American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Sex Differences in Frailty in Milan Over the Last 2000 Years: A Hazards-Based and Cumulative Phenotype Approach","authors":"Lucie Biehler-Gomez,&nbsp;Kathryn E. Marklein,&nbsp;Samantha L. Yaussy,&nbsp;Douglas E. Crews,&nbsp;Sharon N. DeWitte,&nbsp;Cristina Cattaneo","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70111","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Frailty in bioarchaeology has garnered increasing interest in recent decades, particularly for analyzing and comparing past health across different groups and populations. A hazards-based cumulative phenotype approach was applied to 492 adult males and females from five consecutive historical periods in the city of Milan: Roman (2nd–5th century CE), Early Middle Ages (6th–10th century CE), Late Middle Ages (11th–15th century CE), Modern (16th–18th century CE), and Contemporary (20th century CE).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After estimating mortality and survivorship risks (hazards and survival analyses) individually associated with 10 biomarkers, population-specific frailty indices were constructed to explore differences in frailty between sexes and periods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When all periods were considered, a 4-biomarker frailty index was constructed: the presence of <i>cribra orbitalia</i>, <i>cribra femoralis/humeralis</i>, porotic hyperostosis, and osteoarthritis (absence) is associated with higher mortality. Lower survivorship (Kaplan–Meier) and higher risk of mortality (Cox proportional hazards) were associated with higher frailty index values. Significantly higher frailty values were observed in the Late Middle Ages, correlating with a general worsening of living conditions in the Middle Ages, and the lowest frailty was observed in Contemporary individuals. Comparisons of 4-biomarker frailty indices between sexes revealed no significant differences overall or by period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As females are biologically buffered, their cumulative frailty should be lower than males; comparable cumulative frailty suggests cultural factors may be impacting female frailty. This study contributes to methodological advancements in bioarchaeological frailty analysis and provides insights into the trends of health in Milan over the past 2000 years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144833104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"George Philip Rightmire (1942–2025)","authors":"Rolf Quam","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vascular Microforamina in Adult Human Braincase: A Survey on Dry Skulls","authors":"Emiliano Bruner","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Microforamina are small vascular passages on the endocranial surface of the braincase, connecting the diploe of the vault bones with the endocranial space. Recently, they have been hypothesized to be involved in brain immune response and inflammation. At present, they have been described through biomedical imaging, but information on their general anatomy is still missing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A sample of 94 dry skulls from a mid-20th-century Northern-Spanish collection has been examined to supply a morphological description of the dimensions and distribution of these channels in adult humans. The size of the channels was measured through digital photographs, and their distribution was investigated throughout the vault endocranial surface.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The size of the visible channels ranges from 0.03 to 2.00 mm, although most of them may range between 0.05 and 0.15 mm. The individual variation in terms of prevalence and distribution is noticeable. The main regions presenting these vascular passages are the midsagittal posterior part of the parietal bones and the anterior branch of the middle meningeal vessels. Very small vessels can be found spotted along the minor branches of the middle meningeal artery, spreading through the parietal squama. The lambdoid region also frequently displays scattered channels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The association of these microforamina with venous sinuses and meningeal vessels stresses further the possible relationships with immune responses, clearance, and the glymphatic system. Future surveys should be devoted to investigating sexual differences, ontogenetic changes, pathological conditions, and the presence of these craniovascular features in other primates and fossil hominids.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone Mineral Density Variation Across Anatomical Regions: Insights From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","authors":"Cristina M. Gildee,&nbsp;Patricia Ann Kramer","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bone mineral density (BMD), a critical measurement of overall bone health, is sensitive to nutritional, hormonal, immunological, lifestyle, and genetic factors through their impact on bone remodeling and age-related BMD loss. Further, bone responds to repetitive mechanical loading by increasing bone mineral deposition, suggesting that differences in bone loading could moderate associations between age and BMD by buffering weight-bearing regions against age-related resorption. We examine whether age-BMD relationships differ across skeletal sites