European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation最新文献

{"title":"Esquisse d'une analyse psychopathologique de la souffrance des populations du nord Bénin confrontées au terrorisme","authors":"Michel Mètonou Mehinto ,&nbsp;Guy-Gérard Aza-Gnandji ,&nbsp;Abibou Soule","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objective</h3><p>The commune of Kérou in northern Benin, due to its geographical location, is a victim of the negative externalities of terrorist activity. As a result, it is the scene of intense jihadist activity, with the corollary of total insecurity causing psychological suffering among its populations. Focusing on people's psychotraumatic experiences, this research aims to understand and describe the psychopathological manifestations of people's suffering in the face of jihadist attacks, and the community support strategies implemented by the people themselves in the absence of formal psychological care for victims.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Using a sample of 177 individuals (direct and indirect victims of jihadist attacks, military personnel, mental health specialists and policy-makers), selected by the sampling techniques “snowball”, “accidental choice” and “choice by convenience”, data were collected by means of a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The qualitative information gathered was subjected to thematic content analysis. Quantitative data, once processed, was subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis. The psychoanalytical theory of trauma was used to shed light on the psychological suffering of the victims.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>After triangulation and analysis of the data, it emerges that acts of terrorism have a profound impact on the daily lives of victimized populations. Social dynamics are undermined, with community resilience mechanisms dysfunctional. The psychopathological fallout from these terrorist attacks is so virulent that many people suffer from anxiety or depression. They present serious psychopathological decompensation and post-traumatic stress. Against this backdrop of severe psychopathological suffering, psychological care for the victims is non-existent.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results of this research have drawn the attention of political and administrative authorities, national and international organizations to the urgent need to set up a psychological care team to support the victims of the terrorist attacks in the commune of Kérou. They can also serve as a basis for any psychologist working to develop a psychotrauma intervention to help the victims. These results also help to raise awareness among communities and families of the need to strengthen community support and resilience mechanisms to ensure victims' psychological and social well-being.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlates of public stigma towards prolonged grief disorder","authors":"Bettina K. Doering ,&nbsp;Judith Gonschor ,&nbsp;Lauren J. Breen ,&nbsp;Maarten C. Eisma","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Public stigma for grief may reduce the social support provided to bereaved persons and increase bereavement-related distress. The general public reports more stigmatizing responses towards bereaved persons with prolonged grief disorder (PGD) than towards persons experiencing non-clinical grief. No studies to date have investigated whether personal characteristics of the general public relate to public stigma towards PGD. The present study examined whether participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and personal bereavement experiences are associated with stigmatizing responses towards PGD.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>We combined data of three previously published vignette experiments to conduct a secondary analysis. All studies presented members of the general public (<em>N</em> = 452) with a description of a male bereaved person with PGD symptoms and a PGD diagnosis. Participants rated three indicators of public stigma - negative attributes (competence, warmth), emotional reactions (fear, anger), and preferred social distance. First, we examined whether gender, age, and educational level related to public stigma towards PGD. Second, we examined the association of participants’ personal bereavement experiences with public stigma.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Regression analyses demonstrated that participants’ socio-demographic characteristics explained a significant amount of variance for warmth (Δ<em>R²</em> = .03; <em>p</em> &lt; .05) and anger (Δ<em>R²</em> = .05; <em>p</em> &lt; .01): Male participants rated the person in the vignette as less warm (β = -.13, <em>p</em> &lt; .05). Being older related to lower ratings of warmth (β = -.12, <em>p</em> &lt; .05) and higher ratings of anger (β = .18, <em>p</em> &lt; .01). Participants’ educational level was not associated with stigma. Participants’ bereavement experiences explained a significant amount of variance for preferred social distance (Δ<em>R²</em> = .11; <em>p</em> &lt;. 05): Participants reporting higher personal grief severity preferred less social distance from a person with PGD (β = -.29, <em>p</em> &lt; .05). A higher number of experienced losses, the recency of the bereavement, and the cause of death (natural vs. unnatural) did not relate to public stigma.