Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Professional Fulfilment in Pharmacy: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Pharmacists in 17 European Countries.","authors":"Katarina Fehir Šola, Slaven Falamić, Maja Ortner Hadžiabdić, Piotr Merks","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030073","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Pharmacists play an essential role in healthcare delivery across Europe, yet growing professional demands, organisational constraints, and evolving practice models may negatively affect job satisfaction and professional fulfilment. This study aimed to evaluate job satisfaction and professional perception among pharmacists across multiple European countries and to identify sociodemographic and workplace-related factors associated with these outcomes. <b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted between October 2023 and January 2024 among licensed pharmacists from 17 European countries. Eligible participants were pharmacists employed in community pharmacies, hospitals, clinical pharmacy services, or the pharmaceutical industry. The questionnaire, developed and administered in English, collected sociodemographic and professional data and included two composite measures: the Job Satisfaction Scale (12 items) and the Pharmacist Professional Perception Scale (6 items). Responses were recorded using 5-point Likert scales. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses were performed using SPSS version 27.0. <b>Results</b>: A total of 789 pharmacists participated (median age 40 years; 80.1% female). The mean job satisfaction score was 3.26 (SD 0.88), with the lowest scores related to staffing adequacy and salary, and the highest to collegial relationships. The mean professional perception score was 3.08 (SD 0.81), indicating moderate perceived professional recognition. Significant associations were identified between both scales and workplace setting, income level, employment status, geographical region, education, and professional experience (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Conclusions</b>: In this multi-country convenience sample, pharmacists reported moderate levels of job satisfaction and professional perception, with variation across workplace and sociodemographic factors. These findings should be interpreted cautiously, as the sample is not representative of all European pharmacists; however, they suggest that staffing conditions, remuneration, professional recognition, and career development opportunities may be relevant areas for further investigation and policy attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214750/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Drug Repurposing into EU Health Crisis Preparedness: The Strategic Role of Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA).","authors":"Atanas Toshev, Stanislav Gueorguiev, Anna Mihaylova, Violeta Getova-Kolarova, Vasil Madzharov, Dimitar Mirchev, Elina Petkova-Gueorguieva","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030072","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant vulnerabilities in the European Union's health security architecture and highlighted the need for stronger coordination mechanisms for managing cross-border health threats. In response, the European Union established the Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA) as a central body responsible for strengthening preparedness, coordinating procurement, and supporting the development and availability of medical countermeasures. This study examines the potential role of drug repurposing as a strategic tool within the evolving EU health crisis preparedness framework. A narrative literature review and policy analysis were conducted using scientific publications indexed in PubMed and Scopus, as well as institutional and regulatory documents from the European Commission, the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other relevant organisations. The findings indicate that drug repurposing offers important advantages during health emergencies, including shorter development timelines, lower research costs, and the possibility of leveraging existing manufacturing and regulatory infrastructures. At the same time, several challenges remain, particularly regarding regulatory coordination, intellectual property considerations, and the scalability of pharmaceutical production during periods of increased demand. The analysis suggests that drug repurposing could evolve from an ad hoc response mechanism into a more institutionalised component of EU health crisis preparedness. Integrating repurposing strategies into HERA's threat prioritisation, regulatory coordination, and industrial preparedness mechanisms may significantly enhance the European Union's ability to respond rapidly and effectively to future health emergencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Self-Care Consultation Skills in Pharmacy Education: Benefits of Virtual Patients and Artificial Intelligence-A Scoping Review.","authors":"Radiana Staynova, Daniela Kafalova, Evelina Gavazova, Katerina Slavcheva, Nelina Neycheva, Adelina Boyanova, Desislava Andonova, Hristina Stoynova","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030071","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Virtual patients (VPs) and artificial intelligence (AI) are being implemented in pharmacy education across various countries in order to learn different techniques to improve communication skills, identify drug-related