Desalination最新文献

{"title":"The recent advances and modification strategies of Li/Al-LDHs toward lithium extraction","authors":"Xiaoyu Wang ,&nbsp;Ben Ma ,&nbsp;Lina Liu ,&nbsp;Rongmin Lu ,&nbsp;Xuehui Shangguan ,&nbsp;Qinglei Wang ,&nbsp;Shicheng Xu ,&nbsp;Ruibin Liu ,&nbsp;Wenlong Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Gao ,&nbsp;Faqiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The soaring demand for lithium resources has driven increasing interest in extracting lithium from low-grade brines. Among available techniques, adsorption is considered the optimal method due to its efficiency and selectivity. Lithium‑aluminum layered double hydroxide (LiAl-LDHs) has emerged as the only commercially implemented adsorbent, owing to its high adsorption efficiency, excellent structural stability, and mild desorption conditions. Nevertheless, its inherently limited adsorption capacity remains a major constraint. Although extensive research has been devoted to modifying Li/Al-LDHs materials in recent years, a comprehensive and systematic review remains scarce. This study systematically investigates the correlation between the unique structure of Li/Al-LDHs and their adsorption mechanisms to elucidate structure-property relationships. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of adsorption processes and selectivity profiles is presented. Furthermore, an overview of common synthesis routes for Li/Al-LDHs is provided, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each approach. Modification strategies are reviewed to offer a theoretical framework for enhancing the capacity of LDHs-based adsorbents. Additionally, the pivotal role of powder loading technology in practical applications is discussed. Besides, the practicality and efficiency of regeneration techniques for Li/Al-LDHs are evaluated. Finally, the review concludes with a prospective analysis of future research directions and design strategies for Li/Al-LDHs. This work establishes a scientific foundation for designing high-performance Li/Al-LDHs, which are critical for advancing new energy technologies and safeguarding China's lithium resource security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119499"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Desalination of MSWI fly ash washing wastewater coupled with in-plant flue gas waste heat: Techno-economic analysis and carbon emission accounting","authors":"Xiaoyang Chen ,&nbsp;Yuhai He ,&nbsp;Ting Zhao ,&nbsp;Lifang Gong ,&nbsp;Chan Zou ,&nbsp;Huimin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving low-cost, energy-efficient, and sustainable fly ash (FA) washing wastewater (WWS) desalination is crucial for FA reutilization for building materials. This study develops a novel WWS desalination process that synergistically integrates in-plant low-temperature flue gas (LTFG) waste heat recovery and optimizes impurity removal. The process is evaluated through comprehensive simulations, techno-economic analysis (TEA), and life cycle carbon emission accounting. Results indicate LTFG waste heat recovery yields 3500–3600 kg/h of steam. The optimized Na₃PO₄-based impurity removal method decreases comprehensive costs to 34.2 CNY/m³. Combined with waste heat recovery, PT-H achieves a lowest cost of 39.4 CNY/m³—a 79.4 % reduction versus conventional methods—improving economic benefits by 59.3 % under benchmark conditions. Sensitivity analysis identifies that the Na₃PO₄-based and triple-effect evaporation exhibit superior economic competitiveness. Under optimal scenarios, the MVR demonstrates higher profit potential (19.4 CNY/m³) but carries greater economic risk, whereas the triple-effect evaporation offers superior stability (4.6 CNY/m³). Environmentally, the integrated process is highly effective, achieving negative carbon emissions when product carbon offsets are considered. Interestingly, the carbon emission factor of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) shows considerable volatility, leading to a minimum of −706.1 kg CO₂-eq/m³ for PM-H. This novel synergistic process provides an economically viable and potentially carbon-negative solution for WWS desalination, promoting the sustainable and cost-effective resourceful utilization of FA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119462"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing solar steam generation for seawater desalination: Global research trends, photothermal materials, structural innovations, and future directions","authors":"Dolfie P. Pandara ,&nbsp;Guntur Pasau ,&nbsp;Gerald H. Tamuntuan ,&nbsp;Hanny F. Sangian ,&nbsp;Marco A. Laoh ,&nbsp;Ardiansyah Ardiansyah ,&nbsp;Dahlang Tahir","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing global demand for clean water and sustainable energy has accelerated the development of solar-thermal desalination (STD) as an environmentally friendly solution. Solar steam generation (SSG) improves the efficiency of STD by concentrating solar energy conversion into heat at the water–air interface, thereby minimizing heat loss and accelerating the evaporation rate. This study combines bibliometric mapping and systematic review to provide a comprehensive perspective on the development of SSG for desalination. A total of 402 Scopus-indexed articles up to March 2025 were analyzed. Bibliometric analysis shows rapid growth in publications since 2016, with China dominating output and citation impact, while international