Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews最新文献

{"title":"The use of Remote Sensing and GIS Methodology in the Analysis of Urualla Gully Erosion site Imo State Nigeria","authors":"S. Iro","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"The study of Urualla gully erosion is currently undermined by the inherent costs associated with consistent field monitoring and the lack of historic measurements to perform time series analysis. Remote sensing methodologies, via the Landsat archive, are used as a low-cost data source to allow analyses of gullies over the time period 2006 to 2021. In conjunction with longterm environmental variables, the Landsat data is used to establish land cover changes over the time period, via pixel-based classification, to identify its role in gully development. Aiming to link environmental characteristics and land cover changes with Urualla gully development and its rates of change, Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and remote sensing imagery are used to detect topographical and landscape characteristics and to calculate gully dimensions. Landscape analysis over the study period reveals a steady increase in Gully/Open land. The increasing area of Urualla gully consistently correlates with vegetation loss, (r= -0.97 (p<0.05)) and also, when correlated with Built-Up Area over the same period of time, the correlation shows (r= 0.97 (p<0.05). Analysis of study area topography at 30m resolution reveals that Urualla gully site developed on high slope of more than 400 . The study offers a method of monitoring Urualla gully development from early stage to maturity and exemplifies the complexity and variability of erosion drivers in the study area. It presents a verified approach in the monitoring of gullies, enacted through use of low budget/computing cost remote sensing and classification technologies, and serves to embolden civilian and governmental efforts to manage the societal and environmental menace of gully erosion.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130492673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technique of Phosphorus Recovery from Dehydrated Sludge by Incineration","authors":"Masaaki Takahashi, Y. Takemoto, Katsumi Iida","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.02.06","url":null,"abstract":"Water sludge contain significant amounts of phosphorus, and in order to recover the phosphorus, some kinds of methods are investigated. One of the methods, phosphorus recovery from the dehydrated sludge by incineration is considered to be useful. The dehydrated sludge was mixed with the reagent of NaOH, KOH or Na2CO3, and incinerated at 750 °C or 900 °C. Phosphorus in the generated ash of the sludge was dissolved by the addition of the hot water, and recovered by the evaporation of the extract. The recovered phosphorus was confirmed to be an alkali metal phosphate, and the recovery rate reached about 75%.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128543935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes of Traffic Congestion; A Study of Owerri Municipal Area of Imo State","authors":"S. Iro, E. C. Pat-Mbano","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"This research is concerned with the causes of road traffic congestion, a study of Owerri municipal. To achieve this, data was from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was from questionnaire while the secondary data was from journals and previous academic works of other researchers. The survey method of research was adopted for this study. Taro Yemane method of calculating sample size was used to arrive at the sample size used which were 400 respondents. The questionnaire was distributed in parts of Owerri municipal which include Imsu junction axis= 100, Wetheral =50, Ikenebu =50, Control post =50, Douglas =50 and Alvan axis =50. From the field survey and questionnaire, it was deduced that 66% of traffic in Owerri municipal are caused by drivers’ impatient behaviour, wrong parking, disobedience to traffic rules (human factor) while 34% are caused by bad roads (physical factor). Traffic congestion cannot be analyzed without time of occurrence which was analyzed using Simple percentage analysis. It was discovered that 31.75% of traffic jam occurs during morning hours, from 7am – 9am while 33.75% of traffic occurs from 5pm – 7pm. Inflow and outflow of traffic was also analysed to observe the vehicular activity of the city and it made us to understand the reasons for traffic congestion within Owerri municipal. This study recommended that an active traffic law enforcement agency be enacted to monitor reckless drivers and prosecute them accordingly and effective and efficient road maintenance culture.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131550422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do El NINO/ LA Nina Climate Phenomena Affect the West-Southern Indian Ocean Basin?","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"Climate variability is an integral part of the climate system. Water and air are among the fundamental elements that drive this system at several scales on the earth's surface. Oscillatory phenomena such as El Nino or La Nina have also always had their place in this system. However, with the disruption of the global climate, the short period of their returns and their strong implications for extreme weather events are very clear, and marked by the rise in sea surface temperature in the South-East Pacific, known as El Nino Zones. Currently, what are their impacts in the Indian Ocean given that it has its own gyre? (Closed circulatory movement of the sea). At high altitudes, the correlation of this phenomenon with the \"southern subtropical jet stream\" is probably effective.