IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.最新文献

{"title":"Multi-volume rendering for three-dimensional power doppler imaging","authors":"R. Managuli, Y. Yoo, Yongmin Kim","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603281","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-volume rendering (MVR) has been used for better localization of tumors by integrating structural, e.g., Computed Tomography (CT), and physiological/functional 3D information, e.g., Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in other medical imaging modalities. Similar fusion in ultrasound imaging between BW-mode and Power Doppler provides improved visualization and better understanding of the correlation between anatomical structures and blood flow, e.g., heart, kidney, liver. In this paper, we present three fusion algorithms for ultrasound imaging: Composite Fusion (CF), Post Fusion (PF) and Progressive Fusion (PGF). In the CF, BW and Power Doppler volumes are fused during volume rendering while in PF both volumes are rendered separately and then fused using alpha blending. In PGF, fusion is performed at several stages and intermixing of volumes occurs both during and after rendering. CF requires the rendering of RGB volume, but in PF and PGF rendering can be performed on luminance (grayscale) values to save computation. We have investigated these three fusion techniques using in vivo data acquired from kidney and liver using a commercial ultrasound machine (i.e., EUB-6500, Hitachi Medical Corporation, Japan). PF displays correlation between tissue and blood flow but loses depth information. The CF provides depth cue information but assigns artificial color to the rendered volume since it changes the ratio between R, G and B values during compositing. PGF retains the assigned RGB color and also provides depth information but renders volume more opaque than PF and CF. Each of these methods has complementary advantages. Thus, evaluating volumes with all three methods could be useful for clinicians to perform diagnostic evaluation. We will present these algorithms along with their relative advantages and disadvantages in detail.","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121929762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing capacitively coupled microelectromechanical filters","authors":"A. Alastalo, V. Kaajakari","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603164","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality-factor resonators are ubiquitous in todays communication devices. Macroscopic ceramic, SAW or FBAR filters offer excellent performance but their large size, high cost and unsuitability for IC integration limit their scope of application. In order to reduce the number of these bulky offchip filters, receiver architectures such as direct conversion have been developed. However, high-Q filters remain needed as band-select and channel-select filters. Miniature mechanical resonators, fabricated with microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS) technology, are a potential replacement of off-chip filters as they are compact in size and integratable with IC electronics. The demonstrated quality factors of MEMS resonators, Q> 100000 at 10 MHz [1] and Q> 1000 at 1 GHz [2], are comparable to their macroscopic counterparts. While the mechanical properties of MEMS resonators are very promising, the electrostatically coupled resonators characteristically suffer from low electromechanical coupling that leads to high electrical impedance levels and high insertion loss. In order to obtain lower impedances, very narrow gaps are required leading to nonlinear effects due to the inverse capacitance-displacement relationship. In filter applications, signal intermodulation (IM) due to odd-order nonlinearities is especially detrimental as it can lead to unwanted frequency components within the filter passband. For example, cubic mixing of two fundamental signals having frequencies ω1 and ω2 results in third-order intermodulation (IM3) products at frequencies 2ω1 − ω2 and 2ω2 − ω1 .I f ω1 = ω0 + ∆ω and ω2 = ω0 +2 ∆ω, the IM product at 2ω1 − ω2 is at the passband center frequency ω0 corrupting the desired signal. In this paper, our prior analysis of in-band [3] and out-ofband [4] filter distortion is summarized and a design procedure","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122023278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time 3D ultrasound laparoscopy","authors":"E. Light, E. Dixon-Tulloch, P. Wolf, S.W. Smith, S. Idriss","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1602971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1602971","url":null,"abstract":"We have previously described 2D array ultrasound transducers operating up to 13.5 MHz for applications including real time 3D transthoracic imaging, real time volumetric intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), real time transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and real time 3D intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging. We have recently built a pair of 2D array transducers for real time 3D laparoscopic