problems, assess the pharmacist's role in the self-medication process or assess students' knowledge acquisition. The objective of this study was to assess the benefits of integrating VPs and AI in pharmacy education, particularly their impact on pharmacy students' knowledge and skills in self-medication counselling. A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Studies focused on the integration of VPs and AI tools in pharmacy education and their impact on students' knowledge, counselling and communication skills related to self-medication, were evaluated. Eligible studies were full-text, peer-reviewed research articles published in English. No restrictions were applied regarding publication year. A total of 857 articles were identified through electronic databases and 9 met the inclusion criteria. Six studies were conducted in the USA and one each in Portugal, Sweden and Indonesia. Most studies employed a pre-post-study design. Six studies utilized VP simulations, while the remaining three implemented AI-based tools. Key outcomes covered in analyzed articles included improvements in knowledge score, communication, and consultation skills, along with positive perceptions, including increased student satisfaction and confidence levels. Using VP simulations and AI tools in pharmacy education could positively impact students by enhancing their knowledge as well as their confidence and counselling skills.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Pharmacist-Led Educational Intervention on Switching to Generic Medicine Among Patients Using Brand-Name Medicines in Japan.","authors":"Tomohiko Tairabune, Terutaka Goto, Kentaro Yamazaki, Kenzo Kudo, Ken-Ichi Sako, Tomoji Maeda, Takeshi Chiba","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030070","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of generic medicines (GEs) is being promoted to reduce healthcare costs. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a pharmacist-led educational intervention on the number of patients switching from brand-name medicines to GEs among patients who preferred brand-name products. Pharmacists provided a standardized explanation using pamphlets about GEs to patients who wished to use brand-name medicines and allocated time to answer questions. Basic knowledge about GEs (nine items) and perceptions of GE use (three items) were assessed before and after the intervention to determine whether changes influenced switching behavior. Between 1 March and 30 July 2025, 40 patients were enrolled in the analysis. Following the intervention, the number of patients using one or more brand-name medicines significantly decreased to 25. Knowledge and perceptions of GEs significantly increased after the intervention and were associated with an increased rate of switching to GEs. Binominal logistic regression analysis identified age ≥ 65 years as a strong factor associated with preference for brand-name medicines (OR, 16.45; 95% CI, 1.48-182.65; <i>p</i> = 0.02). These findings indicate that pharmacist-led educational interventions are effective in promoting GE use among patients who prefer brand-name medicines. In the future, we plan to conduct comparative studies with a control group to further investigate the factors that lead to patients strongly preferring the use of brand-name medicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Elevenies as a Novel Tool in Organic Chemistry Teaching for Pharmacy Students.","authors":"Daniel Baecker","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030069","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Teaching organic chemistry is also important for pharmacists to understand the synthesis and mechanism of action of organic drug molecules. Unfortunately, organic chemistry is considered one of the most difficult subjects. This impression affects students' motivation. To provide students with a learning aid and hopefully boost their motivation, this pilot study tested the integration of 28 elevenies-a special form of short poem-during a semester in an organic chemistry lecture for pharmacists. An anonymous and voluntary questionnaire was conducted at the end of the lecture sessions to assess perceptions of the use of elevenies as a teaching tool. Overall, the student feedback on the implementation of elevenies was positive. In general, students felt (with nearly 94% agreement) that a wider variety of learning methods, such as elevenies, should be incorporated into university teaching. They found elevenies, a type of literature, suitable for summarizing content of organic chemistry, a natural science. The majority (about 65%) stated that they secretly looked forward to the presentation of the elevenies during the lecture, indicating an increase in motivation. In addition, 83% of the respondents wanted to adduce elevenies to repeat and learn the teaching material. However, only about 20% could imagine writing elevenies themselves as part of the learning process. With 94% approval, the respondents gave a clear vote to retain elevenies in future semesters. This suggests the students' perception of elevenies as an educational tool. Their ease of use could certainly be extended to other subject areas, provided that the topics addressed are not too complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214674/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multi-Framework Approach to Medication Adherence Evaluation in Pharmacy Student-Led Medication Reviews: An Observational Exploratory Study.","authors":"Hanna Keidong, Margit