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Male and older persons are more likely to demonstrate public stigma towards PGD. Experiencing severe grief oneself is associated with less preferred social distance from a person with PGD. Anti-stigma interventions may advance the public's knowledge about grief and PGD and address specific target groups (men and older persons).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468749924000747/pdfft?md5=9a5bc8490dc62070bdcf1e0478baeb0f&pid=1-s2.0-S2468749924000747-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Medical and Psychological Emergency Units (CUMP) intervention in maritime environmnent","authors":"Laure Rougegrez","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The maritime environment is impacted by the frequent occurrence of events with psychotraumatic potential. Within the framework of medical assistance at sea and the coordination of maritime and land-based rescue services, the medical-psychological emergency unit (CUMP) may be called upon to intervene in situations of collective disasters involving seafarers, requiring consideration of the characteristics of this environment, whether in terms of the functioning of a crew, risk factors, or psychotraumatic manifestations in seafarers. In this context, the CUMP intervention must be adjusted to these specificities, both in terms of individual and group care, but also in terms of crisis management on a ship, with the necessary articulation with the ship's command.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142158155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pioneering approaches: Navigating mind wandering and self-silencing in dissociated adolescent female sexual trauma survivors - An interpretative phenomenological analysis","authors":"Devendra Kumar Singh Varshney ,&nbsp;Manju Agrawal ,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar Tripathi ,&nbsp;Satish Rasaily","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Minimal exploration exists on mind wandering and self-silencing in adolescent girls with sexual trauma and dissociation.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To investigate the lived experiences of female adolescent sexual trauma survivors with dissociation, focusing on overcoming mind-wandering and self-silencing through Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy.</p></div><div><h3>Participants and settings</h3><p>This study, conducted in Sikkim, India, addresses a research gap in a culturally distinct context. Three adolescent girls diagnosed with PTSD and dissociation by a psychiatrist were selected through purposive sampling.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>This study uses Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore participants' individual stories and perspectives. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences and narratives of three participants.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The IPA analysis revealed three super-ordinate themes: coping mechanisms, support and relationships, and, therapeutic approaches and the healing journey. In coping mechanisms participants reported (1) mind-wandering, self-blame, and daydreaming, (2) self-silencing, and (3) sublimation through academic achievement. The support and relationships theme included (1) lack of support from family, (2) attachment issues with mothers, (3) gender-based double standards, (4) Lack of infrastructure and health care human resources, with some participants turning to (5) faith-healing for mental health issues. The therapeutic approaches and healing journey theme demonstrated the effectiveness of Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy in alleviating mind-wandering and self-silencing.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study underscores the resilience of survivors of post-sexual trauma, advocating for culturally sensitive healing and evidence-based practices. Addressing mind-wandering and self-silencing through Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy strengthens support systems, pioneering ways to mitigate the impact of sexual abuse.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longing for home: Analyzing the trauma in Atiq Rahimi's Earth and Ashes and The Patience Stone","authors":"D. Ashwini,&nbsp;P. Kiruthika (Dr.)","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current research paper deals with reference to the novels <em>Earth and Ashes</em> and <em>The Patience Stone</em> by Atiq Rahimi, which examines the trauma and suffering experienced by Afghans during and after the war. Despite being fiction, the characters in both novels experience both physical and mental suffering, which accurately captures life in a war zone. Every character wants to leave the conflicting situation because war makes the characters numb. All the major and supporting characters struggle with finding their identities. This paper aims to shed some light on the causes of war and its effects on people. There is a strong feeling of psychological distress evident in the novel as the characters struggle to cope with the loss of their loved ones after their deaths. The burden of oppression by marital, social, and religious norms is very well portrayed. The characters are in search for the true home both inside and outside as they lost their lives in their homeland. Their external search is for a better place to live a typical human life on Earth that is free of war and conflict, while their internal search is for their true selves and identities. The selected novels illustrate how war actually causes trauma for people who are forced to flee their homes and become refugees.