Kyra E. Jackson, Isabelle Szeto, Leah M. Seebald, Samuel G. Shepard
{"title":"Substituent Effects Govern the Efficiency of Isoxazole Photoisomerization to Carbonyl‑2H‑Azirines","authors":"Kyra E. Jackson, Isabelle Szeto, Leah M. Seebald, Samuel G. Shepard","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00105","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00105","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The photoisomerization of isoxazoles is an atom-economicalrouteto carbonyl-2<em>H</em>-azirines, which are valuable in bothsynthetic and biological applications. However, isolation of the carbonyl-2<em>H</em>-azirine is challenged by reverse photoisomerization backto the isoxazole and irreversible rearrangement to an oxazole. Inthis work, we demonstrate that substituent selection on 3,5-disubstitutedisoxazoles plays a critical role in driving the photochemical isoxazole–azirineequilibrium toward the carbonyl-2<em>H</em>-azirine whileavoiding oxazole formation. We find that substituents affect the degreeof overlap in the absorption spectra of isoxazole–azirine pairs,where reducing overlap increases the efficiency of photoisomerization.We use time-dependent density functional theory to predict absorptionspectra for isomer pairs with varied 3,5-disubstituents, identifying <em>tert</em>-butyl- and trifluoromethyl-substituted 5-aminoisoxazolesas promising structures. We then tested these predictions experimentally,revealing efficient formation of carbonyl-2<em>H</em>-azirinesin high yields with minimal oxazole formation. This is in contrastto a phenyl-substituted 5-aminoisoxazole, which was found to readilyform oxazoles, precluding isolation of the carbonyl-2<em>H</em>-azirine. These results demonstrate the utility of substituent-drivendesign for tuning photoisomerization equilibria and provide an atom-economicaloption for generating carbonyl-2<em>H</em>-azirines on syntheticallyuseful scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"6 1","pages":"41–46"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146143555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of Propionate Side Chain in Heme-Containing Metalloenzymes.","authors":"Dinesh Singh, Vandana Kardam, Kshatresh Dutta Dubey","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00078","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Propionate side chains are essential structural components of porphyrin-based metalloenzymes. While numerous studies have investigated the functional significance of propionate side chains from various perspectives, comprehensive reviews focusing specifically on their roles in catalytic mechanisms remain scarce. Traditionally, the role of propionate has been limited to substrate binding and heme stabilization; however, emerging evidence from studies published particularly after 2005 highlights its involvement in a range of noncanonical functions, including water gating, oxidant formation, and electron transfer. This review aims to bridge the gap in existing literature by systematically discussing these expanded roles and emphasizing the broader mechanistic importance of propionate side chains in metalloenzymes, particularly the iron-containing enzymes.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"5 6","pages":"451-466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12679310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sichang Wang, Liying Zhang, Fei Hong, Weichao Du, Congyu Ke, Jie-Ping Wan
{"title":"Recent Advances in C-H Perfluoroalkyl Thiolation and Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonylation.","authors":"Sichang Wang, Liying Zhang, Fei Hong, Weichao Du, Congyu Ke, Jie-Ping Wan","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00094","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in the direct C-H perfluoroalkyl thiolation and perfluoroalkyl sulfonylation, focusing on the incorporation of -SCF<sub>3</sub> and -SO<sub>2</sub>CF<sub>3</sub> motifs. Due to their exceptional lipophilicity, electron-withdrawing nature, and metabolic stability, these fluorine-containing groups are highly valuable in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material sciences. The contents of this review are systematically organized according to the hybridization of the central carbon atom (sp, sp<sup>2</sup>, sp<sup>3</sup>) and cover both transition-metal-catalyzed and transition metal-free methodologies. Key developments in electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagents, such as hypervalent iodine compounds, <i>N</i>-trifluoromethylthiosaccharin, and related derivatives, are highlighted. The mechanism, scope, limitation, and application of typical reactions are discussed, emphasizing strategies to overcome challenges in regioselectivity and functional group compatibility. The review also explores emerging trends in photocatalytic, electrochemical, and dual catalytic systems, underscoring the move toward more sustainable and efficient synthetic routes. Finally, future perspectives and potential applications in the synthesis of bioactive molecules and functional materials are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"5 6","pages":"467-484"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12679318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis and Electronic Structure of a Tetraazanaphthalene Radical-Bridged Yttrium Complex.","authors":"Saroshan Deshapriya, Selvan Demir","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00086","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Taming radical anions with highly electropositive metal ions poses a grand synthetic challenge owing to the high reactivity of such compounds originating from the unpaired electron. A successful synthetic metal radical match elicits a desire to thoroughly understand the electronic structure of a given metal radical pairing, which may inform about the potential physical properties pertaining to spintronics and magnetism relevant for future technologies. Here, the 1,4,5,8-tetraazanaphthalene (tan) ligand was utilized in the synthesis of (Cp*<sub>2</sub>Y)<sub>2</sub>(μ-tan), <b>1</b>, using the doubly reduced version K<sub>2</sub>tan and Cp*<sub>2</sub>Y-(BPh<sub>4</sub>) following a salt metathesis reaction. Chemical