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116065032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Ethiopia’s Resilience to Drought and Hydrological Variability with Inter and Intera-Basin Water Transfer","authors":"Dereje Adeba, Shimelis Tafese","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"It is hardly possible to think of sustainable development of society without access to safe and adequate water. Perhaps that is the reason that most of the civilizations have developed on the banks of rivers or other water bodies. However, water availability varies in space and time. At various places, its availability is either too much or too less. Further, in countries where poverty is a chronic problem, access to safe and adequate water and sanitation facilities is low. The severity of water shortage is pronounced in Sub-Saharan regions and mild in other parts of Africa. Ethiopia, a country of ancient culture is located in the north-eastern part of the horn of Africa. The water resources development and management conditions in Ethiopia are no better than any other Sub-Saharan African region, if not worse. Less than half of the population has access to safe and adequate drinking water. Only one-third (approximately) of the population has access to adequate sanitation services. Further, during the last century, Ethiopia has experienced recurring droughts. During such periods, water-related diseases become rampant. Most of the surface water sources dry up and the remaining water bodies get contaminated. Further, the major river basins in Ethiopia are transboundary in nature with wide variation in water availability. Keeping this in mind, the present study advocates the inter-linking of rivers for rational and equitable distribution of water resources in various river basins to the extent possible. A proposal has been prepared on the basis of water availability which can be further examined for its technical and economic viability.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126428538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Cretaceous Clay in Anti-Lebanon Mountains, Syria And Their Importance in Ceramic Manufacturing","authors":"Abdulsalam A. Turkmani","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"Lower Cretaceous rocks are exposed only in the mountain regions of Syria, such as the Anti Lebanon mountain on the western side of Damascus. The lower cretaceous sequences are made up of different rocks. The upper and middle parts of the section are composed mainly of carbonate sediments and less frequently gypsum and anhydrite. The lower beds are mainly composed of sandstone, conglomerate and clay. Clay samples were collected from the study area, which is located about 45 km west of the city of Damascus, near the border village of Kfer Yabous and to the left of the Damascus -Beirut International Road, within the lower Cretaceous upper Aptian deposits. The properties of clay were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Thermal Analysis (DTA-TG-DSC) techniques. The studied clay samples are mainly composed of kaolinite, quartz, mica-illite and same feldspar. Chemical analysis shows a content of SiO2 that varies from 46.06 to 73 % and Al2 O3 between 14.55 and 26.56 %. Total content of staining oxides (Fe2 O3 + TiO2 ) is between 4.3 and 12.5 %. The physical properties were determined by studying their behavior before and after firing. They showed low bending strength values (22.5 kg/cm²) after drying, and after firing at 1180°C (about 247 kg/cm²). Water absorption value at 1180 °C was about 10 %. The coefficient thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) at 1140°C was 2,137 x 10-5 All obtained results confirm the suitability of this clay for the ceramic industry","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134088022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Distribution of Land Plots at Subjects of Russia","authors":"P. Mazurkin","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.01.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.01.13","url":null,"abstract":"It is proposed to identify the hierarchy of the subjects of the federation according to the ecological possibilities of the territory according to places in the ranking according to the sum of the ranks of the fraction of the area of 12 types of land from the land area (total area without land under water). For a scientifically substantiated change in the composition of the territories, it is necessary to iden-tify the patterns of distributions of all types of land in the subjects of the Russian Federation. For this, it should be recognized that the population is not only a person, but also plants (wild and cultivated) and animals (wild and domestic). The article presents trends based on the modified Laplace law (in mathematics), Mandelbrot (in physics), Zipf-Pearl (in biology) and Pareto (in econometrics). The graphs of multiple fractal distribution of the land share according to the modified Mandelbrot law are shown. Due to human intervention, oscillations asymmetric in amplitude and period (wavelet signals) appear in addition to the trend. Together, trend and wavelets give an adequacy in correlation coefficient of more than 0.99.