ultrasound imaging. These transducers are intended to be placed down a trocar during minimally invasive surgery. Both transducers were built using Gore MicroFlat cables consisting of 18 wires spaced at 0.10 mm and attached to a polyimide backing. The first is a forward viewing 5 MHz, 19 x 11 array with 198 operating elements. It was built on an 8 layer multi-layer flex circuit. The interelement spacing is 0.20 mm yielding an aperture that is 2.2 mm x 3.8 mm. The O.D. of the completed transducer is 10.2 mm , and includes a 2 mm tool port. The average measured center frequency is 4.5 MHz, and the -6 dB bandwidth ranges from 15% to 30%. The 50 Ohm insertion loss, including the MicroFlat cabling, is -81.2 dB. The second transducer is a 7 MHz, 36 x 36 array with 504 operating elements. It was built upon a 10 layer multi-layer flex circuit. This transducer is in the forward viewing configuration, and the interelement spacing is 0.18 mm. The total aperture size is 6.48 mm x 6.48 mm. The O.D. of the completed transducer is 11.4 mm. The average measured center frequency is 7.2 MHz, and the -6 dB bandwidth ranges from 18% to 33%. The 50 Ohm insertion loss is -79.5 dB, including the MicroFlat cable. Real time in vivo 3D images of a canine heart have been made including an apical 4 chamber view from a substernal access with the first transducer to monitor cardiac function. In addition we produced real time 3D rendered images of the right pulmonary veins from a right parasternal access with the second transducer which would be valuable in the guidance of cardiac ablation catheters for treatment of atrial fibrillation.","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"2017 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120847171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A lateral field excited acoustic wave pesticide sensor","authors":"W. Pinkham, M. Wark, S. Winters, L. French, D. Frankel, J. Vetelino","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603339","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive use of pesticides such as organophosphates (OPs) on fruits and vegetables can have adverse effects on the environment and jeopardize the health of the consumer. As a result a need exists for an accurate, low cost, portable sensor to detect harmful pesticide levels. In the present work a lateral field excited (LFE) sensor (1), which has a bare sensing surface that allows the measurement of mechanical and electrical property changes in a target analyte selective film, has been used to detect phosmet, a commonly used OP. The acoustic energy distribution of this LFE sensor has been found to exhibit a circular pattern with maximum sensitivity at the center of the sensor. The LFE pesticide sensor is shown to be more sensitive than the standard QCM. Also, it is shown that the response time of the sensor can be drastically shortened by using the derivative of the frequency response. I. INTRODUCTION Organophosphates (OPs) are widely used in agriculture for pest control in fruits and vegetables, with about 25,000 brands of pesticides sold in the United States (2). Categorized as neurotoxins or cholinesterase inhibitors, they can affect neuromuscular transmission (2). This is especially critical for young children who consume large amounts of fruits and vegetables and have a lower tolerance than adults (3). In order to guard against the adverse effects of OPs, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined the allowable concentration of pesticides. Depending on the crop and pesticide used, tolerances are normally restricted to the 0.1 - 100 ppm range (4). Since many countries do not have such regulations, a need exists to detect pesticides on imported fruits and vegetables. Currently, the two standard methods of testing for the presence of pesticides are gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and immunoassay. GC/MS is the testing procedure approved by the EPA. Although very precise and accurate, these tests are expensive to run, time consuming and have to be performed in a laboratory environment. Also significant training is required to operate the GC/MS machine. Recently, immunoassay tests have been introduced as a cheaper, quicker, and portable alternative to GC/MS. This test method is however not reusable and is qualitative in that it indicates only whether the measurand is above or below a particular level. Also, cross reactivity and reaction to broken down pesticides in these tests may lead to false positive tests (5). Therefore a need exists for a sensor that would combine the quantative and reusable properties of the GC/MS with the low cost, quick, and portable properties of the immunoassay tests.","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124506743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A micromachined ultrasonic atomizer based on a liquid horn structure","authors":"J. Meacham, M. J. Varady, A. Fedorov, F. Degertekin","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603055","url":null,"abstract":"A micromachined ultrasonic droplet generator is developed and demonstrated for liquid atomization. The droplet generator uses