oxidation of <b>1</b> yielded [(Cp*<sub>2</sub>Y)<sub>2</sub>(μ-tan<sup>•</sup>)]-[BArF<sub>20</sub>], <b>2</b>, containing a tan<sup>-•</sup> radical anion. <b>2</b> constitutes the first <i>d</i>-block coordination compound bearing a tan radical. <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> were studied through X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy. The radical nature of <b>2</b> was uncovered by cw-EPR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) computations. All findings suggest major changes in the spin and charge distributions of this organic radical ligand when it is metalated. In fact, the results demonstrate that the tan<sup>-•</sup> radical is more stable when coordinated to a transition metal than in its free nature, and thus, this insight is relevant for the development of future spintronic technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"5 6","pages":"557-566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12679307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145702146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>‑Promoted Cerium Oxide Catalyst for Efficient Catalytic <i>N</i>‑Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols.","authors":"Jianyao Kou, Guangyao Yang, Zhixin Yu, Jiachao Liu, Yuhang Xu, Zhuo Xin, Yuxing Huang","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00069","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of heterogeneous catalysts to generate amine compounds through anaerobic <i>N</i>-alkylation of alcohols via hydrogen transfer strategy is a highly promising synthetic strategy, as it can construct C-N bonds under relatively mild and green conditions. Moreover, amine compounds are widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, agriculture and fine chemicals. In this work, we successfully constructed a novel Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CeO<sub>2</sub> catalyst using the hydrothermal synthesis method and applied it to the <i>N</i>-alkylation reaction of alcohols, achieving up to 99% of the target product yield with broad substrate scope and high catalyst stability. The Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Ce<sup>4+</sup> redox pairs and oxygen vacancies in the CeO<sub>2</sub> support with highly dispersed Co species synergistically catalyze the hydrogen borrowing process of alcohols and amines to generate secondary amines with high activity and selectivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"5 6","pages":"498-506"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12679301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingkai Zhao, Andrés F Sierra, Gemma Aragay, Pablo Ballester
{"title":"Guest-Induced Conformational Switching in \"One Wall\" Calix[4]pyrrole Cavitands Functionalized with an Inwardly Directed Carboxylic Acid.","authors":"Mingkai Zhao, Andrés F Sierra, Gemma Aragay, Pablo Ballester","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00087","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report the design, synthesis, and conformational analysis of two aryl-extended calix[4]-pyrrole (AE-C[4]-P) cavitands that feature a single methylene bridge and an opposed aromatic bridging wall with an inward-facing carboxylic acid. Inspired by Rebek's introverted acid motif, these cavitands were developed to explore guest-induced conformational switching between \"equatorial\" and \"axial\" orientations of the bridging aromatic wall. Binding studies with <i>N</i>-oxide guests, capable of monotopic or ditopic hydrogen bonding, revealed that the nature of the bridging aromatic spacer critically governs the host behavior. The benzimidazole-based cavitand showed strong affinity for DABCO mono-<i>N</i>-oxide but resisted conformational change. In contrast, the quinoxaline-imidazole analogue underwent a solvent-dependent switch from \"equatorial\" to \"axial\" geometry upon binding 4-carboxy-pyridine-<i>N</i>-oxide guest. This switching is driven by the ditopic binding of the guest and stabilized by two intramolecular CH···lone pair interactions in the axial conformer of the complex. DFT calculations supported the experimental results. The reported findings highlight key structure-function relationships in calix[4]-pyrrole cavitands and establish a general strategy for designing guest-responsive molecular containers capable of conformational switching.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"5 6","pages":"567-581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12679308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Aurora Guarducci, Simone Manetto, Andrea Giacomo Marrani, Francesco Amato, Paolo Guglielmi, Michele Coluccia, Antonella Fontana, Serena Pilato, Claudio Villani, Alessia Ciogli, Giulia Mazzoccanti
{"title":"Copper(I)-Anchoring Covalent Organic Polymer for Heterogeneous CuAAC Reaction without Reducing Agents and Copper Leaching.","authors":"Maria Aurora Guarducci, Simone Manetto, Andrea Giacomo Marrani, Francesco Amato, Paolo Guglielmi, Michele Coluccia, Antonella Fontana, Serena Pilato, Claudio Villani, Alessia Ciogli, Giulia Mazzoccanti","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00067","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel copper-(I)-anchored covalent organic polymer (Cu<sup>+</sup>@COP) is presented as a robust, heterogeneous catalyst for copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), operating without the need for external reducing agents or observable copper leaching. Cu<sup>+</sup> stabilization is achieved via multidentate N,O-ligand coordination within the polymer matrix, enabling high catalytic efficiency (up to 95% yield) and recyclability. Structural, spectroscopic, and ICP-OES analyses confirm Cu presence, offering an alternative to traditional CuAAC protocols. This system combines operational simplicity, reduced waste, and green chemistry principles, positioning Cu<sup>+</sup>@COP as a practical catalyst for applications in synthetic and materials chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"5 6","pages":"507-517"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12679302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrochemical Halogenation and Etherification of Alcohols Enabled by a Halide-Coupled