Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the association between bisphenols and diabetes: Evidence from epidemiological and bioinformatics","authors":"Li Jie ,&nbsp;Zhao Yupeng ,&nbsp;Liu Huan ,&nbsp;Yang Panpan ,&nbsp;Yang Sheng ,&nbsp;Liang Geyu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenol A (BPA), widely employed in the manufacture of plastics, has been associated with the development of numerous diseases. Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) have been introduced as common substitutes for BPA; however, their safety profiles remain contentious, particularly regarding potential associations with diabetes risk. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between exposure to bisphenols (BPs) and the prevalence of diabetes among U.S. adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), and to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying BPF-induced diabetes through integrated network toxicology, molecular docking, and mediation analysis. After adjusting for confounders including sex, age, race, and education level, a statistically significant association was observed between BPF exposure and diabetes prevalence (OR = 1.04, <em>P</em> = 0.032). Stratified analyses revealed age-dependent metabolic heterogeneity: BPF exposure exhibited a linear association with diabetes in individuals under 50 years (OR = 1.05, <em>P</em> = 0.042), while a non-linear association was observed in those aged 50 and above (<em>P-overall</em> = 0.000876; <em>P-nonlinear</em> = 0.031). Network toxicology and molecular docking analyses indicated that BPF may impair insulin resistance and lipid metabolism by interacting with key proteins (FN1, GAPDH, TP53) through stable hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking, with binding affinities ranging from −5.1 to −7.0 kcal/mol. Mediation analysis suggested a potential suppressive effect of triglycerides on the association between BPF and diabetes in older adults (≥50 years), although the indirect effect was not statistically significant (IE = –0.008, 95 % CI: –0.019–0.003, <em>P</em> = 0.142). The negative mediation proportion (–12.1 %) indicated that the positive direct effect of BPF on diabetes (DE = 0.073, 95 % CI: 0.007–0.14, <em>P</em> = 0.031) was masked by triglycerides. These findings provide novel epidemiological and mechanistic insights into the link between BPF exposure and diabetes risk, underscoring the necessity for rigorous safety assessment of BPA substitutes in consumer plastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119105"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specific toxicity of octinoxate and octocrylene on Symbiodinium sp., a symbiotic microalga with corals","authors":"Ana Catarina Almeida,&nbsp;Malcom Reid,&nbsp;Adam Lillicrap","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread use of UV filters in sunscreens and personal care products has raised concerns about their detrimental effects to the aquatic environment. This study examined the specific toxicity of two UV filters, octinoxate and octocrylene to <em>Symbiodinium</em> sp., a photosynthetic dinoflagellate essential for coral symbiosis, nutrient acquisition, and reef structure. The study employed a comprehensive set of sub-lethal endpoints analyzed through flow cytometry, including cell viability, pigment fluorescence, cell size, complexity, metabolic activity, production of reactive oxygen species and membrane potential. The exposure of exponentially proliferating <em>Symbiodinium</em> sp. to octinoxate and octocrylene demonstrated pronounced toxicity, with octinoxate exhibiting toxicity levels significantly greater than those of octocrylene. This disparity underscores the different ecological impacts of these UV filters. Even at lower concentrations, octinoxate significantly influenced cellular parameters, including cell size, complexity, viability, and metabolic activity, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and neutral lipid accumulation, alongside a reduction in cellulose levels, suggesting potential structural alterations in cellular components. In contrast, octocrylene's sub-lethal effects are manifested as enhanced cell complexity and LPO, with elevated neutral lipids and cellulose levels. However, at elevated concentrations, octocrylene adversely affected cell viability and metabolic activity, indicative of severe membrane depolarization. These findings highlight the importance of an early warning system to protect <em>Symbiodinium</em> sp. and consequently corals. Flow cytometry proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting sub-lethal effects, providing insights into <em>Symbiodinium</em> sp. health status and, consequently, the resiliency of coral reef ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119151"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From invasion to remediation: Phytolacca americana outcompetes congeners through superior cadmium hyperaccumulation and stress resilience in contaminated soils","authors":"Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Zhili Pan ,&nbsp;Na Li ,&nbsp;Jun Chen,&nbsp;Nan Du,&nbsp;Yunjian