a 1 mm thick bulk ceramic piezoelectric transducer for ultrasound generation, a reservoir for the ejection fluid, and a silicon micromachined liquid horn structure as the nozzle. The pyramidal-shaped horn structures are formed using a simple batch microfabrication process involving wet etching of (100) silicon in a potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, and the nozzle openings are defined by dry etching of silicon in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) environment. Device operation for various applications has been demonstrated by droplet ejection of water, liquid fuels, and measles vaccine through 5–30 μm orifices at multiple resonant frequencies between 0.5 and 5 MHz. Finite element simulations of the electrical input impedance are in agreement with measurements, and the simulated acoustic fields within the cavity indicate that the device utilizes cavity resonances in conjunction with acoustic wave focusing by the horn shaped nozzles to achieve low power operation. Visualization and scaling of drop-on-demand (DOD) and continuous-jet fluid atomization of water are also presented to elucidate the fluid physics of the ejection process and characterize the modes of operation of the ultrasonic droplet generator. The interactions between focused ultrasonic pressure waves and capillary waves formed at the liquid-air interface located at the nozzle tip are found to govern the ejection dynamics, leading to different ejection modalities ranging from DOD to continuous-jet [1]. A time scale analysis of the ejection process, which involves the period of electrical excitation (process), viscous, capillary, and inertial time scales, is used to explain the observed results of high-resolution stroboscopic optical imaging of the liquid-air interface evolution during acoustic pumping and to gain an understanding of the key fluid mechanical features of the ejection process.","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125835337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adapting a cMUT transducer to detect acoustic emissions","authors":"D. Ozevin, S. Pessiki, D. Greve, I. Oppenheim","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603009","url":null,"abstract":"Acoustic emissions are ultrasonic pulses produced in solids when irreversible damage, such as material yielding or crack extension, occurs under mechanical loading. We report on the design, fabrication, and experimental demonstration of a cMUT transducer specifically designed for measurement of acoustic emission events by detecting ultrasonic waves in the 100 kHz to 1 MHz range. The cMUT transducer is intended to replace the commonly used underdamped resonant PZT transducer. In this novel application the ultrasonic energy is coupled to the substrate and the motion of the substrate relative to the supended diaphragm provides an electrical signal. This application requires a very different device design, underdamped and lower in resonant frequency than a cMUT intended for high frequency imaging. We report here the engineering of the quality factor by appropriate spacing of the etch release holes and the fabrication of transducers with multiple resonant frequencies on the same chip. We will also report the detection of actual acoustic emission events and we will compare the cMUT transducers with conventional PZT transducers. Keywords-component; capacitive, MEMS, acoustic emission","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128484523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spurious resonance suppression in ZnO based thin-film baw resonators: FEM modeling and experiment","authors":"T. Pensala, M. Ylilammi, T. Makkonen","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603229","url":null,"abstract":"Spurious resonance suppression in ZnO based thin film BAW resonators by the boundary ring method of (1) is studied. Electrical responses of resonators with varying width of the boundary ring structure are measured. Very clean resonator response is reached with optimum dimensions. Emergence of the piston mode and simultaneous spurious resonance suppression is demonstrated by 2D FEM simulation with a model corresponding to the measured devices. Good correlation between measurement and simulation is found. I. INTRODUCTION Thin film bulk acoustic wave resonators and filters for the GHz range have been intensively developed during the last ca. 10 years due to great demand in the mobile communications industry. Main application of the thin film BAW devices is in the band pass filters of the antenna circuit of mobile phones. With the thin film BAW technology, low insertion loss, high power handling, steep pass band skirts and small footprint are sought together with low manufacturing cost. The BAW filters are also inherently better applicable for higher frequencies (> 2 GHz) than SAW filters due to the lack of critical dimensions. Also as BAW resonators do not rely on a special crystalline substrate, possibility to integrate them with silicon IC:s exists. In order to create high performance filters, the BAW resonators they consist of, must fulfill certain performance criteria. Most