European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation最新文献

{"title":"Psychometric properties of the Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas Revisada del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (EGS-R) in adults in Ecuador after the Covid-19 pandemic","authors":"Rodrigo Moreta-Herrera ,&nbsp;Mauricio Núñez-Núñez ,&nbsp;Giovanni Lascano-Arias ,&nbsp;Guido Mascialino ,&nbsp;Alberto Rodríguez-Lorenzana","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study aims to assess the validity of the Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas Revisada del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (EGS-R) among adults in Ecuador within the post-pandemic context of Covid-19.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Descriptive and instrumental design.</p></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><p>537 participants from Ambato, Ecuador, comprising 44.1% men and 55.9% women, aged 18 to 65 years (<em>M</em> = 24.36; SD = 8.87). Among the participants, 64.6% had experienced Covid-19, while 35.4% had not.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The EGS-R exhibits a hierarchical factorial structure, demonstrating measurement equivalence between participants who experienced Covid-19 and those who did not. Significant differences emerged between the groups, with individuals who had contracted Covid-19 displaying a higher symptom burden, thereby establishing the discriminant validity of the measure. The scale also exhibits validity concerning other variables, such as stress perception, and demonstrates satisfactory internal consistency among its scores.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The EGS-R proves to be a valuable tool for assessing adults in Ecuador for potential indicators of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) given the robust evidence of validity and reliability, affirming its utility and evaluative capacity in this population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 2","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140114032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Now there are fewer of me\". A qualitative study of the impact of psychoeducative groups for complex dissociative disorder","authors":"Ingunn Holbæk ,&nbsp;KariAnne Vrabel ,&nbsp;Margrethe Seeger Halvorsen","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study aimed to explore the experience and impact of participating in psychoeducative group therapy based on an explanatory model for dissociative symptoms. We further explored the potential significance this may have for the participants healing process.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 26 participants with Complex Dissociative Disorder (CDD) were interviewed 6 months after finishing a 20-week psychoeducative group therapy that included skills training. The research team analyzed the data with an interpretative interview-based qualitative research method.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The analysis resulted in two main categories with 12 subcategories. The first main category was “Developing a more coherent self”, describing an initial change in the participants' self-experience from confused and fragmented to increased coherency. The second main category “Increased sense of agency” represented a new way of relating to and helping oneself. The results are presented in a model which points towards some possible connections between the categories.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our results suggest that the psychoeducative group therapy contributed to a movement towards increased self-awareness which permits a sense of coherence among various parts of the self and an increased sense of agency. The model resulting from this work identifies crucial elements of change that can be applied to improving treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 2","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468749924000140/pdfft?md5=544f58f5c0ff9fa20f6b5dc45012ed52&pid=1-s2.0-S2468749924000140-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140069244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of the intergenerational transmission of the Holocaust trauma on family functioning, resilience, anxiety and depression: A case-control study","authors":"Christophe Leys ,&nbsp;Pierre Fossion ,&nbsp;Sofia Ardaya Verlarde ,&nbsp;Sarah Miller ,&nbsp;Ilios Kotsou","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Effects of Intergenerational transmission of a major trauma from one remains unclear. The present case-control study aims to clarifying the mechanisms of transmission among families of Holocaust Survivors (HS). We hypothesized that the high level of depressive and anxiety disorders (DAD) among HS impairs family system, which results in damaging resilience of their children (CHS) yielding a higher level of DAD</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>49 CHS and 28 control subjects complete the Resilience Scale for Adults, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale. We test a mediation model with Family types as the predictor; resilience as the mediator;and DAD as the outcome variable.