American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"The Virtual Database of the Documented Human Osteological Collection (DHOC) of the Certosa Cemetery of Bologna (Italy, 19th–20th Century)","authors":"Rita Sorrentino,&nbsp;Annalisa Pietrobelli,&nbsp;Davide Mameli,&nbsp;Valentina Mariotti,&nbsp;Teresa Nicolosi,&nbsp;Maria Giovanna Belcastro","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.25065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article aims to introduce a new virtual database of skeletal human remains from the Documented Human Osteological Collection (DHOC) of the Certosa Cemetery of Bologna (Emilia Romagna, northern Italy) housed at the University of Bologna. The Virtual DHOC of the Certosa Cemetery of Bologna (VirtualDHOC) is stored in the publicly accessible 3D data repository MorphoSource, and consists of 3D models or micro-Computer Tomography scans of skeletal elements of a subsample of the 425 individuals. These skeletons, mostly complete and well-preserved, pertain to individuals of different ages, ranging from fetuses/newborns to 91 years old, for which the sex is known, who died in the city of Bologna between 1898 and 1944. This collection represents an important scientific resource for the study of human skeletal remains and to test methods and techniques in the field of bioarchaeology, forensics, and paleoanthropology. The digitization of a comprehensive database of 3D scans and 3D bones is an ongoing project that will implement the Virtual DHOC of the Certosa Cemetery of Bologna over the next few years. The Virtual DHOC of the Certosa Cemetery of Bologna aims to share the data contained therein with other researchers, contributing to the dissemination of knowledge and the promotion of scientific research in anthropology, while also ensuring the virtual preservation and accessibility of this collection for future generations. This simultaneously responds to various ethical concerns and best practices about the treatment and management of human skeletal remains.</p>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.25065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infant Handling in Mantled Howler Monkeys","authors":"Maud C. M. Czerwinski,&nbsp;Ariadna Rangel-Negrín,&nbsp;Pedro A. D. Dias","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In most primate species that live in social groups, non-mothers frequently interact with infants leading to significant impacts on maternal care strategies and both infant socialization and survivorship. In this study, we focused on infant handling by non-mother individuals in mantled howler monkeys (<i>Alouatta palliata</i>), a species for which very little information is available on this topic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using focal-animal sampling for 743 h, we observed 218 instances of interest and 232 handling events involving 14 infants (i.e., 1 to 12 months of age) living in four groups in southern Mexico.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interest and handling occurred at similar rates, 0.3 events per hour. Most handling was positive, involving behaviors such as making contact and friendly touching, whereas aggressive behaviors, such as harassing and kidnapping, were infrequent. Adult females, especially when lactating, were the primary handlers, contrasting with findings in other primate species where juveniles or non-lactating females are usually more involved. Handling began within the first week of life and was most frequent during the first 3 months. Mothers rarely intervened in handling, doing so primarily during infrequent kidnapping events.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings contribute to our understanding of primate social behavior, particularly in species with low social activity levels, and provide a basis for future research on the implications of infant handling for group dynamics and infant development.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Method for Whole Bone Analysis of Bilateral Asymmetry","authors":"Valérie Deschênes,&nbsp;Michelle S. M. Drapeau","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Postcranial asymmetry of bones has been mostly studied with linear or angular measurements. Although conclusive, these measurements fail to capture the differences of the entire bone surface. Here, we develop a methodology to measure whole bone bilateral asymmetry from 3D models. We demonstrate the method using the humerus and the second metacarpal. We compare right and left bones of the same individual (bilateral variation) to that of different scans of the same bone (interscan variation) and of the same bone from different individuals (interindividual variation) to show that the method functions and is able to segregate different degrees of variation. The interscan variation is the lowest, while the interindividual variation is the greatest, and the bilateral variation falls between the other two. Visual comparisons, using color maps, illustrate on the bone where the asymmetry is most marked. As expected, the interscan comparisons show very little variation in shape, while the interindividual comparisons reveal extensive variation. In bilateral comparisons, some patterns were observed. In the humerus, the radial groove, the deltoid tuberosity, and the olecranon fossa were usually the most asymmetrical regions. The epiphyses are also more asymmetrical than the diaphysis. For the MC2, the attachments for the palmar interossei muscles and the articular facets with the MC3 were the most asymmetrical regions. These results demonstrate that this new method helps identify areas of asymmetry that would otherwise be difficult to observe.