Valge, Kaja-Triin Laisaar, Afonso Miguel das Neves Cavaco, Daisy Volmer","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030068","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Medication adherence is essential for treatment effectiveness and safety, but pharmacy students may find it difficult to assess adherence comprehensively during medication reviews (MRs). This study examined how pharmacy students assess medication adherence in real-world MRs and explored whether complementary adherence frameworks could support broader evaluation. <b>Methods:</b> This observational exploratory study was conducted in the integrated MSc (Master of Science) Pharmacy program at the University of Tartu, Estonia. During the internship, 21 pharmacy students performed a Brown Bag MR with patients aged 65 years or older who used at least 5 prescription medications. Data included patient interviews, e-prescription records, and a validated MR documentation form. An expert panel applied the World Health Organization Medication Adherence Model (WHO-MAM) and the Perceptions and Practicalities Approach (PAPA) to identify adherence determinants not captured by the student-used MR tool. Descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis were used. <b>Results:</b> Students mainly documented therapy- and patient-related issues, such as incorrect dosing, side effects, and interactions, while socioeconomic and healthcare system factors were rarely identified. Students identified potential adherence-related issues in 19% of cases, whereas experts identified such issues in 57% of cases. Additional gaps included limited recognition of financial barriers, access difficulties, and social support factors. <b>Conclusions:</b> In this exploratory study, pharmacy students identified medication-use-related problems during MRs, but broader adherence-related determinants were less consistently documented. These preliminary findings suggest that structured frameworks such as WHO-MAM and PAPA may be useful for broadening adherence assessment in experiential pharmacy education.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Discourse to Practice-Facilitating Factors and Barriers to the Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in Primary Health Care: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Jéssica Azevedo Aquino, Denise Alves Guimarães, Mariana Linhares Pereira, Luanna G Resende Silva, João Pedro Vasconcelos Paolinelli, André Oliveira Baldoni","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030067","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The implementation of pharmaceutical care (PC) in Primary Health Care (PHC) faces challenges related to interprofessional integration, management support, and infrastructure, despite its potential to improve patient-centered care.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To analyze, from the perspective of pharmacists working in PHC, the facilitating factors and barriers to the implementation of PC in the public health system in a post-implementation context.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a qualitative, exploratory study, with eight individual semi-structured interviews conducted remotely between December 2024 and February 2025. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and subjected to thematic content analysis by a trained team, with peer validation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The main facilitators identified were: a solid relationship with the team, participation in continuing education, and a bond with patients. Barriers included a lack of adequate infrastructure, workload, staff turnover, and resistance from the health team. Management support, although frequently cited as a facilitator, did not always translate into concrete actions for service implementation. Even in the face of these barriers, the implementation of PC contributed to strengthening patient-centered care, the clinical protagonism of pharmacists, and improving health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The analysis highlighted that the sustainability of PC depends on structural and relational conditions that go beyond individual training. The study reveals that, after implementation and continuing education processes, organizational barriers persist that limit the consolidation of PC, highlighting the need for institutional policies and ongoing management support to effectively integrate pharmacists into healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Opioid Prescribing by Urban and Rural Pharmacists in Nova Scotia, Canada-A Time Series Analysis from 2018 to 2022.","authors":"Edward Chisholm, Ying Zhang, Chiranjeev Sanyal","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030066","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, Health Canada temporarily exempted pharmacists from specific restrictions under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA), allowing them to prescribe opioids. However, it is not yet established whether opioid dispensing patterns differ between urban and rural pharmacists. This study aims to assess the impact of the CDSA subsection 56(1) temporary exemption on opioid prescribing practices among urban and rural pharmacists between 1 February 2018 and 30 April 2022. Descriptive statistics and visualizations assessed differences in opioid prescribing between urban and rural pharmacists under the CDSA exemption. Initial analyses employed linear regression to examine changes, followed by evaluation of temporal dependence