American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Peroration: Hip Width and Metabolic Energy Expenditure of Abductor Muscles","authors":"Patricia Ann Kramer,&nbsp;Adam D. Sylvester","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We recently reported that functional pelvic width is not a statistically significant predictor of the metabolic energy expenditure of the hip abductor muscles during walking when mass, stature, and progression velocity were controlled. Others revised this analysis, suggesting that a different statistical approach would yield statistical significance. In order to address this suggestion, herein we refine our original analysis and increase our sample size.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a musculoskeletal model of the human body that estimates the metabolic energy expenditure of muscle activation for 66 people (33 females), 1093 trials were evaluated. Metabolic energy consumption for the abductor muscles was summed over a stride to create total abductor energy expenditure. A mixed effects model allowing the coefficient and slope of velocity to be a random effect was fit to the data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We confirm our original analysis: functional pelvic width is not a statistically significant predictor of muscle metabolic energy expenditure of the hip abductors during walking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We take as an initial assumption that a constraint on pelvic width exists and seek to establish if evidence for an energetic constraint is present in estimates of hip abductor muscle metabolic energy expenditure in humans. We find no such evidence in a sample of 66 people. Our results do not address whether or not a constraint on pelvic width exists, and we suggest that simulation of pelvic widths substantially wider or narrower than those observed in laboratory settings is necessary to assess this idea.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144292613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brown Adipose Tissue, Adiposity, and Menopausal Status in Women at Mid-Life","authors":"Daniel E. Brown,&nbsp;Sofiya Shreyer,&nbsp;Sarah Witkowski,&nbsp;Lynnette Leidy Sievert","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Change in the amount and distribution of fat during the menopausal transition increases the risk for developing cardiometabolic diseases. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated during cold exposure, leading to increased metabolic activity and may be protective of obesity. Little is known regarding the effects of the menopausal transition on BAT activity in women. Accordingly, this study examines the effect of menopausal status and adiposity on estimated BAT activity in a sample of women.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A sample of 270 women aged 45–55 years was recruited. Menopausal status and age at menopause were derived from recent menstrual characteristics. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, skinfolds, and bioelectric impedance were measured. BAT activity was estimated by infrared thermography at the supraclavicular region before and after cold exposure (hand immersed in 17°C water). The relationships between menopausal status, adiposity measures, and BAT were analyzed by means of analyses of variance and logistic and linear regressions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Menopausal status was significantly related to estimated BAT activity, with postmenopausal women having lower activity. Estimated BAT activity was significantly negatively related to the waist-to-hip circumference ratio, but not to measures of general adiposity. There were no significant differences in adiposity measures by menopausal status.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Postmenopausal women in this study showed lowered BAT activity compared to premenopausal women. Women with lower BAT activity averaged larger waist-to-hip circumference ratios, indicating greater fat centrality. These results provide evidence for the possible role of BAT in the increased risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in women after menopause.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enamel Thickness in Atapuerca Homo antecessor and Sima de Los Huesos Permanent Premolars","authors":"Laura Martín-Francés,&nbsp;Shruti Kamath,&nbsp;Christophe Soligo,&nbsp;Marina Martínez de Pinillos,&nbsp;Song Xing,&nbsp;Juan Luis Arsuaga,&nbsp;José María Bermúdez de Castro,&nbsp;María Martinón-Torres","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates premolar tissue proportions in the Atapuerca hominins to assess whether <i>Homo antecessor</i> (TD6) and Sima de los Huesos (SH) specimens exhibit thick or thin enamel, and whether relative enamel thickness is linked to tooth size reduction or enamel–dentine junction (EDJ) complexity. It also examines intrapopulation variability and provides new comparative data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>New 2D and 3D tissue metrics were derived from mCT images for TD6 (P₃ = 2, P₄ = 1), SH (P³ = 7, P⁴ = 6, P₃ = 12, P₄ = 17), Neanderthals (P³ = 4, P⁴ = 4, P₃ = 4, P₄ = 6), and modern humans (P³ = 15, P⁴ = 12, P₃ = 26, P₄ = 20). These data were combined with published sources for analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results suggest different patterns for upper and lower premolars in SH; upper premolars resemble those of Neanderthals, while lower premolars are more similar to modern humans. TD6 upper premolars show high variability, but the lower ones align more closely with Neanderthals. Relative enamel thickness varies with crown size, but not with EDJ complexity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings highlight notable intrapopulation variability in enamel thickness