collaboration remains uneven. Keyword evolution confirms a paradigm shift from carbon-based absorbers toward MXene-based innovations and structural design optimization. A further systematic review identified three key factors determining optimal SSG performance: (i) material class, where MXene achieves near-theoretical efficiency but is prone to oxidation, carbon materials offer stability and low cost despite weaker photothermal conversion, while metal materials provide strong plasmonic heating but are constrained by cost and scalability; (ii) interface architecture, where multilayer and aerogel designs enhance heat localization, water transport, and salt rejection, with evaporation rates exceeding 2.5–4.5 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹ under one sun irradiation; and (iii) operational stability, which remains limited by oxidation, salt fouling, and degradation over long-term cycles. Based on these findings, this study proposes a roadmap for future research that prioritizes the development of oxidation-resistant MXene composites, rational interface architecture, advanced antifouling strategies, low-cost biomass substrates, standardized field evaluation protocols, and integration with hybrid renewable energy systems. Overall, these findings not only consolidate previously fragmented knowledge but also provide strategic guidance to drive SSG technology development toward higher efficiency, robust operational durability, and real scalability in solar-powered desalination applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119496"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in metal-organic frameworks for membrane distillation: A review","authors":"Zijia Yan ,&nbsp;Binwei Xu ,&nbsp;Jingge Ju ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Han ,&nbsp;Ziyu Yan ,&nbsp;Qingmiao Wang ,&nbsp;Qiaojing Zhang ,&nbsp;Weimin Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, Membrane Distillation (MD), as a thermally driven separation technology based on microporous hydrophobic membranes, has been widely used in the fields of seawater desalination and brine concentration in salt lakes due to its advantages of high salt discharge rate, high permeate flux, high energy efficiency and compatibility with renewable energy sources. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as a class of porous materials with high specific surface area, tunable pore size, and multifunctional active sites, provide a new strategy for MD membranes to mitigate temperature polarization and concentration polarization, improve membrane stability, and enhance excellent catalytic/adsorption functions with their unique structural properties. This paper describes the basic principles and problems of MD, comparatively analyzes the applicability of six types of MOF materials, UIO, ZIF, MIL, HKUST, AlFu and CAU, in MD. Discusses different synthesis methods and modification strategies of MOF-based membranes, including phase transformation, electrospinning, in situ growth, and vacuum filtration, etc. The pathway of MOF to optimize the performance of MD through the mechanisms of pore size sieving, hydrophobic modification and pollutant adsorption was analyzed. Finally, the future development of MOF membranes in the direction of material selection, membrane structure design and modification, and integration process is envisioned to provide theoretical guidance and technical reference for the breakthrough of the bottleneck of MD technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119457"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified PET fiber sponge with synergistic photothermal conversion function for efficient solar interfacial evaporation","authors":"Qiancheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Dahu Yao ,&nbsp;Xiping Gao ,&nbsp;Chang Lu ,&nbsp;Jing Chen ,&nbsp;Wenqi Wang ,&nbsp;Xinchang Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to population growth, climate change, and the continued increase in agricultural and industrial demand, freshwater scarcity has become an urgent global challenge that requires immediate attention. Solar interface evaporation technology, as a promising method for sustainable desalination, has garnered significant attention due to its high energy efficiency and environmental compatibility. This paper reports on a cost-effective and scalable solar evaporator based on commercially available polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber sponge with directed capillary channels. First, the PET sponge is modified with a dopamine coating, followed by in situ growth of copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles as a photothermal agent. This simple and efficient preparation process requires no complex equipment and is suitable for large-scale production. The resulting evaporator exhibits broadband solar absorption (95.8 %), excellent hydrophilicity, and a unique “surface-bulk” synergistic photothermal conversion mechanism, which enhances light capture, thermal limitation, and directed water transport. Under 1 sun illumination, the 2D and 3D evaporators achieve evaporation rates of 2.19 and 3.78 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ in pure water, respectively, and 2.04 and 3.64 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 3.5 wt% saline solution, respectively, with a maximum efficiency of 92.8 %. Even under reduced light intensity (0.5 sun), the evaporators maintain