an impressive rate capability of 111 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 40 A g<sup>−1</sup>, and outstanding stability with 93.7% capacity retention after 8500 cycles, far surpassing those of c-VS<sub>4</sub> and previously reported VS<sub>4</sub> cathodes. Our results offer a new avenue for boosting the zinc storage performance of metal sulfide cathodes.","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yifan Chai , Zonglin Yi , Jiechen Guo , Xiaoqian Guo , Cancan Hong , Ge Song , Yafeng Fan , Wen Li , Xiao-Ming Li , Lijing Xie , Fangyuan Su
{"title":"Unlocking the potential of fossil fuel-derived hard carbons in sodium-ion batteries: Mechanistic insight and design strategies","authors":"Yifan Chai , Zonglin Yi , Jiechen Guo , Xiaoqian Guo , Cancan Hong , Ge Song , Yafeng Fan , Wen Li , Xiao-Ming Li , Lijing Xie , Fangyuan Su","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have garnered significant attention as an attractive energy storage complementary technology to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and could be critical in future electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems. The anode material, as an important component of SIBs, has a decisive influence on their electrochemical performances. Among available anode materials, hard carbons are regarded as the practical anode materials for SIBs. Suitable precursors are crucial for producing economical and high-quality hard carbons. Given the low cost, abundant availability, high carbon content, and specific organic structures, fossil fuels have been considered as an ideal carbon resource for hard carbons. However, the complex composition and high aromaticity of fossil fuels result in uncontrollable pyrolytic structural evolution and highly graphitized microstructure, which hinders the development of high-performance hard carbon anodes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structural model evolution and classification of fossil fuels and hard carbon. Subsequently, we analyzed in depth the similarities and differences in the pyrolysis behavior of various fossil fuels. Based on these fundamental insights, we summarize the effects and limitations of various modification strategies on fossil fuel-derived hard carbons. Finally, we highlight the key challenges and future research directions for next-generation high-performance fossil fuel-derived carbon anodes, particularly in molecular design of fossil fuels, multiscale characterizations and big data analytics of hard carbons, and compatibility with other components of SIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 104435"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shizhuo Liu , Kai Zhang , Lin Lin , Wubin Zhuang , Zhipeng Shao , Wenhui Wang , Chaowei Li , Qichong Zhang , Yagang Yao
{"title":"Aluminum-cobalt-nickel trimetallic oxyhydroxide cathodes for high-energy-density aqueous magnesium-ion batteries","authors":"Shizhuo Liu , Kai Zhang , Lin Lin , Wubin Zhuang , Zhipeng Shao , Wenhui Wang , Chaowei Li , Qichong Zhang , Yagang Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for efficient and sustainable energy storage systems has accelerated research into aqueous magnesium-ion batteries (AMIBs). However, the development of AMIBs faces cathode-related challenges including sluggish Mg<sup>2+</sup>diffusion kinetics, limited energy density and poor cycling stability. In this study, we synthesize a novel aluminum-cobalt-nickel trimetallic oxyhydroxide (ACNOOH) cathode material designed to overcome these limitations through strategic modification of nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) with aluminum and cobalt. By regulating the electronic structure of the cathode material, aluminum lowers its Fermi level, thereby increasing the discharge voltage and energy density, and cobalt element mitigates the loss of Ni<sup>3+</sup> during the cycle, thereby enhancing the cycling performance. Compared to NiOOH, ACNOOH exhibits superior energy density, improved rate performance, and enhanced cycling stability. The energy densities of the fabricated AMIBs are 127.07 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>-1</sup> and 74.25 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup> at 5 A g<sup>-1</sup> with excellent capacity retention. These results indicate that ACNOOH can significantly improve the energy density and stability of AMIBs, which is a promising cathode material,and the present work offers a feasible elemental modification strategy for next-generation energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 104431"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Separator engineering for high-energy rechargeable metal batteries: fundamentals, design strategies and perspectives","authors":"Zhixuan Luo, Huanhuan Sun, Yiming Zhao, Lingbo Ren, Fei Xu, Jian-Gan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104421","url":null,"abstract":"Rechargeable metal batteries hold outstanding prospects for next generation energy storage technologies due to their high theoretical capacities of metal anodes. However, the formidable problems regarding rampant dendrite growth, undesirable side reactions, and unstable solid electrolyte interfaces of metal anodes dramatically incurs short cycle lifetime and high