using autocorrelation and residual analysis. When appropriate, a suitable time series model was subsequently applied. Following the CDSA exemption, the mean weekly proportion of opioid claims prescribed by urban pharmacists increased from 0.0% to 1.03%. In contrast, rural pharmacists' prescriptions rose from 0.0% to 0.35%. The estimated mean level change was 0.667% for urban pharmacists (95% CI: 0.520-0.838%, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and 0.201% for rural pharmacists (95% CI: 0.140-0.291%, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). The study identified distinct differences in opioid prescribing practices between urban and rural pharmacists in Nova Scotia. Furthermore, opioid prescriptions increased steadily across all patient groups, indicating evolving patterns of opioid use within the province.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Association of Polypharmacy and Potentially Inappropriate Medications Among Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Raniah A Aljaizani, Arwa A Althumairi, Khalid A Alamer, Shakil Ahmad","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030065","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at high risk of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use because of multimorbidity and complex treatment regimens. This systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA 2020; PROSPERO CRD420251149348) aimed to estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy and PIM use, describe PIM burden and patterns, and summarize the co-occurrence of PIMs among those with polypharmacy. On 7 September 2025, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and MEDLINE using a structured search strategy based on the PICO framework. Observational studies of older adults (≥65 years) with T2DM reporting polypharmacy and PIMs were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the JBI checklist, and prevalence estimates were synthesized using a random-effects meta-analysis. Five studies (13,350 participants) were included. Polypharmacy prevalence ranged from 43.6% to 95.3%, while PIM prevalence ranged from 23.4% to 74%. The co-occurrence of PIMs among polypharmacy users ranged from 39.6% to 74%. Commonly reported PIM classes included long-acting sulfonylureas, proton pump inhibitors, and benzodiazepines. Overall, polypharmacy and PIM use were frequently reported among older adults with T2DM; however, the wide variation in prevalence across studies indicates substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity. These findings highlight the need for structured medication review and clinical context-based medication optimization beyond numerical thresholds.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blended Learning to Enhance Competencies Among Practicing Pharmacists: A Pre-Post Evaluation of the European Health Professionals' and the DigitAl Team SkillS Advancement Project in Romania.","authors":"Tünde Jurca, Andrei-Flavius Radu, Gabriela S Bungau, Annamária Pallag, Anett Jolán Karetka, Octavia Gligor, Laura Graţiela Vicaş, Florin Bănică, Diana Teaha, Claudia Costea, Nóra Fazekas, Zoltán Cserháti, Ilie Cirstea, Tiberiu Sebastian Nemeth","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14030064","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14030064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The digital transformation of healthcare requires stronger digital competencies among pharmacists, yet evidence on the effectiveness of structured training remains scarce. This study examines the impact of a blended digital health training programme delivered to practicing pharmacists in Bihor County, Romania, as part of the Romanian pilot of the EU-funded European Health Professionals' and the DigitAl team SkillS (H-PASS) project. A single-group pre-post educational design was applied to pharmacists from Bihor County, Romania, participating in a modular digital health training programme delivered between May and July 2025. A total of 84 pharmacists completed both pre-training and post-training self-reported competency assessments comprising 18 items across three modules: digital innovation and change management, communication and collaboration, and data management and digital literacy. Paired samples <i>t</i>-tests, Cohen's d effect sizes, Cronbach's alpha, moderator analyses, and ceiling effect analyses were conducted using Python-based statistical workflows. Statistically significant improvements were observed across all three modules (all <i>p</i> < 0.0001), with large effect sizes (d = 1.04-1.30). Post-training internal consistency increased substantially, with overall Cronbach's alpha reaching 0.74. The greatest item-level gains were recorded in adaptive communication, cultural adaptation of care, and data protection ethics. No significant moderation effects were found for age, gender, or years of experience. Course satisfaction showed a moderate positive correlation with competency gains (r = 0.528), while perceived improvement was not significantly associated with observed score change. A ceiling effect indicated greater gains among participants with lower baseline competencies. The Romanian implementation of the H-PASS training programme was associated with improved self-reported digital health competencies among practicing pharmacists, high-lighting its potential as a scalable model for digital upskilling in healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13214688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}