</p>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Macaque Model for the Effects of Hybridization on Body Size","authors":"Laura T. Buck,&nbsp;David C. Katz,&nbsp;Rebecca Rogers Ackermann,&nbsp;Leslea J. Hlusko,&nbsp;Sree Kanthaswamy,&nbsp;Timothy D. Weaver","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.25062","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Genomics research has uncovered recurrent hybridization between hominin species, yet its morphological impact remains understudied. Non-human primate research has suggested a morphological signature of hybrid ancestry, which could be used to identify hybrids in the hominin fossil record. This pattern may include extreme size, heightened variation, and markers of developmental instability, but factors affecting these characteristics are poorly understood. Studies of non-mammalian taxa suggest that extreme morphology is more likely in early-generation hybrids and with a greater parental distance. To understand hybridization in hominins, therefore, we must use appropriate proxy taxa.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Here, we use Chinese × Indian <i>Macaca mulatta</i> hybrids with a comparable divergence time in generations to <i>Homo sapiens</i>/Neanderthals and wide variation in admixture. Measuring limb lengths, body length, and weight, we investigate the relationship between admixture and size/variation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared to previous work with more phylogenetically distant primate taxa and a focus on early generation hybrids, we found no evidence of a relationship between admixture and extreme large size, nor with increased size variation. Hybrids in our sample are relatively small but within the range of variation of the smaller parental taxon.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results suggest that hybridization between closely related taxa, such as Neanderthals and <i>H. sapiens</i>, may lead to more subtle morphological patterns than previously anticipated. It will be necessary, however, to better understand the factors governing primate hybrid morphology before we can produce robust inferences on how hybridization has affected hominin evolution.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.25062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in Pubic Symphysis Fusion Across Primates: Implications for Obstetric Adaptation","authors":"Nicole Torres-Tamayo,&nbsp;Laura T. Buck,&nbsp;Eishi Hirasaki,&nbsp;Todd C. Rae,&nbsp;Lia Betti","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.25064","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The unfused human pubic symphysis has been interpreted as an obstetric adaptation to facilitate the passage of a large-brained baby through a relatively small, bipedally adapted pelvis. The degree of fusion of the adult pubic symphysis was evaluated across primate species to gauge whether an open symphysis can be interpreted as an obstetric adaptation in humans and other primates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Symphyseal fusion was assessed in 718 individuals from 67 nonhuman primate species. Variation in fusion in specimens of known ages and sex from four species (<i>Galago moholi</i>, <i>Macaca mulatta</i>, <i>Microcebus murinus</i>, and <i>Pan troglodytes</i>) was further examined, with detailed analyses of pubic changes by age and sex carried out through logistic regressions in macaques.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pubic fusion occurs in most primate species. It is observed earlier in life in males than in females in <i>Ma. mulatta</i> and <i>Pa. troglodytes</i>, only in males in <i>Mi. murinus</i>, and does not occur in <i>Ga. moholi</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While delayed or absent pubic fusion is more prevalent in female primates, suggesting obstetric adaptation, there is no clear relation with childbirth constraints, as fusion is also observed in species experiencing a tight cephalopelvic fit. Other mechanisms might have evolved to facilitate birth in some species, or nonobstetric selective pressures might be counteracting the obstetric advantages of a flexible symphysis. The preservation of an open symphysis throughout life in humans and some other primates, however, can be best interpreted as convergent evolution due to obstetric selection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.25064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Doesn't Kill You Makes You Stronger? Examining Relationships Between Early-Life Stress, Later-Life Inflammation and Mortality Risk in Skeletal Remains","authors":"B. R. Wigley,&nbsp;E. C. Stillman,&nbsp;E. Craig-Atkins","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper explores conflicting perspectives on the adaptive significance of phenotypic plasticity during fetal and early postnatal development and the impact that stressors experienced during this critical early-life period have on later-life morbidity and mortality risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sample (<i>n</i> = 216) comprised archeologically-recovered human skeletons. A geometric morphometric (GM) method was employed to evaluate first permanent molar (M1) fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and provide a proxy for early-life stress. Shifts in later-life physiology were inferred through two inflammatory lesions: periosteal new bone formation (PNBF) and periodontal disease (PD). To explore mortality risk, age-at-death was estimated through dental development for skeletally immature individuals (<i>n</i> = 104) and through senescent skeletal changes for mature skeletons (<i>n</i> = 112).