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Results confirm that CHS'family types are more often dysfunctional than in the control group. Moreover, growing in a dysfunctional family seems to impede development of resilience and, therefore, enhance the occurrence of DAD.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The present investigation is correlational and should be confirmed by other prospective investigations. Moreover, our entire set of measures is based on self-report questionnaires.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We propose a mechanism of transmission of the noxious effects of a major trauma from one generation to the next. It appears that it is not the trauma per se that affects the levels of DAD but its effects on family dynamics, altering the development of resilience skills and the risk of DAD. We discuss both theoretical and clinical implications of our findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 2","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140042118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychotraumatic disorders among defense and security forces personnel in the context of terrorism in Burkina Faso","authors":"Boubacar Bague ,&nbsp;Konsam Cédric Christel Sawadogo ,&nbsp;Zeinabou CISSE ,&nbsp;Délidji Fabius Aouanou ,&nbsp;Mahamane Mobarak Salifou Abdou ,&nbsp;Wakilou Dao","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Psychotraumatic syndrome is a complex psychological disorder combining anxiety symptoms and memory disturbances, organised around symptoms of reliving traumatic memories. It occurs after an individual is confronted with a stressful event, usually involving a threat to life. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of psychotraumatic disorders and to identify the factors associated with the occurrence of PTSD in the psychiatric department in a country faced with the issue of terrorism.</p></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><p>This was a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study based on the files of DFS staff seen in the psychiatry department (<em>N</em> = 257) between 1st January 2010 and 1st January 2020. All DFS staff seen during the study period with a usable medical record were included in this survey. We did not include civilian patients, security guards or volunteers for the defence of the homeland in this study. Psychotraumatic disorders were diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The study population was made up of more military than paramilitary personnel (52.91 % versus 47.08 %). The mean age of the population was 34.89 ± 11.98 years, with a male predominance (93.39 %) and a sex ratio of 14.11. In this study, at least one traumatic event was identified by 71.98 % of respondents, with terrorist attacks (33.46 %) being the most common. The study found a gradual increase in the frequency of consultations and in the prevalence of PTSD among FSD officers. The prevalence of psychotraumatic disorders was 34.24 %, including 28.40 % PTSD and 5.84 % ASD. Psychotraumatic disorders were associated with variables such as age≤ 30 years, rural area of assignment, being a police officer, having a length of service &lt; 5 years, suffering a mine explosion, witnessing a fatal incident involving a colleague, suffering a terrorist attack, being a victim or a witness.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>psychotraumatic disorders are on the rise in occurrence with terrorist attacks since 2015 requiring special attention among defence and security forces personnel in Burkina Faso.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 1","pages":"Article 100391"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139873677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is childhood trauma screening distressing? Preliminary findings from two culturally different samples of young people","authors":"Hong Wang Fung ,&nbsp;Cheuk Chi Lam ,&nbsp;Guangzhe Frank Yuan ,&nbsp;Celeste Tsz Lam Chan ,&nbsp;Caimeng Liu ,&nbsp;Edward K.S. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recognizing trauma and its impacts is crucial for correct diagnosis and proper interventions and for researching mental health. However, there are ongoing concerns about the safety of asking about trauma in research and clinical settings. This study investigated the levels of distress related to trauma screening. We analyzed survey data from two samples of young adults (<em>N</em> = 781 Chinese speakers and <em>N</em> = 283 English speakers) in which most participants (82.2 % to 90.1 %) were exposed to childhood trauma. Most participants reported either no distress or only a minimal level of distress (60.7 % to 68 %) after answering standardized questions about childhood trauma; 3.5 % to 4 % reported a considerable or great level of distress. Childhood trauma (<em>β</em> = 0.276 to 0.368, <em>p</em> &lt; .001) and PTSD symptoms (<em>β</em> = 0.228 to 0.255, <em>p</em> &lt; .001) were associated with the levels of distress. The findings are consistent across two samples with different cultural and language backgrounds. Although most participants were comfortable with trauma screening, 53.7 % of participants in Sample 1 reported that it would be difficult for them if they needed to recount their traumatic experiences. We provide preliminary yet up-to-date data showing that screening for childhood trauma is rarely associated with considerable levels of immediate