importantly the effective coupling coefficient K 2 determines the attainable bandwidth of the filter and the Q- values affect the insertion loss and pass band skirt steepness. In addition, the resonator should not have ripple in or near the inductive region of its electrical response. In a low insertion loss filter this is only attained by suppressing the spurious resonances in some manner.","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129813471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate methods for piezocomposite material assessment","authors":"G. Férin, D. Certon, N. Felix","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1603246","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental characterization method based on the transmission coefficient inversion is presented. Measurements performed on a thin piezoelectric ceramic plate and a passive filler material were first analyzed. A 1-3 piezocomposite plate was then manufactured from these two materials and its properties were measured through the same iterative process. In parallel, a theoretical homogenization method of 1-3 periodic piezocomposite is presented. This method uses the Plane Wave Expansion model, namely the P.W.E., to determine the effective electromechanical tensor of the homogenized piezocomposite. The electromechanical tensor experimentally obtained was compared to the theoretical homogenized one and good agreement was observed.","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127116467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of the wire form function versus the liquid density of the surrounding medium","authors":"J. Mathieu, P. Schweitzer","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1602853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1602853","url":null,"abstract":"This communication presents the developments of an original method of the density measurement of a liquid. The measurement method is theoretically based on the Resonant Scattering Theory (RST). The RST gives a non-linear relation between the ultrasonic pressure backscattered by an object (here, wire) represented by its form function and the liquid density into which the object is immersed. The developed method, already presented [10], needs two kinds of wire: a “measurement wire” and a “calibration wire”. This article presents the study of the sensitivity of the method. The sensitivity is represented by the partial derivative of the wire form function according to the liquid density. This derivative is analyzed in function of the wire parameters (size, density and acoustical velocities) and the frequency. Globally, the sensitivity increases when the density of the wire and the acoustical velocities decrease. From this study, we can choose the material of the wires. The “measurement wire” must be made of a material having low density and velocities. The “calibration wire” must be made of a material having high density and velocities. The choices of the size of the wire and the frequency are joint by the reduced wave number ka. The experimental problems at the acoustical resonances limits the choice to ka domain approximately ranging from 0.5 to 1.0. Liquid density measurement, form function, scattering, wire, milk density","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127435524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mouse embryo imaging with a 40 mhz annular array","authors":"O. Aristizábal, D. Turnbull, J. Ketterling","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1602869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2005.1602869","url":null,"abstract":"Current high frequency ultrasound imaging, or ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) systems use fixed-focus trans- ducers, which are limited in depth of field (DOF). One important application for UBM is in the area of mouse embryo imaging. Depending on the gestational age of the embryo, regions of interest in the image can extend well beyond the DOF for a fixed-focus transducer. This shortcoming makes it impossible, in many cases, to post-process 3-D datasets for volumetric rendering of the developing embryonic anatomy. High frequency annular arrays can provide a solution to this problem, extending the DOF through variable focusing in depth. A 5-element, 40-MHz annular array transducer has been developed, and imaging of a wire phantom showed an increase in DOF from 1-2 mm (fixed- focus) to more than 10 mm with array focusing. We have now used this annular array system to acquire images from mouse embryos between gestational ages 11 (E11.5) and 13 (E13.5) with this annular array system. Our results show the superior image definition and quality compared to fixed-focus images and an increased DOF of close to 6 mm. The images reveal the entire extent of anatomical structures such as cerebral ventricles and the amniotic membrane, enabling robust volumetric rendering of these structures from 3-D image data.","PeriodicalId":302030,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005.","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127183817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}