Xu,&nbsp;Yi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil heavy metal (HM) pollution and biological invasions synergistically threaten ecosystem stability by impairing plant growth and reproduction. This study investigates the differential adaptability of the invasive <em>Phytolacca americana</em> and its congeneric relatives (<em>P. icosandra</em> and native <em>P. acinosa</em>) under cadmium (Cd) stress. Plants were cultivated in soils with Cd concentrations of 0, 2, 8, and 32 mg kg⁻¹, and their growth, physiological traits, antioxidant responses, and Cd accumulation were analyzed. Results demonstrated that <em>P. americana</em> exhibited enhanced morphological traits (plant height, leaf area), photosynthetic efficiency, and reproductive output (fruit weight and biomass) under Cd stress, whereas <em>P. icosandra</em> and <em>P. acinosa</em> displayed significant declines. Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase) and proline content in <em>P. americana</em> increased markedly (e.g., 77.72 % proline elevation under high Cd), mitigating oxidative damage. Additionally, <em>P. americana</em> showed superior Cd bioaccumulation, with translocation factor (TF) 1.25- and 2.08-fold higher than <em>P. icosandra</em> and <em>P. acinosa</em>, respectively, alongside stable bioconcentration factors (BCF) under high Cd. In contrast, <em>P. icosandra</em> exhibited concentration-dependent Cd tolerance, while <em>P. acinosa</em> prioritized root Cd sequestration. Notably, <em>P. americana</em> maintained growth-reproduction equilibrium without trade-offs, a trait absent in its congeners. These findings highlight <em>P. americana</em>’s robust Cd adaptability and hyperaccumulation potential, offering insights for ecological restoration of contaminated soils. However, molecular mechanisms and multi-metal interactions warrant further exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119135"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoplastics and chain-length-dependent PFCs disrupt reproductive endocrinology by targeting the PKC - GnRH signaling axis","authors":"Xi Li ,&nbsp;Yuying Fang ,&nbsp;Jinxi Song ,&nbsp;Haichao Sha ,&nbsp;Le Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs) are widespread in aquatic ecosystems and frequently co-occurred with perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), yet their combined toxic effects remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the combined toxicity of both nano- and micro-sized polystyrene (PS) and two PFCs [perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS)] to <em>Brachionus calyciflorus.</em> PFOS exerted markedly higher toxicity effects than PFBS. Both nano-sized (50 nm) and micro-sized (1 μm) PS were examined, and the results showed that particle size strongly modulated toxic outcomes, with nanoplastics producing more pronounced effects than microplastics. Co-exposure to nanoplastics significantly enhanced PFOS reproductive toxicity by promoting oxidative stress and altering reproductive modes, whereas PS combined with PFBS showed no significant synergistic toxicity. Transcriptomic and molecular docking analyses further revealed that both PFOS and PFBS targeted protein kinase C (PKC), implicating disrupted calcium signaling and mitochondrial function as key drivers of reproductive impairment. These findings reveal a novel mode of reproductive toxicity induced by PFCs in invertebrates and highlight the importance of monitoring emerging fluorinated contaminants in combination with nanoplastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119103"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic exposure to the WAF of crude oil impairs male Oryzias melastigma reproduction and the mechanism involved","authors":"Wei Lei ,&nbsp;Chenshi Wang ,&nbsp;Dongxu Gao ,&nbsp;Ting Wang ,&nbsp;Guang Sun ,&nbsp;Yiran Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The occurrence of marine oil spill poses a severe threat to the health of marine species. Early life stage of marine fish is particularly vulnerable to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil. However, the impact of embryonic exposure to the WAF on reproductive ability in male adult marine fish is unknown. In this study, fertilized <em>Oryzias melastigma</em> embryos were exposed to 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 μg/L of total petroleum hydrocarbon in the WAF for 7 days, and then the embryos were raised to 130 days post-fertilization. Subsequently, the reproductive toxicity and mechanism involved in male <em>O. melastigma</em> adults was investigated. Our results revealed a reduction in fecundity in F0 male <em>O. melastigma</em> adults<em>.