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant differences were found in M1 FA between groups, with the immature cohort associated with elevated FA. Within-group analysis revealed age-at-death in the immature group had a significant positive relationship with M1 FA and PD presence. In the mature group, alongside sex and the co-occurrence of PD and PNBF, FA was a significant predictor of a shorter life. Higher FA was also associated with active and bilaterally expressed PNBF.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It is theorized that early-life stress, if survived, programmed a hyperinflammatory response to environmentally-mediated physiological perturbations which increased the chances of survival during subsequent development but also elevated later-life mortality risk. Findings demonstrate a complicated relationship between developmental stress and physiological shifts that helps to illustrate the adaptive significance of early-life programming and support the Thrifty Phenotype hypothesis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Variation Among Herculaneum's Victims of Mt. Vesuvius via Dental Microwear Texture Analysis","authors":"Christopher W. Schmidt,&nbsp;Ashley Remy,&nbsp;Ruggero D'Anastasio","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Roman site of Herculaneum provides an extraordinary opportunity to reconstruct ancient diets in the context of life course theory because everyone died simultaneously due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. Objectives: The current study addresses three primary hypotheses: (1) Subadult diets changed as children aged, (2) adult diets differed from subadult diets, and (3) male and female diets differed as they age. Materials and Methods: This study includes dental microwear texture data from 58 adults (age 16+) and 23 subadults (age 0–16) recovered by Sarah Bisel from within and near to storage rooms adjacent to Herculaneum's beach. The adults include 27 females and 31 males. Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) employed standard procedures: data collection used a white-light confocal profiler at 100×. The DMTA variables were complexity, anisotropy, textural fill volume, and scale of maximum complexity. Statistical methods used Bayesian versions of analysis of variance and correlation (Bayes factors above 1.5 were considered meaningful and above 3.0 significant) as well as discriminant function analysis and binary logistic regression. Results: No differences emerged among the children. Adult diets were significantly lower than the subadults for anisotropy. Among the adults, age affected the females more, particularly for anisotropy. Discussion: Subadult diets did not vary by age, but they did vary. The lower adult anisotropy indicates each adult ate a greater variety of foods compared to the subadults. As females aged, however, their diets became more restricted compared to the males. Overall, age and sex affected the Herculaneum diet.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-Observer Processing and Measurement Error Are Low for 2D Dental Measurements on Shared microCT Scans","authors":"Kaita N. Gurian,&nbsp;Debra Guatelli-Steinberg,&nbsp;W. Scott McGraw,&nbsp;Jess Rychel,&nbsp;Mackie C. O'Hara","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70001","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sharing micro-computed tomographic (μCT) scans of teeth increases data accessibility and reduces the need for repeated scans of any given specimen. However, the use of the same TIFF stacks or DICOMs by multiple individuals has the potential to introduce new sources of error. Here, we explore whether use of the same μCT scans by different persons produces comparable results.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Worn (<i>N</i> = 11) and unworn (<i>N</i> = 4) <i>Cercocebus atys</i> upper molars (UM1 <i>N</i> = 8, UM2 <i>N</i> = 7) were μCT scanned using a Bruker Skyscan 1172 High Resolution Ex Vivo Scanner at a resolution of 22 μm. Two individuals (K.N.G. and M.C.O.) created a 2D mesial slice for each TIFF stack (tooth). Worn teeth were reconstructed by K.N.G. and M.C.O. Three researchers (M.C.O., K.N.G., and J.R.) measured tooth shape, linear enamel thickness, average enamel thickness, and relative enamel thickness (AET and RET). Inter-observer percent error was calculated for each measurement. Univariate ANOVAs were calculated to evaluate variance due to slice maker, reconstructor, tooth, and measurer when percent error averaged &gt; 5%.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For unworn teeth, error was generally low and largely due to the person doing the measurement. For worn teeth, wear reconstructor was a statistically significant source of variation for AET and RET.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that (1) inter-observer error was generally low, (2) linear measurements are prone to error, (3) worn teeth did not present an additional source of error as compared to unworn teeth, and (4) different people can use the same μCT scans to reliably reconstruct, slice, and measure teeth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover & Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.24957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24957","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24957","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outreach inspo, anthropology style. Review of: Cool anthropology: How to engage the public with academic research. By Kristina Baines, Victoria Costa (Eds.), Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2022. pp. 270. $32.95/$26.95 (paperback/ebook). ISBN: 9781487524418","authors":"Kristina Killgrove","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.25018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.25018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}