and between weight-bearing (WBR) and nonweight-bearing (non-WBR) regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data from adult participants (<i>n</i> = 12,403) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2007–2018) were analyzed using multivariate linear regression, adjusting for body mass index, gender, racialized group, socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sedentary behavior. BMD was evaluated across 12 anatomical regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>WBR and non-WBRs showed similar age-related declines in BMD overall, though this pattern varied by gender. Women showed a steeper age-related BMD decline in non-WBRs; men showed comparable negative associations between regions. Non-Hispanic Black participants had significantly higher BMD in every region than non-Hispanic White participants. Socioeconomic status and heavy smoking were strong predictors of BMD. Notably, increased sedentary time was linked exclusively to lower BMD in non-WBRs (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results indicate habitual loading alone may be insufficient to buffer bones against age-related loss. Rather, social and lifestyle factors significantly moderate the age-BMD relationship. Further research employing longitudinal data, direct mechanical loading measurements, and bone microarchitecture assessments could help clarify the interplay of biomechanical and social factors influencing BMD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144758575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Standardized, Three-Dimensional Cropping Protocol for Analyzing the Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus.","authors":"Elle B K Liagre, Floriane Remy, Sébastien Villotte, Christopher J Knüsel","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70100","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The medial epicondyle of the humerus has been considered particularly relevant for investigating past activity-related skeletal changes. Yet, the characterization of these skeletal changes on the humerus has been challenging. This study introduces a semi-automated cropping protocol to standardize the analysis of this anatomical region and its entheseal surfaces.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A landmark-based cropping protocol was established in 3DSlicer to capture the region of interest, identified based on anatomical literature. Before applying this protocol, mesh resolution and orientation were standardized. Repeatability and reproducibility were assessed in 20 humeri through landmark placement precision and cropped model surface area.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final cropped surface effectively encompassed the entire entheseal region. Mean landmark distances were mostly below 1 mm for intra-observer comparisons and more variable (between < 1 and 4 mm) for inter-observer comparisons. Distance-based Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (dICC) were all above 0.99. Mean percentage errors between surface areas were predominantly below 5%, with the highest value at 10.39%. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Lin's Correlation Coefficient values all exceeded 0.94.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The proposed protocol offers a holistic approach to studying entheseal changes at the medial epicondyle while accommodating morphological variation. Despite some subjectivity in landmark placement, the statistical results for both landmark placement and surface area found the method's observer error to be among the lowest in comparable studies. This method provides a valuable tool for examining entheseal surface changes and morphology, with the potential, pending experimental validation, to support research on reconstructing physical activity, pathological conditions, and human evolutionary adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":"e70100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12334868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144805006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Activity and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The Role of Evolutionary Mismatch in Chronic Disease Risk","authors":"Makenna B. Lenover Moyer,&nbsp;Mary K. Shenk","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rising rates of noncommunicable diseases have been attributed to evolutionary mismatch between past physical activity and sedentary, post-industrial behavior. Epidemiologic research suggests that sedentism increases irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) risk. We test this association with a population sample to assess whether physical activity mismatch is associated with IBS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study recruited Pennsylvanians (age- and sex- matched to state population) to complete an online survey documenting digestion, demographics, and physical activity. IBS was diagnosed using Rome IV criteria, and data were analyzed using binary logistic regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sample included 921 individuals (55.3% F; mean age = 38.78) with an IBS prevalence of 28.8%. Exercise vigor (none/low) was significantly associated with increased IBS risk [OR 1.469, 95% CI: 1.168–2.126, <i>p</i> = 0.0154], though other measures of exercise were not. BMI was a strong predictor of IBS continuously (sample mean BMI = 