{"title":"Trust and Trustworthiness in Times of Crisis","authors":"Anja Ullrich","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2220877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2220877","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the impact of a crisis situation on trust and trustworthiness in the laboratory. The experiment is based on an adapted version of the trust game by Berg et al. (1995) and tries to shed light on the question if crisis situations affect trust relationships. Analyzing experimental data from 384 observations collected at the University of Passau, I find strong evidence that crises do not directly affect trust behavior. However, the results show that the relationship between crisis and trust is mediated: crises have a strong impact on expectations on the counterpart’s trustworthiness which in turn influence the amount of trust exhibited. The data also reveals an interesting gender aspect: female subjects prove to be significantly less trusting and less trustworthy than their male counterparts.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115026564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preference-Based Unawareness","authors":"Burkhard C. Schipper","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1805384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1805384","url":null,"abstract":"Morris (1996, 1997) introduced preference-based definitions of knowledge of belief in standard state-space structures. This paper extends this preference-based approach to unawareness structures (Heifetz, Meier, and Schipper, 2006, 2008). By defining unawareness and knowledge in terms of preferences over acts in unawareness structures and showing their equivalence to the epistemic notions of unawareness and knowledge, we try to build a bridge between decision theory and epistemic logic. Unawareness of an event is behaviorally characterized as the event being null and its negation being null.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123815028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aditi Grover, Michael A. Kamins, Ingrid Martin, Scott W. Davis, Kelly L. Haws, Ann M. Mirabito, S. Mukherjee, Dante M. Pirouz, Justine M. Rapp
{"title":"From Use to Abuse: When Everyday Consumption Behaviours Morph into Addictive Consumptive Behaviours","authors":"Aditi Grover, Michael A. Kamins, Ingrid Martin, Scott W. Davis, Kelly L. Haws, Ann M. Mirabito, S. Mukherjee, Dante M. Pirouz, Justine M. Rapp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2207025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2207025","url":null,"abstract":"Addiction does not begin with the harmful effects of being dependent on a particular consumption behaviour such as smoking, alcohol, or illegal drugs. Instead it starts with everyday seemingly benign behaviours that, through psychological, biophysical, and/or environmental triggers, can become harmful and morph into an addiction. We develop a framework based on harm and dependence that can help researchers better understand how consumers could become addicted to various types of everyday benign consumption behaviours (e.g., texting, shopping, plastic surgery, and other types of normally acceptable behaviours). Furthermore, the conceptual framework is based on expanding the concept of addiction to include the pre-addiction process with a focus on this continuum of benign to harmful behavioural consumption. This framework describes how consumers progress from a normal state of consumption into a state of addictive abuse and dependence. The framework discusses key issues and future research that can aid public policy researchers, practitioners, and marketers to better understand the entire pre-addiction process.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123290830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Impulse in Impulse Learning","authors":"J. Ding, A. Nicklisch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2226362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2226362","url":null,"abstract":"This paper experimentally investigates the nature of impulses in impulse learning. Particularly, we analyze whether positive feedback (i.e., yielding a superior payoff in a game) or negative feedback (i.e., yielding an inferior payoff in a game) leads to a systematic change in the individual choices. The results reveal that subjects predominantly learn from negative feedback.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130550045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Other-Regarding or Self-Fulfilling: An Experiment on Working after Disappointment","authors":"Jie Liang, Arijit Das, Yinxi Liu, Hui Xu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2180813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2180813","url":null,"abstract":"It is a common sense that an individual would feel disappointed when his work results overpass other team members while his final reward is determined by the poorest performance of the group. One question is raised: How people decide the level of their working effort in the next period while having experienced disappointing feeling in the previous one? In this study, we try to test two hypotheses of the potential impacts of disappoint feeling: disappointment aversion and self-achievement. To do so, we conducted a laboratory experiment by applying a classical repeated minimum effort game under a real effort task at India. We use two different measurements of disappointment to estimate the effort supply of this individual in the next period. The study finds the existence of both the disappointment aversion and self-fulfillment seeking motivation for an individual under different scenarios. The effort supply does depend negatively on the disappoint feeling that has been shortly experienced, proving the motivation of disappoint aversion. Nevertheless, the subject’s motivation of self-achievement will dominate the behavior after having experienced continuously worsening disappointed feeling and therefore, one’s effort supply in the next period does not doomed to rely any more on the performance of one’s team members.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130366226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What, If Anything, Does It Mean that Social Preferences 'Explain' or 'Cause' Cooperation?","authors":"J. W. Lindemans","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2174514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2174514","url":null,"abstract":"Ken Binmore has argued that social preferences interpreted as revealed preferences, i.e. as behavioral dispositions rather than as mental events, are empty constructs. This paper shows that social preference models of behavior are not empty but constitute genuine causal explanations of behavior: They indicate how the environment causes behavior. To make that point, I construct a semi-formal framework to reduce utility functions to what I call \"behavior functions.\" Once I have translated social utility functions into social behavior functions, the emptiness criticism is easily rebutted.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131160694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Error is Obvious, Coordination is the Puzzle","authors":"Peter J. Boettke, W. Z. Caceres, Adam Martin","doi":"10.1057/9781137278159_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137278159_4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125575239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identifiable but Not Identical: Combining Social Identity and Uniqueness Motives in Choice","authors":"Cindy Chan, Jonah A. Berger, Leaf Van Boven","doi":"10.1086/664804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/664804","url":null,"abstract":"How do consumers reconcile conflicting motives for social group identification and individual uniqueness? Four studies demonstrate that consumers simultaneously pursue assimilation and differentiation goals on different dimensions of a single choice: they assimilate to their group on one dimension (by conforming on identity-signaling attributes such as brand) while differentiating on another dimension (distinguishing themselves on uniqueness attributes such as color). Desires to communicate social identity lead consumers to conform on choice dimensions that are strongly associated with their group, particularly in identity-relevant consumer categories such as clothing. Higher needs for uniqueness lead consumers to differentiate within groups by choosing less popular options among those that are associated with their group. By examining both between- and within-group levels of comparison and using multidimensional decisions, this research provides insight into how multiple identity motives jointly influence consumer choice.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129940857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Axiom of Monotonicity: An Experimental Test","authors":"Tridib Sharma, Radovan Vadovič","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1597946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1597946","url":null,"abstract":"The Axiom of Monotonicity (AM) is a necessary condition for a number of expected utility representations, including those obtained by de Finetti (1930), von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944) and Savage (1954). The paper reports on experiments that directly test AM by eliminating strategic uncertainty, context, and peer effects. In this sterile and simple environment we do not observe AM violations under uncertainty but we do observe violations under ambiguity.","PeriodicalId":299964,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Action eJournal","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132809192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}