</em> Additionally, the F1 unexposed larvae had a much higher death rate, much worse fertilization success, and a very poor hatching rate. In F0 male adults, the gonadosomatic index and sperm percentage were significantly reduced, along with a marked decrease in testosterone levels. Embryonic WAF exposure significantly altered hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis-associated gene expression: <em>sGnRH</em>, <em>GnRHr2</em>, <em>LHβ</em>, <em>CYP19B</em>, <em>ERα</em>/<em>β</em>, <em>ARα</em>/<em>β</em>, and <em>VTG</em>. Furthermore, <em>GnRHr2</em> and <em>LHβ</em> methylation levels were elevated in the adult brain, potentially suppressing their expression. This epigenetic modification resulting from embryonic WAF exposure may underlie the observed physiological alterations along the HPGL axis. These findings indicate that embryonic WAF exposure can induce male-specific reproductive impairment in marine fish, highlighting the need for developing more targeted strategies on risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119127"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From exposure to neurotoxicity induced by micro-nanoplastics with brain accumulation and cognitive decline","authors":"Hai-Tao Gao ,&nbsp;Hai-Qian Zhou ,&nbsp;Hao-Nan Ji ,&nbsp;Joseph Zongen Shen ,&nbsp;Dong-Min Yin ,&nbsp;Dan-Hong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pervasive presence of micro-nanoplastics (MNPs) in the human environment has raised concerns regarding their potential implications for neurological health. Once regarded as biologically inert, MNPs are now recognised as capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or entering the central nervous system (CNS) through sensory neuronal pathways. Recent studies have demonstrated that MNPs can accumulate in key brain regions, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which are critical for memory, emotion, and executive function. Animal experiments have revealed that chronic exposure to MNPs may result in cognitive deficits, behavioral disturbances, and pathological features resembling neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms underlying these adverse effects are likely multifaceted, involving oxidative stress, persistent neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and disturbances of the gut-brain axis. In addition to their direct neuronal effects, MNPs may also impair cerebrovascular health by promoting endothelial dysfunction, vascular calcification, and small vessel injury, further increasing the risk of cognitive decline and stroke. This review synthesizes current evidence from environmental exposure to neural accumulation, providing mechanistic insights into MNPs-induced neurotoxicity. The review also highlights critical knowledge gaps and emphasizes the urgent need for further research and public health interventions to address this emerging environmental threat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119114"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of marine heatwave stress and harmful algal (Alexandrium spp.) exposure on subadult green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus)","authors":"Hannah Greenhough ,&nbsp;Kirsty F. Smith ,&nbsp;Julien Vignier ,&nbsp;Matthew R. Miller ,&nbsp;Emillie Passfield ,&nbsp;Nathan J. Kenny ,&nbsp;Anne Rolton","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are increasing globally, including around Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), where the Tasman Sea is a recognised hotspot. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) represent an additional climate-linked stressor, with species such as the paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) producing dinoflagellate <em>Alexandrium pacificum</em> becoming more frequent with ocean warming, stratification, and nutrient enrichment. In the Marlborough Sounds—NZ’s largest green-lipped mussel (GLM, <em>Perna canaliculus</em>) farming area—<em>A. pacificum</em> blooms now coincide with MHWs.</div><div>This study exposed subadult GLM to two temperatures—17 °C (control) and 22 °C (peak MHW temperature)—and either PST-producing <em>A. pacificum</em> or non-PST-producing <em>Alexandrium minutum</em> combined with a control diet for two weeks. Physiological and molecular endpoints measured included PST accumulation, global DNA methylation in gills, immune responses, lipid profiles, and tissue pathology.</div><div>Peak MHW-exposed mussels had depleted glycogen reserves, suggesting increased metabolic demand, and accumulated 1.8X less PSTs than mussels at 17 °C, a potentially favourable finding for aquaculture. At 17 °C, <em>A. pacificum</em> exposure induced greater hemocyte mortality and diapedesis compared to mussels at 22 °C, indicating enhanced immune activation but more immune cell death. Mussels at 22 °C displayed a dampened immune response relative to those at 17 °C based on hemocyte responses and histological analyses. DNA methylation in gill tissue was 1.7X higher at 22 °C, suggesting possible epigenetic regulation of responses.