safety risk. Separator engineering has triggered massive research activities as a simple yet effective strategy to mitigate these intractable issues in recent years. Herein, we offer a critical review on the significant advances of separator engineering for rechargeable metal batteries. To start with, the fundamentals of physiochemical and electrochemical requirements for separators are outlined. Subsequent discussion is specifically devoted to comprehend the design principles of various separator strategies, including pore adjustment, interfacial functionalization, and thermomechanical modulation, and to pave an in-depth understanding of their effectiveness on the performance improvement. Finally, the existing challenges and future perspectives of separator engineering are elaborately projected towards the development and practical deployment of safe and efficient rechargeable metal batteries.","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regulating Na/Fe Antisite Defects and Suppressing Elemental Segregation Toward a Phase-Pure Na4Fe2.91(PO4)2(P2O7) Cathode with Fast Intercalation Kinetics","authors":"Pei-Yao Li, Ying-De Huang, Yu-Jing Chen, Min Chen, Wen Yin, Shu-Lin Liu, Qing Wu, He-Zhang Chen, Jia-Feng Zhang, Xia-Hui Zhang, Guo-Dong Ren, Jun-Chao Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104432","url":null,"abstract":"Na<sub>4</sub>Fe<sub>2.91</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) (NFPP) is an attractive cathode material for commercial sodium-ion batteries. However, local phosphorus aggregation and Na/Fe antisite defects lead to the formation of a low-capacity Na<sub>2</sub>FeP<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (N2FP) impurity and slow Na<sup>+</sup> diffusion, which diminish its electrochemical performance. To address these challenges, we introduce a dual-site tungsten (W) doping strategy. The doping of W<sup>6+</sup> at the Fe site suppresses Na/Fe antisite defects, redistributes electrons around Fe atoms, and creates Na vacancies through a charge compensation mechanism. This process reduces the band gap (from 2.82 to 0 eV) and lowers the Na<sup>+</sup> migration energy barriers (from 3.30 to 1.76 eV). Furthermore, W forms [WO<sub>4</sub>] polyanion groups that partially replace [PO<sub>4</sub>], reducing local phosphorus concentration and the formation energy of NFPP phase, thereby limiting the generation of N2FP impurity. Notably, decreased Na/Fe antisite defect levels prevent unfavorable structural rearrangements during early cycles, reducing capacity decay in the first 40 cycles from 1.8% to 0%. As a result, W-doped NFPP exhibits a high discharge specific capacity (113.8 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> at 0.1C between 2-4 V), long cycle life (stable for 2000 cycles at 20C), and excellent temperature stability (from -20°C to 50°C). This study provides a novel approach for designing high-performance NASICON-type cathode materials and advances the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries.","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiangyi Gu, Wenli Li, Guosheng Duan, Yang Wang, Jingyun Huang, Qinghua Zhang, Yang Hou, Zhizhen Ye, Jianguo Lu
{"title":"Universal Strategy of Ca2+-Mediated Antifreeze Electrolyte for Ultralow-Temperature Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries","authors":"Xiangyi Gu, Wenli Li, Guosheng Duan, Yang Wang, Jingyun Huang, Qinghua Zhang, Yang Hou, Zhizhen Ye, Jianguo Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104438","url":null,"abstract":"Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered as the promising candidate for energy storage due to high safety, eco-friendliness, and low-cost. However, the operation in extreme cold environments remains a critical challenge for applications. Herein we propose a universal design strategy of anti-freezing electrolyte using Ca<sup>2+</sup> mediation for regulating hydrogen bond (HB) network and solvation structure. The Zn(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> electrolyte with CaCl<sub>2</sub> additive achieves an ultralow freezing point (-60.66°C) and high ionic conductivity (1.79 mS cm<sup>-1</sup> at -60°C). Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-induced the regulation of HBs and competitive hydration, which reduces Zn<sup>2+</sup> coordination numbers from 5.75 to 4.69. This optimization lowers energy barriers for rapid reaction kinetics, enabling long-term cycling stability (>1100 h for Zn||Zn), high Coulombic efficiency (99.61% over 600 cycles for Zn||Cu), and 70.62% capacity retention after 350 cycles in full cells at -60°C. Remarkably, this strategy is applicable to various systems such as Zn(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Zn(BF<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, ZnCl<sub>2</sub>, and Zn(OTf)<sub>2</sub>, where freezing points drops more than 40°C and all achieve long-term lifespan at -55°C. It is expected that our work provides a universal framework for ultralow-temperature energy storage.","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"653 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anode-Free Sodium Metal Batteries: Current Developments, Strategies, and Perspectives","authors":"Junwei Sun, Xiaoyu Shi, Endian Yang, Zhihao