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"French validation of the tonic immobility scale in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder","authors":"Andrew Laurin ,&nbsp;Jean-Benoît Hardouin ,&nbsp;Morgane Pere ,&nbsp;Maëlle Fauvre ,&nbsp;Hugo Bottemanne ,&nbsp;Raphaëlle Richieri ,&nbsp;Alain Brunet ,&nbsp;Maud Rötharmel ,&nbsp;Wissam El-Hage ,&nbsp;Samuel Bulteau ,&nbsp;Thibault Deschamps ,&nbsp;Anne Sauvaget","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>: Tonic immobility (TI) in humans is characterized by muscle inhibition, hypertonia and analgesia that may occur during a traumatic event. TI is associated with an increased risk of severe and treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, there is no French validated scale for TI.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>: We studied the face validity (qualitative study) and psychometric properties concerning a French version of the 10-item Tonic Immobility Scale (FR-TIS) in adult with PTSD.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>: Concerning face validity, six participants confirmed that the FR-TIS was simple, clear, and comprehensible, but has some limitations concerning the recall according to age of trauma, peritraumatic dissociation intensity, avoidance behaviors, the type and the context of the trauma. For psychometric properties, 120 patients completed a computerized version of the FR-TIS. FR-TIS showed good psychometric properties in a three-dimensional form with 8 items (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.056) including 4 items for TI (Cronbach's α = 0.76), 2 items for fear (Cronbach's α = 0.63), 2 items for dissociation (Cronbach's α = 0.68).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>: The FR-TIS is a potentially useful and easy-to-use tool in clinical practice, to help improving screening and assessment of TI</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lost at sea: Impact of an ocean survival experience on psychological, physiological and cognitive abilities (RAD'LÔ)","authors":"Barbara Le Roy ,&nbsp;Charles Martin-Krumm ,&nbsp;Charlotte Poupon ,&nbsp;Christophe Rouquet ,&nbsp;Christophe Trouve ,&nbsp;Camille Jego ,&nbsp;Louise Giaume ,&nbsp;Marion Trousselard","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Survival in an extreme environment places high physiological and cognitive demands on the individual. These environments are characterized by specific stimuli, including unusual sensory stimulation and uncertainty, which induce intense stress. Thus, the aims of this study are: <em>i</em>) to evaluate the impact of a five-day survival at sea simulation on human adaptive capacities, based on the assessment of psychological, cognitive, physiological, and sensorial measures; and <em>ii</em>) to assess recovery. Twenty-one healthy participants were enrolled in a 5-day simulation onboard a lifeboat or an inflatable raft. Psychological, physiological, sensory, and cognitive measurements were recorded before leaving (baseline), at the end of the experiment (post) and during the week that followed (recovery). Our results are unequivocal. The harshness of the environment affected the majority of the organism's responses. On the cognitive level, performance significantly deteriorated. On the psychological level, there was low mood, a decrease in subjective exteroceptive acuity and sleep disorders, increased energy, and less perceived stress. On the physiological level, a decline was recorded with respect to autonomous nervous system measurements. On the sensory level, we observed a state of hypervigilance and hypersensitivity to stimuli from the external environment. Proprioception was deeply impacted. Moreover, at recovery, many individuals did not fully recover or deteriorated further, especially regarding sleep, interoceptive abilities and sensory distortion. It appears that participants entered a state of psychological hibernation, associated with increased physical and cognitive load, and sensory hypervigilance. These results raise the question of the risks that may be incurred during future long-term space missions, as astronauts will have to maintain their cognitive performance at a high level to be able to respond to environmental demands and remain alive. It is essential to continue to explore countermeasures that will support adaptation in future spacecraft crew.