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126523159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wavelet Analysis of The Influence of Longitude on the Height of the Capitals of the Subjects of The Russian Federation","authors":"P. Mazurkin","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.01.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.01.12","url":null,"abstract":"City centers appeared at the time of their emergence and therefore have, in many cases, coordinates unchanged for centuries. Cities arose in the best geomorphological and climatic conditions. 86 asymmetric wavelets of the influence of east longitude on the height of the centers of the capitals of the subjects of the federation above the Baltic Sea level were obtained. The high accuracy of model-ing allows us to make a conclusion about the quantum certainty of the behavior of the population in urbanization.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134297486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Steel Plate Shear Wall on Residual Capacity of Reinforced ConcreteFrame Under Sequence Earthquakes by Incremental Dynamic Analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.01.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.01.10","url":null,"abstract":"The residual capacity of a damaged structure after the main earthquake is equal to the smallest spectral acceleration of the first mode, which causes local or general failure during the aftershock. In this research, the effect of steel plate shear wall on residual capacity of the reinforced concrete frame under seismic sequence has been investigated. Based on this, four systems of 4, 8, 12, and 24 stories, which represent short, intermediate, tall, are modeled in finite element software and subject to three sets of single and real seismic sequence, taking into account the damage, the effects of mainshock earthquakes have been analyzed under aftershock earthquakes nonlinear increment dynamic analysis (IDA). The analysis showed that in the real seismic sequence, the residual capacity of a reinforced concrete frame with steel plate shear wall in short and intermediate structures on average 3.6 times and tall structures up to 4.25 times compared to the residual capacity of the reinforced concrete frame without steel plate shear wall. Also, in the real seismic sequence, the residual capacity of the structure decreased with increasing the height of short to intermediate structures and intermediate to tall structures, so that this capacity reduction decreased by an average of 70% in reinforced concrete frame with and without steel plate shear wall.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122293494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Erosion Risk Assessment for Prioritization of Soil Conservation Measures Using RUSLE Integrated with GIS in Chemoga Watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia.","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.01.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.01.09","url":null,"abstract":"Soil loss by runoff has become series problem in Ethiopian; particularly the northern Ethiopian highlands are among the most seriously affected regions in the country due to highly rugged topography, population pressure, over grazing and cultivation of steep lands and erosive nature of rainfall. Hence, soil erosion risk assessment is critically required for prioritization of soil conservation measures. The main objective of this study is to estimate soil erosion rate and identify hotspot areas of soil erosion to facilitate conservation management practices in Chemoga watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. In this study, RUSLE method was used integrated with GIS technique to estimate soil erosion rate of a watershed and prioritize for soil and water conservation practice. In the study rainfall erosivity factor (R), Length slope factor (LS), soil erodability factor (K), vegetation cover factor (C) and erosion control factor (P) were used as an input to the RUSLE model. The rainfall erosivity factor has been determined from monthly precipitation data. The soil survey data was used to develop the soil erodability factor and the digital elevation model (DEM) of study area was also used to generate topographic factor (LS). The value of cover management factor and support practice factor were obtained from land use land cover map and validated with field observations. The results show that midstream and upstream parts of the watershed is more sensitive to soil erosion than the lower part. In the study, the erosion hazard maps were reclassified for the periodization of the watersheds. Based on the special distribution of the erosion hazards, 4.93% of the watershed area was classified sever soil erosion risk zone (30 up to 50 ton/ha/year) and 4.91% categorized as very sever soil erosion risk zone i.e above 50 ton/ha/year which are situated in the narrowest steep slope parts of the upper catchments of the watershed. These parts of the watersheds were identified as the primary erosion hotspot area which needs immediate attention in terms of management perspective.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126724816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}