Ren, Yingxin Tian, Yu Yao, Yan Yu, Zhong-Shuai Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104439","url":null,"abstract":"Anode-free sodium metal batteries (AFSMBs) with high energy density, high safety, and low cost are considered as one promising alternative for future energy storage systems. However, there are some key challenges such as the formation and growth of Na dendrite, poor stability of solid electrolyte interphase, and limited Na source at the cathodes that result in low Coulombic efficiency and limited cycle life, hindering the practical application of AFSMBs. This review presents the current advancements and potential development directions of AFSMBs. Firstly, the intrinsic advantages and key challenges of AFSMBs are summarized and introduced in brief. Further, the main design strategies for extending the cycle life of AFSMBs on current collector modification, electrolyte design, and cathode presodiation are systematically discussed. Finally, we present the perspectives on the future development of AFSMBs and hope to shed new light on practical applications of AFSMBs.","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144520991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Hasegawa, Masaki Hattori, Kazuki Nakanishi, Katsuro Hayashi
{"title":"Co-continuous Hard Carbon/NASICON Electrodes for All-Solid-State Batteries: Insights into Structural Stability and Interfacial Na-ion Transfer","authors":"George Hasegawa, Masaki Hattori, Kazuki Nakanishi, Katsuro Hayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104437","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have recently been launched as alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Since the superiority of SIBs over LIBs lies in the abundance and low cost of raw materials, SIBs are expected to be deployed in large-scale storage systems, where long-term stable operation with a high level of safety is demanded rather than high energy density. On this account, all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries (ASS-SIBs) comprising an air-stable oxide solid electrolyte are of great promise but still in their infancy. In this study, we focus on hard carbon, which is first in line for SIB anodes, in conjunction with a NASICON-type solid electrolyte, Na<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>12</sub> (NZSP), and elucidate the underlying electrode capability of hard carbon for ASS-SIBs. Monolithic NZSP/carbon electrode layers with an elaborately designed co-continuous microstructure have been fabricated via the sol–gel technique to exploit the potential of hard carbon. Consequently, the favorable performance of hard carbon in the NZSP-based ASS cell is validated: a reversible capacity of >300 mAh g<sup>–1</sup>, an initial coulombic efficiency of 94%, and a stable cycling over 500 cycles. The striking longevity underpins a minuscule volume change of carbon during sodiation/desodiation. The kinetic study on the interfacial Na<sup>+</sup>-transfer highlights the lower activation energy (∼0.4 eV) at NZSP/carbon interface than that in a liquid electrolyte. All the findings in this study clearly corroborate the significant potential in the combination of hard carbon anodes and NASICON-type solid electrolytes for ASS-SIBs.","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiamin Li, Shuaikai Xu, Yubing Li, Haifu Huang, Xianqing Liang, Ya Yang
{"title":"Ultrasound-Driven Fibrous MXene and Graphene Formation via Molecular Interactions for Asymmetric Supercapacitors with Enhanced Charge Storage","authors":"Jiamin Li, Shuaikai Xu, Yubing Li, Haifu Huang, Xianqing Liang, Ya Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104433","url":null,"abstract":"Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) based on 2D nanomaterials hold great promise for high-performance energy storage, yet challenges remain in ion transport and self-discharge. This work presents a facile and scalable ultrasound-driven strategy, utilizing ascorbic acid (AA), to fabricate fibrous architectures of Ti<sub>3</sub>CNT<sub>x</sub> MXene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for ASC electrodes. Molecular interactions, induced by AA and sonication, facilitate the self-assembly of nanosheets into interconnected fibrous networks with large pores, enhancing ion diffusion. Crucially, AA surface engineering reduces surface hydroxyl groups on MXene, increasing its potential of zero charge (PZC) and effectively suppressing self-discharge. The resulting Ti<sub>3</sub>CNT<sub>x</sub>-1.5AA-20//rGO-2.0AA-30 ASC exhibits significantly enhanced charge storage, achieving a high capacitance and excellent rate capability. Remarkably, it demonstrates a low self-discharge rate (15.53% voltage drop after 5000 s), attributed to the mitigated diffusion and Faradaic processes. This strategy proves versatile across various aqueous electrolytes (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, LiCl, KOH) and yields ASCs with excellent cycling stability and a high energy density of 19.7 mWh g<sup>-1</sup>. This approach offers a promising route for next-generation supercapacitors with improved energy storage and charge retention.","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":20.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}