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468749924000759/pdfft?md5=17b03466d3f2a46c3c9925e19b5da5a5&pid=1-s2.0-S2468749924000759-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between social environmental stressors and depressive symptoms among Chinese young adults: Above and beyond the effects of childhood trauma","authors":"Hong Wang Fung ,&nbsp;Henry Wai-Hang Ling ,&nbsp;Kit Shuen Lam ,&nbsp;Ming Yu Claudia Wong ,&nbsp;Anson Kai Chun Chau ,&nbsp;Althea Yuen Man Hau ,&nbsp;Janet Yuen-Ha Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Childhood trauma has been identified as an important etiological risk factor for depressive symptoms, but there are other modifiable social environmental factors that may be equally, if not more, important. This study aimed to improve our understanding of the social determinants of depressive symptoms among young people while taking childhood trauma into account. We analyzed survey data from a convenience sample of Chinese young adults aged between 18 to 24 (N = 205). Participants completed standardized assessments of childhood trauma (the Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey), depressive symptoms (the PHQ-9), and social environmental stressors (the Social Environmental Stress Questionnaire). Social environmental stressors had the strongest relationship with depressive symptoms (β = .416, p &lt; .001), above and beyond the effects of childhood trauma. We also identified some specific modifiable and targetable social environmental stressors (e.g., school work and occupation issues, high expectations from others, sleep environment) that were positively correlated with depressive symptoms, even when the Bonferroni correction was applied. Although childhood trauma is a well-documented risk factor for mental health problems, there are modifiable factors associated with depressive symptoms, above and beyond the effects of childhood trauma. Educators, healthcare practitioners, social service providers, and policymakers can play a vital role in changing the trajectory of depression in the community.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a single-session educational video program for people with PTSD symptoms: Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial","authors":"Hong Wang Fung ,&nbsp;Cherry Tin Yan Cheung ,&nbsp;Guangzhe Frank Yuan ,&nbsp;Caimeng Liu ,&nbsp;Kit Shuen Lam ,&nbsp;Edward K.S. Wang ,&nbsp;Colin A. Ross","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This paper describes the development and pilot evaluation of a single-session 20-minute educational video program for people with PTSD symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A pilot randomized waitlist controlled trial was conducted with an international sample of adults with PTSD symptoms (<em>N</em> = 54).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Within-subjects analyses showed that participants in the intervention group had statistically significant decreases in self-stigma (F = 4.388, <em>p</em> &lt; .05, ηp2 =.188, large effect) and post-traumatic maladaptive beliefs (F = 7.757, <em>p</em> &lt; .01, ηp2 = .290, large effect), while participants in the control group did not have such changes. No significant between-subjects effects were observed.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Despite several major limitations, including a high attrition rate, a small sample size, and the use of self-report assessments, the preliminary findings revealed that watching the 20-minute video was associated with decreases in self-stigma and post-traumatic maladaptive beliefs in people with PTSD symptoms. Further evaluation using a more rigorous study design and a larger sample size is needed, after making modifications and enrichments to the program.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network analysis of PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptom Co-occurrence among U.S. veterans seeking treatment","authors":"Lucas D. Baker ,&nbsp;Warren N. Ponder ,&nbsp;Jose Carbajal ,&nbsp;Richard Norton ,&nbsp;Matthew Price ,&nbsp;Clair Cassiello-Robbins ,&nbsp;Erika M. Roberge","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>For the past twenty years, veterans have sustained an unprecedented operational tempo, which can lead to co-occurring mental health disorders. When veterans present for clinical services, the symptom constellation can be challenging to treat due to the overlap of posttraumatic stress, depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms. With limitations, researchers have traditionally used latent variable models to investigate the association between these constructs, whereas network analysis provides a novel approach to study symptom- and disorder-level associations.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>In our evaluation of symptom co-occurrence among veterans, we used a sample of treatment-seeking veterans (<em>N</em> = 591) who completed self-report measures of PTSD, depression, and generalized anxiety.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Our cross-sectional network analysis yielded five empirically distinct communities: intrusion and avoidance, hyperarousal and numbing, negative alterations, depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The data is cross-sectional and should be modeled in longitudinal networks.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Network associations underscore the heterogeneity of PTSD and also highlight overlapping and diverging symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety. These findings are discussed within the context of existing research on veterans, and recommendations for further study and treatment interventions are provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142083264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}