among Atapuerca hominins and support the early emergence of reduced enamel in European populations. Moreover, our results imply that overall crown reduction may contribute to variation in enamel thickness in these populations. These results caution against using enamel thickness alone for taxonomic classification and emphasize the importance of analyzing both upper and lower dentitions across all dental classes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical Note: Using Machine Learning to Predict Locomotor Behavior in Great Apes and Humans From Femur Metaphyseal Shape","authors":"Peter A. Stamos,&nbsp;Abhijit J. Chaudhari,&nbsp;Mark N. Grote,&nbsp;Timothy D. Weaver","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The morphology of the hominoid distal femoral metaphyseal surface has been demonstrated to reflect locomotor behavior throughout ontogeny. Here, we quantify metaphyseal surface morphology to evaluate its predictive relationship to locomotor behavioral modes in hominoids.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We collected three-dimensional (3D) surface laser scans of the femora of 177 human and great ape individuals representing all subadult stages of development. We used the landmark-free Global Point Signature (GPS) method to quantify the shape of the morphologically complex but amorphous metaphyseal surface. We then analyzed the GPS quantifications of shape using support vector machines (SVMs), a machine learning technique, to evaluate the predictive relationships between metaphyseal surface morphology and locomotor behavior in hominoids.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that metaphyseal surface morphology is a strong predictor of locomotor behavior in hominoids. Our SVM, which relates nonambulation, bipedal walking, knuckle-walking, and climbing behavior with metaphyseal surface morphology, exhibits ~84% out-of-sample predictive accuracy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our quantitative analyses confirm what has previously been qualitatively described<i>—</i>the metaphyseal surface of the distal femur is highly predictive of the locomotor behavior performed by hominoids during different stages of their lives. These results suggest that this region of the skeleton is suitable for reconstructing the locomotor behavior of extinct hominoid taxa.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical Test of the Relationship Between Pelvic Organs and Pelvic Cavity Dimensions as an Explanation for Female-Biased Pelvic Sex Differences","authors":"Daphne Hudson,&nbsp;Steven J. Chen,&nbsp;Beiyi Shen,&nbsp;Chuan Huang,&nbsp;Gabrielle A. Russo","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Growing evidence obfuscates the role obstetrics is thought to have played in the evolution of female-biased pelvic dimorphism. An alternative explanation is offered by the “Virile, Active Gonads and Genitalia in Nether Area (VAGGINA) hypothesis,” which posits that females' larger pelvic organs drive female-biased pelvic dimorphism. The present study tests this hypothesis by evaluating whether females have larger pelvic organs than males and whether dimensions of pelvic organs influence those of the bony pelvic cavity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Non-pathological pelvic MRIs were compiled from de-identified patients evaluated at Stony Brook University Hospital. Organ and pelvic cavity volumes were determined from segmented structures. Mediolateral and anteroposterior organ and pelvic cavity dimensions were derived from landmark data. <i>T</i>-tests and ordinary least squares regression were employed to test specific predictions of the “VAGGINA hypothesis.”</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Comparisons of non-reproductive pelvic organ dimensions varyingly demonstrate both female- and male-biased dimorphism. Reproductive organs, however, demonstrate female-biased dimorphism of such magnitude that female-biased dimorphism is retained in analyses of summed pelvic organs. Despite this sexual dimorphism in organ dimensions, organ dimensions do not have a predictive relationship with corresponding bony pelvic cavity dimensions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The central argument of the “VAGGINA hypothesis,” that large pelvic organs produce large bony pelves, is not supported, indicating more work is needed to understand what forces cause female-biased pelvic dimorphism. Future research may benefit from broader comparative and evolutionary contexts by exploring phylogenetic signals in female pelvic morphology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming Systemic Barriers in US Forensic Anthropology Education: Considering Underlying Barriers to Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging in Forensic Anthropology","authors":"Taylor S. Borgelt,&nbsp;Jesse R. Goliath,&nbsp;Erin B. Waxenbaum","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The experience of disparity—relative to race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status, disability, sexual orientation, and others—in higher education is deeply connected to legacies of structural harm and stratification. The presence and impact of this harm in education cannot be understated and is important to recognize when considering what our classrooms look like and why. Contending with instances of disparity in higher education and professional spaces extends beyond just valuing diversity in recruitment—gathering a diverse student group and/or workforce without actionable avenues for inclusion and equity in retention (not fostering, supporting, or valuing a tangibly safe space) is a way in which harm and systemic barriers are perpetuated. This commentary applies across disciplines, though this paper deals with specific examples within and discussion of forensic anthropology education within the United States. To work toward the mitigation of systemic barriers and instances of exclusion within forensic anthropology, a number of things need to be addressed, such as (but not limited to) critically engaging with notions of objectivity in theoretical and educational discussions and the performed depersonalization of reflexivity within the subfield. Relevant to the theory around materialization, understanding how these instances and concepts impact how forensic practice is done is important in wanting to ameliorate education for marginalized and/or vulnerable people (students, practitioners, etc.) within the subfield. How the subfield and its central concepts are conceptualized, and then disseminated, matters for the actualization of inclusive spaces and the alleviating of barriers within the discipline.