distress. Researchers and service providers can have confidence in screening for childhood trauma, although it is still essential to implement measures that minimize potential risks. We discuss the need for future studies and the importance of developing interventions that can serve as alternatives to trauma-focused therapies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 1","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139890054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissociation and trauma in male perpetrators of domestic violence: A typological analysis","authors":"Telma Mimault ,&nbsp;Suzanne Léveillée ,&nbsp;Yann Auxéméry","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The phenomenon of domestic violence, also sometimes referred to more broadly as family violence, affects all spheres of society, all ages and all cultures. In recent years, there has been a major upsurge in acts of violence and associated consequences for both perpetrators and victims. Improving the quality of care through innovative clinical research should continue to be a priority; while the issue of trauma suffered by victims of domestic violence is well known, symptoms of trauma in perpetrators of violence has been less studied and merits further investigation. <em>Aims</em>: The aim of this study is to determine whether a typology of intimate partner violence (IPV) exists that includes the following characteristics: dissociative and traumatic symptoms, suicidal risk and attachment. <em>Method</em>: 38 male perpetrators of intimate partner violence who completed a court-ordered responsibility training course were recruited as study participants. <em>Results</em>: The results of typological analysis identified four sub-groups of perpetrators. Three specific characteristics emerged: the presence of dissociation with traumatic symptoms (profile 1), the presence of dissociation without traumatic symptoms (profile 2) and the absence of dissociative and traumatic symptoms (profiles 3 and 4). In addition, suicidal issues and attachment levels are presented and vary according to profiles. The clinical impact is discussed based on our findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 1","pages":"Article 100392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139744292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Onno van der Hart & Olivier PiedFort-Marin's “amnesia and hypermnesia as a paradigm of non-realization in trauma-related dissociation: Pierre Janet's Case of Irene”: A review and commentary","authors":"Ken Benau","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review of Onno van der Hart and Olivier Piedfort-Marin's (2023) article, “Amnesia and Hypermnesia as a Paradigm of Non-realization in Trauma-Related Dissociation: Pierre Janet's Case of Irène” highlights a rich historical, conceptual, and clinical exploration of Pierre Janet's work with his famous patient, Irène. Given their erudite study of Janet's writing and lectures of almost 40 years, the authors afford the reader an intriguing window into some of the most important and perplexing issues pertaining to psychotherapy with complex trauma and dissociative disorders, including Janet's understanding of hysteria (i.e., structural dissociation); psychasthenia (i.e., debilitating mental symptoms, as in obsessions); memory, including the stark contrast between hypermnesia and amnesia, and memory as reproduction versus construction; and realization, i.e., the patient's present-day view of themselves, traumatizing others, and new meanings derived from successful psychotherapy. The authors invite the reader to situate Janet's work with Irène in relation to contemporary, trauma-informed psychotherapy. Accepting their invitation, I consider how an understanding of traumatic shame states, movement from a one to two-personal psychology, and modern attachment theory coupled with relationally-oriented psychotherapy, might enhance our work with patients such as Irène, today.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 1","pages":"Article 100388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139718756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"World assumptions and post-traumatic symptoms: The moderating role of metacognition","authors":"Shahar Aharon Biram,&nbsp;Danny Horesh,&nbsp;Rivka Tuval-Mashiach,&nbsp;Ilanit Hasson-Ohayon","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research shows that traumatic events may shatter people's perceptions and assumptions about the world, potentially resulting in PTSD symptoms as well as a lack of integration of the event into one's narrative and experiencing the self as flawed, fragmented, and incoherent. Metacognition, the ability to reflect upon oneself and others and the use of this knowledge to respond to challenges, is often impaired among people coping with PTSD. In the current study we explored the association between world assumptions and PTSD symptoms, and whether metacognition moderated this association. Thirty-nine people (age <em>M</em> = 23.67, SD = 2.86) who experienced different types of traumatic events participated in the study and took part in comprehensive interviews. Metacognition was coded via the Metacognition Assessment Scale-Abbreviated (MAS-A) based on the trauma narrative elicited in the interview. World assumptions and PTSD