Phosphine Oxidation.","authors":"Emma A Hale, Vincent Tc Ngo, Qilei Zhu","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00091","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phosphine-mediated nucleophilic substitution reactions of alcohol substrates, such as the Appel and Mitsunobu reactions, have found widespread applications in chemical synthesis. However, their reliance on stoichiometric chemical oxidants (e.g., carbon tetrachloride and azodicarboxylate reagents) often results in limited functional group tolerance, environmentally hazardous wastes, and unsatisfactory reaction economy. Herein, we describe a user-friendly electrochemical Appel reaction employing readily available tetrabutylammonium halide salts ( <sup><i>n</i></sup> Bu<sub>4</sub>N<sup>+</sup>X<sup>-</sup>, X = Cl, Br, and I) as the halogen source. A survey of alcohol substrates revealed broad functional group tolerance, including complex pharmaceutical and bioactive scaffolds. Electroanalytical voltammetry and control experiments support a halide-coupled phosphine oxidation pathway under mild anodic potentials, affording key alkoxyphosphonium intermediates prior to nucleophilic substitution. Notably, the electrochemical halogenation conditions can also facilitate intramolecular alcohol etherification with oxidation-sensitive phenols and weakly acidic alcohol nucleophiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"5 6","pages":"492-497"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12679309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stereoselective <i>E</i>‑Carbofunctionalization of Alkynes to Vinyl-Triflates <i>via</i> Gold Redox Catalysis.","authors":"Filippo Campagnolo, Lorenza Armando, Elisa Boccalon, Alessandra Cicolella, Manfred Bochmann, Giovanni Talarico, Luca Rocchigiani","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00084","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbofunctionalization of alkynes with trifluoromethylsulfonate nucleophiles is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of vinyl triflates with diverse molecular complexity. However, stereoselective protocols are challenging to realize, and the development of novel strategies for controlling the selectivity is highly desirable. In this work, we show that gold complexes bearing the hemilabile MeDalPhos ligand (MeDalPhos = di-(1-adamantyl)-2-dimethylamino-phenylphosphine) catalyze the <i>E</i>-stereoselective carbofunctionalization of internal alkynes using aryl/vinyl iodides and AgOTf as simple starting reagents. Based on the outer-sphere nature of this reaction and the beneficial effect of the MeDalPhos ligand, the <i>Z</i>-selective attack is practically suppressed, leading to an ideal kinetic selectivity. Mechanistic studies, both experimental and theoretical, revealed that the interplay between kinetics and thermodynamics is crucial in determining the final <i>E</i>/<i>Z</i> ratios for each substrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"5 6","pages":"548-556"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12679304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145701969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Sadegh Karimtabar, Yasin Mohammadkhani, Mohammad Mahdavi, Parviz Rashidi Ranjbar
{"title":"The Role of 1,2-Palladium Migration/Insertion on C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H Functionalization.","authors":"Mohammad Sadegh Karimtabar, Yasin Mohammadkhani, Mohammad Mahdavi, Parviz Rashidi Ranjbar","doi":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00085","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsorginorgau.5c00085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selective functionalization of C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H bonds remains challenging yet crucial for researchers. A frequently used approach by chemists to tackle this challenge involves leveraging 1,2-metal migration/insertion, which enables the selective activation and cleavage of a specific C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H bond adjacent to or distant from the directing group. Palladium is among the most commonly employed catalysts for C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H functionalization through metal migration/insertion, with Pd-(OAc)<sub>2</sub> being the predominant palladium complex utilized in these processes. 1,2-Palladium migration is a key strategy for achieving selective C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H functionalization. After palladium coordinates to a directing group, its migration can activate the nearby C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H bond. With subsequent migrations, more distant C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H bonds can be targeted and transformed into C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-functional groups. During the 1,2-insertion of palladium, the migration of palladium takes place following the activation of the C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H bond. This migration step typically involves the palladium inserting into a double bond, which links the C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H bond to a C-(sp<sup>2</sup>)-H bond, thereby progressing the reaction. Ultimately, this review highlights that C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H functionalization via 1,2-palladium migration/insertion has the potential to selectively modify both proximal and remote C-H bonds in organic molecules, offering a valuable tool for researchers to synthesize a wide range of organic compounds in future studies. This account encompasses all types of 1,2-palladium migration/insertion and examines their impact on C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H functionalization. It provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms involved and explores how these migrations enable the activation of both remote and proximal C-(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H bonds with the directing group.</p>","PeriodicalId":29797,"journal":{"name":"ACS Organic & Inorganic Au","volume":"5 5","pages":"299-321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12492045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}