</p>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Analysis of a Concretioned Skullcap From S'Omu e S'Orku, an Early Holocene Mesolithic Site of Sardinia","authors":"Gregorio Oxilia,&nbsp;Margherita Mussi,&nbsp;Daniele Chiriu,&nbsp;Francesca Assunta Pisu,&nbsp;Elisabetta Marini,&nbsp;Rita T. Melis","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study focuses on the analysis of the SOMK1 skullcap, a Mesolithic human remain from Sardinia encased in a thick concretion. The aim is to address the challenges presented by the concretion, which prevents direct examination, in order to explore the individual's biological and cultural relevance, duly contextualized within a broader population dynamic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The SOMK1 skullcap was examined using a combination of chemical and digital techniques. The chemical analyses revealed that the red concretion encasing the skullcap was hematite-based and of cultural origin, thus preventing its removal. Computed tomography (CT) scans were used to virtually draw out and reconstruct the skullcap, enabling a detailed morphological analysis, as well as linear and geometric morphometric measurements. The analyses were contextualized by comparing SOMK1 against three samples, namely: island-dwelling hunter-gatherers dating to 800 CE, pre-Last Glacial Maximum (pre-LGM) European fossils, and Sardinian populations spanning from the Neolithic to modern times.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Digital analyses showed a dolichocephalic calvarium with morphometric traits consistent with a male individual. The cranial morphology matches pre-LGM European populations, differing from the brachycephalic forms observed in some Neolithic Sardinian populations. These findings suggest a possible link to earlier European populations, emphasizing the differences with later Sardinian groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study shows how digital methods like CT scanning and virtual reconstruction effectively analyze human remains in concretion. The findings offer new insights into Mesolithic cranial morphology in the Mediterranean during the Early Holocene, enhancing our understanding of prehistoric Sardinia's population dynamics and cultural practices.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover & Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24965","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleopathology and Evolutionary Medicine: An Integrated Approach. By Kimberly A. Plomp, Charlotte A. Roberts, Sarah Elton, and Gillian R. Bentley (eds.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., 2022. 384 pp.","authors":"Haagen D. Klaus","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144126072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reappraisal of the Morphological Affinities of the Maba 1 Cranium: New Evidence From Internal Cranial Anatomy","authors":"Jiaming Hui,&nbsp;Xiujie Wu,&nbsp;Antoine Balzeau","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Maba 1 is a critical fossil from the late Middle Pleistocene Asia. It is well-known for the Neanderthal-like face, while its neurocranium shows affinities with many hominin taxa, which makes the taxonomic status of Maba 1 controversial. Beyond the limited information from the external surface, we investigate in detail its internal structures, which are largely unexplored.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We reconstructed and described its frontal sinuses, diploic vessels, endocast, and bone thickness, using micro-CT data. Linear measurements were applied for the frontal sinuses and endocast, and the latter was also analyzed through geometric morphometrics. A comparison is made after considering the preservation of Maba 1 and the availability of comparative specimens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The linear discriminant analyses for the frontal sinus cluster Maba 1 with <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i>. The Maba 1 diploic vessels anastomosed with the parietal foramen, a rare trait among <i>H. neanderthalensis</i>. The Maba 1 endocast differs from <i>Homo erectus</i> in the frontal lobe, but it was generally closer to <i>H. erectus</i> than to <i>H. neanderthalensis</i> and <i>Homo sapiens</i>. Generally, Maba 1 shares higher resemblances with other debated specimens, including LH18, Djebel Irhoud, and Broken Hill 1. The bregmatic thickness of Maba 1 differed from most <i>H. erectus</i>, while patterns in other areas share similarities with <i>H. neanderthalensis</i> and some <i>H. erectus</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The internal structures of Maba 1 show a combination of morphological features found in various species. These findings further evidence the high morphological variability among Asian hominins in the late Middle Pleistocene. Maba 1 currently cannot be definitely classified in any known hominin taxon.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}