A lateral field excited acoustic wave pesticide sensor

W. Pinkham, M. Wark, S. Winters, L. French, D. Frankel, J. Vetelino
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引用次数: 31

Abstract

Excessive use of pesticides such as organophosphates (OPs) on fruits and vegetables can have adverse effects on the environment and jeopardize the health of the consumer. As a result a need exists for an accurate, low cost, portable sensor to detect harmful pesticide levels. In the present work a lateral field excited (LFE) sensor (1), which has a bare sensing surface that allows the measurement of mechanical and electrical property changes in a target analyte selective film, has been used to detect phosmet, a commonly used OP. The acoustic energy distribution of this LFE sensor has been found to exhibit a circular pattern with maximum sensitivity at the center of the sensor. The LFE pesticide sensor is shown to be more sensitive than the standard QCM. Also, it is shown that the response time of the sensor can be drastically shortened by using the derivative of the frequency response. I. INTRODUCTION Organophosphates (OPs) are widely used in agriculture for pest control in fruits and vegetables, with about 25,000 brands of pesticides sold in the United States (2). Categorized as neurotoxins or cholinesterase inhibitors, they can affect neuromuscular transmission (2). This is especially critical for young children who consume large amounts of fruits and vegetables and have a lower tolerance than adults (3). In order to guard against the adverse effects of OPs, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined the allowable concentration of pesticides. Depending on the crop and pesticide used, tolerances are normally restricted to the 0.1 - 100 ppm range (4). Since many countries do not have such regulations, a need exists to detect pesticides on imported fruits and vegetables. Currently, the two standard methods of testing for the presence of pesticides are gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and immunoassay. GC/MS is the testing procedure approved by the EPA. Although very precise and accurate, these tests are expensive to run, time consuming and have to be performed in a laboratory environment. Also significant training is required to operate the GC/MS machine. Recently, immunoassay tests have been introduced as a cheaper, quicker, and portable alternative to GC/MS. This test method is however not reusable and is qualitative in that it indicates only whether the measurand is above or below a particular level. Also, cross reactivity and reaction to broken down pesticides in these tests may lead to false positive tests (5). Therefore a need exists for a sensor that would combine the quantative and reusable properties of the GC/MS with the low cost, quick, and portable properties of the immunoassay tests.
一种横向场激发声波农药传感器
在水果和蔬菜上过量使用有机磷等农药会对环境产生不利影响,并危及消费者的健康。因此,需要一种准确、低成本、便携式的传感器来检测有害的农药水平。在目前的工作中,横向场激发(LFE)传感器(1),它有一个裸露的传感表面,允许测量目标分析物选择性薄膜的机械和电气特性变化,已被用于检测光敏物质,一种常用的op。这种LFE传感器的声能分布已被发现在传感器的中心显示出一个圆形图案,灵敏度最高。LFE农药传感器比标准QCM更灵敏。此外,利用频率响应的导数可以大大缩短传感器的响应时间。有机磷酸酯(OPs)在农业中被广泛用于控制水果和蔬菜的害虫,在美国销售的农药约有25,000个品牌(2)。它们被分类为神经毒素或胆碱酯酶抑制剂,可以影响神经肌肉传递(2)。这对于食用大量水果和蔬菜且耐受性低于成人的幼儿尤其重要(3)。环境保护署(EPA)已经确定了农药的允许浓度。根据作物和所使用的农药,容许量通常限制在百万分之0.1 -百万分之100(4)。由于许多国家没有此类法规,因此有必要检测进口水果和蔬菜中的农药。目前,检测农药存在的两种标准方法是气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)和免疫分析法。GC/MS是经EPA批准的检测方法。虽然这些测试非常精确和准确,但运行成本高,耗时长,并且必须在实验室环境中进行。操作GC/MS机器也需要大量的培训。最近,免疫分析测试作为一种更便宜、更快、便携的GC/MS替代方法被引入。然而,这种测试方法是不可重复使用的,并且是定性的,因为它只表明测量值是高于还是低于特定水平。此外,在这些测试中,交叉反应性和对分解农药的反应可能导致假阳性测试(5)。因此,需要一种传感器,它将GC/MS的定量和可重复使用特性与免疫测定测试的低成本、快速和便携特性结合起来。
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