competitive performance, achieving evaporation rates of 1.01 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and 2.78 kg m⁻² h⁻¹. This work provides a feasible solution for low-cost, scalable solar evaporators in seawater desalination and broader water purification applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119502"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous measurement of sulfate to optimize mine water desalination with real-time augmented in-situ raman spectroscopy","authors":"Bruno Grafe ,&nbsp;Philip Johnson ,&nbsp;Shashank Srivastava ,&nbsp;Sebastian Stolzenberg ,&nbsp;Liviu Mantescu ,&nbsp;Heather Tugaoen","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mineral extraction is uniquely complex in its water portfolio, with companies often balancing limiting freshwater intake and environmental discharges simultaneously. Closing the loop on the mine water cycle is difficult with streams of variable quality, and desalination technologies are increasingly required to improve water quality for downstream use or environmentally acceptable discharge. Management of these nanofiltration or reverse osmosis processes requires real-time insight into water profiles, which range from brackish to saline, to mitigate scaling events, particularly on mine process wastewater. Frequent changes in upstream processes disrupt reverse osmosis operation, and real-time, continuous water quality monitoring can provide immediate feedback to allow for proactive adjustment of chemical dosing, maintenance intervals, and operational setpoints to protect membrane life and maintain process uptime.</div><div>We propose real-time Augmented in-Situ Raman Spectroscopy (AISRAS) – a technology leveraging machine learning in conjunction with Raman spectroscopy – to continuously monitor water constituents. In a pilot test, we measured sulfate in a full-scale operational reverse osmosis facility receiving mine process wastewater in a Western African location for over one year. We provided real-time feedback from four different measurement points to directly optimize membrane treatment operations. AISRAS operated well below a 10 % deviation margin compared to laboratory grab sample analysis. Furthermore, laboratory sulfate estimations do not provide the necessary temporal resolution to precisely identify sudden change points in the water matrix. We show that by directly measuring sulfate in-situ, preventative prediction of membrane scaling of calcium sulfate could be achieved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119465"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorine production from brine using a novel superhydrophobic PTFE-PI-TiO₂ photocatalytic membrane contactor","authors":"Yaozhong Zhang,&nbsp;Chun Yin Lau,&nbsp;Ramin Farnood","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a photocatalytic membrane contactor for the simultaneous generation and separation of chlorine gas from acidified brine. This system uses a novel superhydrophobic polyimide-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene composite membrane containing TiO₂ nanoparticles (PTFE–PI–TiO₂) fabricated via solution blow spinning. Incorporation of polyimide binder with optimal TiO₂ loading yielded hierarchical micro- and nanoscale porous membranes with high porosity (78 to 84 %). Surface wettability analysis demonstrated stable Cassie-Baxter superhydrophobicity up to 15 wt% TiO₂ loading, enabling stable gas-phase transport through membrane pores. Under UV illumination, the PTFE–PI–TiO₂-15 membrane achieved a peak steady-state chlorine generation rate of 19.50 mmol·m⁻²·h⁻¹ from 35 g L⁻¹ NaCl solution at pH 1. Radical scavenger and EPR studies indicated that chlorine evolution proceeded via direct hole oxidation of chloride ions without radical intermediates. Mass transfer modeling suggests that chlorine flux was governed by surface-exposed photocatalytic activity rather than membrane transport limitations. This work establishes a scalable and energy-efficient approach for chlorine recovery from desalination brine, offering a sustainable solution for brine management and decentralized chemical production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119492"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing carbon electrode spray coating for scalable redox electrodialysis systems","authors":"Daniel Kim ,&nbsp;Hyunjin Kim ,&nbsp;Minhui Kim ,&nbsp;Gamin Kim ,&nbsp;Yeonhwi Kim ,&nbsp;Byeongho Lee ,&nbsp;Seonghwan Kim ,&nbsp;Choonsoo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Redox-mediated electrodialysis (redox-ED) is a promising desalination technology that substitutes water splitting with sustainable redox reactions, thereby improving energy efficiency and reducing operational costs. However, the scalability of conventional porous carbon electrodes-such as activated carbon cloth and felt-is hindered by poor potential distribution and limited structural tunability. In this study, we propose a scalable electrode fabrication method using spray coating of activated carbon, carbon black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder onto titanium mesh substrates (3 × 3 cm²) with binder contents ranging from 2 to 6 g (AC2–AC6). Among these, the AC5 electrode showed the best performance, delivering a specific capacity of 570.6 mAh/g—nearly double that of AC2—with an enlarged specific surface area (1361.6 to 1877.5 m²/g) and electrochemical active surface area (6.03 to 8.63 cm²) reduced charge transfer resistance (1.8 to 0.9 Ω). AC5 also optimized a salt removal rate of 1295.3 mmol/m²/h, charge efficiency of 98.9 %, and energy consumption of 117 kJ/mol. Importantly, this work provides the first demonstration of successfully scaling spray-coated electrodes to a practical dimension (15 × 6 cm², 120-fold larger) and integrating them into a 12-pair stacked redox-ED system.