symptoms were assessed via self-report questionnaires. Results showed negative correlations between world assumptions and PTSD symptoms and no relationship between metacognition and PTSD symptoms. Although the overall interaction effects were only marginally significant, conditional effects did show a significant interaction indicating that the presence of different levels of metacognition was related to the association between world assumptions and PTSD symptoms. Accordingly, among participants with high levels of metacognition, positive world assumptions were related to the presence of fewer PTSD symptoms, whereas among participants with lower levels of metacognition, this relationship was not found. Suggestions for further exploring the impact of world assumptions and metacognition on PTSD symptoms are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 1","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139714629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can the PCL-5 be used as a potential indicator of probable Complex PTSD?","authors":"Laura Josephine Hendrikx ,&nbsp;Natasha Biscoe ,&nbsp;Dominic Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Alongside the recognition of the ICD-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder<span> (CPTSD), research has been underway to develop effective assessment measures to identify CPTSD. Given the novelty of the CPTSD diagnosis and associated assessment methods, many services have exhibited caution in incorporating such methods. Yet, there remains a clinical need to identify individuals experiencing CPTSD-like difficulties as it may hold important treatment considerations. This study aims to identify a score on the commonly administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) (PCL-5) that may be suggestive of CPTSD-like difficulties.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Using cross-sectional data from a clinical veteran sample (<em>N</em> = 227), a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis using CPTSD criteria as a benchmark was conducted to identify an PCL-5 cut-off score.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>This study suggests a PCL-5 cut-off score of 51, which had a sensitivity of 78.8 % and a specificity of 77.8 %.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The potential utility of this score is discussed in terms of suitability as an indicator of potential CPTSD-like difficulties as well as potential service implications. Further research is required to further investigate the feasibility of a PCL-5 score to screen for CPTSD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 1","pages":"Article 100387"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139675091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An explorative study of the Chinese Pictorial Version of Children's Dissociative Experiences Scale and Posttraumatic Symptom Inventory","authors":"Salina Siu-ying Ho ,&nbsp;Alan Yuk-lun Chan ,&nbsp;Gabriel Wing-ho Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p><span>Psychometric<span> tools for assessing or screening young children with complex trauma and dissociation based on their own subjective experience are very limited. The present study aimed to explore the applicability of the Chinese translated pictorial version of </span></span><em>Children's Dissociative Experiences Scale and Posttraumatic Symptom Inventory</em> (CDES/PTSI) for children aged 5 to 11.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To examine the psychometric properties of the newly developed <em>Chinese Pictorial Version of Children's Dissociative Experiences Scale and Posttraumatic Symptom Inventory</em> (CP-CDES/PTSI) in a group of Chinese young children.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>The CP-CDES/PTSI was administered to (<em>N</em> = 85) children aged from 5 to 11 for trial use. The <em>Child Trauma Screen</em> (CTS) and <em>Child Dissociative Checklist</em><span><span> (CDC) were selected as criterion scales to measure children's dissociative and post-traumatic stress symptoms, as reported by their caregivers. The scale reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha, the Guttman split-half reliability and index of coefficient Omega. The validity was assessed by correlation, hierarchical regression and multimodal analyses. </span>ANOVA was used to conduct subgroup analysis to investigate the applicability of the instrument on younger children.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The CP-CDES/PTSI presented with good internal reliability as well as established convergent and predictive validity to dissociative symptoms. The total score was significantly associated with dissociative symptoms in children as reported by their caregivers. A majority (78 %) of children aged between 60 and 71 months could comprehend and finish the test satisfactorily, while all children aged 72 months or above in the group could comprehend the test competently.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The findings suggested that the CP-CDES/PTSI can be used with children with age as young as 5 in a Chinese population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 1","pages":"Article 100386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139539044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}