</div><div>These findings highlight the importance of considering both independent and interactive effects of MHWs and HABs. While temperature influenced metabolic and epigenetic responses, <em>Alexandrium</em> exposure shaped outcomes in immune performance and toxin accumulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119112"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"m6A-binding protein YTHDF2 alleviates 3-nitropropionic acid–induced mitochondrial dysfunction of goat granulosa cells","authors":"Dongxu Li,&nbsp;Minghui Zhu,&nbsp;Wenyue Yu,&nbsp;Zhixuan Zhou,&nbsp;Jingwen Wang,&nbsp;Dongyan Liu,&nbsp;Dagan Mao,&nbsp;Feng Wang,&nbsp;Yongjie Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a mitochondrial complex II inhibitor and prevalent environmental contaminant, has been implicated in female reproductive toxicity, yet its underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of 3-NP on goat granulosa cells (GCs) and the potential protective role of YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2). Exposure to 2.5 mM 3-NP markedly suppressed GCs proliferation and triggered apoptosis, accompanied by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Transcriptome analysis revealed 3624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were significantly enriched in pathways associated with apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and oxidative stress. Importantly, 3-NP treatment resulted in downregulation of YTHDF2 at both the transcript and protein levels. Functional experiments demonstrated that YTHDF2 overexpression mitigated 3-NP-induced GCs injury by enhancing cell viability, supporting proliferation, and attenuating apoptosis. Collectively, our findings identify YTHDF2 downregulation as a key epigenetic event mediating 3-NP–induced GC dysfunction and highlight YTHDF2 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for reproductive toxicity caused by this widespread environmental toxin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119109"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy","authors":"Lin Tao ,&nbsp;Lulu Dai ,&nbsp;Shimin Xiong ,&nbsp;Dengqing Liao ,&nbsp;Yuan-zhong Zhou ,&nbsp;Xubo Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-recognized endocrine-disrupting compounds. However, the association between prenatal PAH exposure and maternal thyroid hormones remains contentious. To resolve this uncertainty, we used data from 1165 pregnant women in the Zunyi Birth Cohort, aiming to characterize associations between urinary PAH metabolites and maternal thyroid hormone levels across gestation. We used linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) to examine associations between PAH metabolites and maternal thyroid hormones, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis to explore dose-response relationships, and Bayesian kernel-machine regression (BKMR) to assess the collective effects of PAH metabolites on the maternal thyroid system. We found that 2-OHNAP, 9-OHFLU, 4-OHPH, 3-OHPH, 1-OHPH, and 1-OHPYR were associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4). Additionally, significant dose-response relationships were observed between 9-OHFLU, 2-OHFLU, 3-OHPH, 1-OHPH, 2-OHPH, 1-OHPYR and TSH, TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4. Notably, BKMR analysis revealed an overall non-linear, inverted U-shaped association between PAH metabolite mixtures and TSH, TT3, TT4, FT3, and FT4. Together, these results demonstrate that prenatal PAH exposure is associated with altered maternal thyroid hormone secretion. They further highlight the need to reduce PAH exposure during pregnancy and closely monitor maternal thyroid hormone levels throughout gestation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119128"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing tolerance, toxicity, and detoxification in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under silver stress","authors":"Mengchen Li ,&nbsp;Wen-Xiong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we investigated how a freshwater alga <em>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em> developed tolerance to Ag following pre-exposure to sublethal concentrations of 4.13 nM and 10.33 nM for 7–30 days. These concentrations were selected to induce adaptive responses without causing acute toxicity. Algae pre-acclimated to these conditions showed increased tolerance, with the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the effective concentration inhibiting 50 % of growth (EC50) increasing by 33.8 % and 15.4 %, respectively. Intracellular Ag accumulation decreased to 70.2 %, while the Ag elimination rate increased by 1.3- to 4.8-fold compared to naive cells, indicating enhanced detoxification capacity. The intracellular distribution of Ag shifted from the pyrenoid to vacuoles and chloroplasts, suggesting improved compartmentalization for detoxification. Upon re-exposure, naive cells shrank to 93.2 % of their original size, whereas pre-acclimated cells maintained a stable size. Chloroplast stress responses were reduced to 84.8 % of the level observed in naive cells, indicating decreased sensitivity. Mitochondria exhibited increased fusion during toxicity tests, reflecting more interconnected and resilient networks. However, despite these adaptive responses, ROS levels increased to 1.4 times those of control, and GSH synthesis did not recover during prolonged exposure, suggesting a trade-off between enhanced tolerance and sustained redox homeostasis. These findings reveal how freshwater algae adapt to Ag stress and offer quantitative insights for ecological risk assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":303,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 119110"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}