</div><div>This study envisions the spray coating as a transformative fabrication approach for redox-ED, offering a simple, tunable, and industry-ready pathway toward large-scale, high-performance, and economically viable desalination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119493"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional carbon nanowebs for solar-driven desalination and water purification with integrated Photothermal, antibacterial, and adsorptive capabilities","authors":"Bing Gao ,&nbsp;Zhi Liu ,&nbsp;Soon Huat Tan ,&nbsp;Jianghui Zhao ,&nbsp;Yingfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Siew Chun Low","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Harnessing solar energy for water vaporization offers a sustainable approach to address global freshwater scarcity. However, existing photothermal nanoweb systems often exhibit trade-offs between evaporation performance, contaminant removal, and resistance to microbial fouling, limiting their practical deployment. In this study, a multifunctional carbon nanoweb engineered via scalable electrospinning and carbonization demonstrates the simultaneous achievement of high solar-driven water evaporation, selective dye adsorption, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The nanoweb exhibits an outstanding methyl orange adsorption capacity of 1202.04 mg·g⁻¹, effectively localizing pollutants and maintaining stable vapor transport. Optimized photothermal conversion achieves a solar-to-vapor efficiency of 95.25 % with an evaporation rate of 1.58 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹ under one-sun irradiation, enabling clean water production of 10.18 kg·m⁻²·day⁻¹ from dye-contaminated water (50 mg·L⁻¹) under outdoor conditions. Performance remains stable over extended operation with actual wastewater. Under saline conditions, the system facilitates effective desalination, yielding ion-free condensate while sustaining evaporation rates comparable to deionized water. In parallel, embedded metallic nanoparticles impart potent antimicrobial functionality, achieving inhibition efficiencies of 98.38 % against <em>Escherichia coli</em> and 97.38 % against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> through synergistic oxidative and contact-based mechanisms. The integration of high-efficiency evaporation, selective pollutant removal, and microbial resistance into a single solar-responsive nanoweb represents a distinctive advancement in photothermal water treatment platforms, offering scalable and multifunctional solutions for decentralized, off-grid clean water production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119495"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a new method for measuring multi-parameter of NaCl solution film based on absorption spectroscopy and interpretable convolutional neural network","authors":"Hao Sun ,&nbsp;Yingming Sun ,&nbsp;Xin Guo ,&nbsp;Yikai Zhou ,&nbsp;Huinan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seawater desalination is an important approach to addressing water scarcity. In its core process, falling film evaporation, simultaneous measurement of film thickness (<em>L</em>), concentration (<em>C</em>), and temperature (<em>T</em>) is essential for improving desalination efficiency, but it remains challenging. In this study, a new method for measuring multi-parameter of NaCl solution film was proposed, integrating absorption spectroscopy and interpretable one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN). First, single-channel (SC), dual-channel (DC), and three-channel (TC) 1D-CNN models were constructed based on absorption spectra of NaCl solution under various conditions. An optimal TC-1D-CNN (Opt-TC-1D-CNN) model was obtained by introducing noise-based data augmentation. It was found that the normalized root mean squared errors (nRMSE) of the predicted <em>L</em>, <em>C</em>, and <em>T</em> are 2.26 %, 3.80 %, and 6.52 %, respectively. Model interpretability was then analyzed using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method to explore the physical relevance between key wavelengths and characteristic absorption features of NaCl solution. In addition, the proposed approach was compared with the previously developed inversion algorithm and applied to investigate NaCl solution film evaporation processes under different conditions. It was found that the Opt-TC-1D-CNN model shows good agreement with the imaging method and infrared thermal imager throughout the entire evaporation processes. This study provides a new method for simultaneous and accurate measurement of film parameters, with potential to support the design and optimization of desalination equipment. It can also provide theoretical guidance for future studies of other falling film processes in fields such as energy, chemical engineering, environmental monitoring, and biomedicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"618 ","pages":"Article 119494"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}