{"title":"Free Will, Determinism, and the Possibility to Do Otherwise","authors":"C. List","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1883964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1883964","url":null,"abstract":"I argue that free will and determinism are compatible, even when we take free will to require the ability to do otherwise and even when we interpret that ability modally, as the possibility of doing otherwise, and not just conditionally or dispositionally. My argument draws on a distinction between physical and agential possibility. Although in a deterministic world only one future sequence of events is physically possible for each state of the world, the more coarsely defined state of an agent and his or her environment can be consistent with more than one such sequence, and thus different actions can be “agentially possible”. The agential perspective is supported by our best theories of human behaviour, and so we should take it at face value when we refer to what an agent can and cannot do. On the picture I defend, free will is not a physical phenomenon, but a higher-level one on a par with other higher-level phenomena such as agency and intentionality.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114439870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Luck in the Strategy-Performance Relationship","authors":"J. Parnell, Eric B. Dent","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2331233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2331233","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – Strategic management scholars seek to link strategic factors to performance. When specific causal links cannot be identified, however, other potential explanations should be considered, including the notion of luck. This paper aims to introduce a distinction between scholarly and practitioner perspectives of luck and identifies why this distinction is critical to both scholars and practitioners. Design/Methodology/Approach – This paper proposes a framework linking luck and competitive advantage. It also reports the results of an exploratory empirical investigation on the perceived role of luck in firm performance. Findings – Scholars and practitioners have different views of luck’s role in organizational performance. Managers are more likely to assign luck for bad outcomes rather than good. In addition, the more quantitative a manager’s work function, the less likely he or she is to perceive a luck-performance linkage, and the higher the manager is in the organization, the more likely he or she is to perceive luck as affecting outcomes. Research Limitations/Implications – There are a number of reasons why luck should receive prominence when considering the strategy-performance relationship: many of the linkages between strategic factors and performance are identified after the fact – they are viewed as causal when they were actually lucky; empirical research may identify relationships whether they actually exist; researchers tend to find what they are looking for; and academics will be more likely to explain “luck” if they are using the appropriate tools to reveal it. Practical Implications – The positive link between management level and luck’s role in performance identified in this study suggests that the more a manager knows about a firm’s resources and attributes, the more likely he or she is to downplay the role they actually play in performance. From this perspective, managers seem more willing to acknowledge the role played by luck as they progress into greater levels of responsibility and control. Originality/Value – A significant portion of empirical work seeks to explain differences in performance across organizations by identifying the links between various strategic factors and performance. Although this research has contributed much to the knowledge about the strategy-performance nexus, it assumes that strategy-performance linkages necessarily exist and that they can be readily identified. In other words, most scholarly work in this area is based on assumptions that minimize or preclude the role of luck or randomness in the determination of firm performance. Building on previous work, this paper adopts an alternative perspective on the strategy-performance relationship, highlighting the often overlooked role of luck.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122114451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurement of Economic Inequality","authors":"P. Krishnamoorthy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1216442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1216442","url":null,"abstract":"An attempt to treat axiomatically the measurement of economic inequality.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114995371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lessons to Be Learned: How the Policy of Freedom to Contract in Delaware's Alternative Entity Law Might Inform Delaware's General Corporation Law","authors":"Ann E. Conaway","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1152037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1152037","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers whether, as a result of recent activity by alternative entities in the public markets, it is appropriate to revise the Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) to provide for greater contractual flexibility to shareholders in all Delaware corporations. Such revisions may seek to alter or redefine the duties of directors and officers. Two situations presently call for contractual modification of managerial duties in public corporations: (1) aiding and abetting liability of advisors to exculpated directors, and (2) nonstockholder constituencies of Beneficial Corporations (B Corporations).","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128799822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sen's Theorem: Geometric Proof, New Interpretations","authors":"Lingfang Li, D. Saari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1028364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1028364","url":null,"abstract":"Sen's classic social choice result supposedly demonstrates a conflict between Pareto and even minimal forms of liberalism. By providing the first direct mathematical proof of this seminal result, we underscore a significantly different interpretation: rather than conflicts among rights, Sen's result occurs because the liberalism assumption negates the assumption that voters have transitive preferences. This explanation enriches interpretations of Sen's conclusion by including radically new kinds of societal conflicts, it suggests ways to sidestep these difficulties, and it explains earlier approaches to avoid the difficulties.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132594984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comonotonic Book-Making with Nonadditive Probabilities","authors":"Enrico Diecidue, P. Wakker","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.244663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.244663","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows how de Finetti's book-making principle, commonly used to justify additive subjective probabilities, can be modi-ed to agree with some nonexpected utility models.More precisely, a new foundation of the rank-dependent models is presented that is based on a comonotonic extension of the book-making principle.The extension excludes book-making only if all gambles considered induce a same rank-ordering of the states of nature through favorableness of their associated outcomes, and allows for nonadditive probabilities.Typical features of rank-dependence, hedging, ambiguity aversion, and pessimism and optimism, can be accommodated.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133858152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Budget Allocation and Profit for Logistics and its Interfaces","authors":"J. Bookbinder, F. Ulengin","doi":"10.1108/EUM0000000000394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000000394","url":null,"abstract":"Presents a multiple‐objective mathematical programming model to co‐ordinate logistics decisions with those on the interface between the production and marketing departments. The model can help decide on an overall budget to request from senior management for logistics and these interfaces, and in systematically allocating the funds between transport, inventory and production. In so doing, this multi‐period model specifies the timing and quantity of raw‐material purchases, and the location and timing of production activities and distribution flows. The budget for expenditures on logistics and its interface activities is taken as an objective to minimise, instead of as a given dollar level to be satisfied. A second objective is to maximise the profit of logistics and its related interfaces. Trade‐offs between these two conflicting aims yields the decision maker′s “best compromise” solution.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134489919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pride, Shame and Social Comparisons","authors":"Masayuki Yagasaki","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3414146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3414146","url":null,"abstract":"Social norms play a striking role in shaping behavior, but our understanding of when and why people respect social norms is still limited. A growing literature demonstrates the effectiveness of a social comparison nudge in producing norm-compliant behaviors. We construct a decision-theoretic model and posit that providing information on others’ behavior operates to affect our behavior by activating psychological emotions of pride and shame. Our model is consistent with recent experimental findings in Klinowski (2016).","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122806727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}