28.61) [OR 1.029, 95% CI: 1.011–1.048, <i>p</i> = 0.002], with higher BMI increasing IBS risk, especially for those overweight (25 &lt; BMI &lt; 30) [OR 1.734, 95% CI: 1.129–2.664, <i>p</i> = 0.012] or obese (BMI &gt; 30) [OR 2.062, 95% CI: 1.361–3.125, <i>p</i> = 0.001]. BMI significantly mediated the relationship between exercise vigor and IBS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most research finds IBS is an illness driven by the environment, with exercise playing a protective role in disease risk. Our findings suggest that mismatch due to exercise levels alone is likely not a major driver of disease; instead, IBS may be driven by longitudinal effects of exercise (proxied here by BMI) alongside other environmental and behavioral factors contributing to energetic balance, such as diet and stress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Newly Developed AI-Assisted Tool for the Collection of Cranial Landmark Data.","authors":"Nicollette S Appel, Kelly R Kamnikar, Esteban Rangel, M Katherine Spradley, Heather J H Edgar","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Virtual anthropology databases provide substantial benefits for research, offering large-scale, diverse samples that facilitate methodological advancements in research and allow for testing of theoretical models that may otherwise not be possible. As technology evolves, it is crucial to develop methods that can effectively be utilized in new forms of imaging and visualization. Here, we introduce a craniometric data collection module within the medical imaging software, Amira, developed to enhance, improve, and expedite large-scale data collection in virtual anthropology. This module's capabilities include 3D visualization of computed tomography (CT) scans and AI-driven assistance in landmark plotting. An output file contains x, y, and z coordinate data of all plotted landmarks and interlandmark distances. Additionally, researchers can plot floating and endocranial landmarks, enhancing the flexibility and comprehensiveness of data collection. A key advantage of this module is its complete customizability. Researchers can tailor the module to fit their objectives. The module's efficiency represents a marked improvement over previous virtual craniometrics data collection methods. In its current form, the module allows researchers to load input files, register the sample skull, and plot 104 cranial landmarks (both ectocranial and endocranial) in approximately 40 min. This is considerably faster than prior approaches. The module demonstrates the potential of leveraging AI and CT scans for the advancement of biological and forensic anthropology. Its integration with Amira's powerful tools provides researchers with a new and valuable resource that sets a new standard for data collection in virtual anthropology.</p>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":"e70106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Baboon Sleep Site Selection in Gorongosa National Park","authors":"Lynn Lewis-Bevan,&nbsp;Philippa Hammond,&nbsp;Susana Carvalho,&nbsp;Dora Biro","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70095","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This research aimed to understand how sleep site selection compared to other study sites in baboons living in a low-predator density, highly seasonal environment. We compared baboon troops in two distinct habitat types with different seasonal influences within the park, one that flooded annually and one that did not. We compared their sleep site use, reuse, and location relative to home range boundaries and areas of interest (AOIs) with each other and baboons in other areas to understand whether season, habitat familiarity, or position in the home range influenced sleep site choice.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Using GPS collar data taken at 15-min intervals from four gray-footed chacma baboons (&lt;i&gt;Papio ursinus griseipes&lt;/i&gt;) in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, we established the location of sleep sites, home range boundaries, and AOIs, or places where the baboons repeatedly stopped for more than 15 min. Study subjects ranged either in dense woodland or in a seasonally flooded alluvial floodplain. We used a linear mixed-effects model to predict sleep site reuse based on distance to the habitat edge and AOIs, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to determine if morning or evening AOIs influenced sleep site location. We counted the number of reuses of each sleep site before and after the flooding period and compared this data to data in other baboon study sites.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We found that, as in other study sites with less seasonality and higher predation risk, baboons in Gorongosa change sleep site frequently and utilize multiple sleep sites throughout their home range, although they more often use sleep sites closer to the center of their home ranges. However, unlike other studies, we found that the location of the last AOI of the day more strongly predicted sleep site location than the first AOI of the next day in one troop, with baboons traveling further from their sleep site to their first AOI in the morning than from their last evening AOI to the sleep site.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Despite high seasonality and low predator density, baboons in Gorongosa National Park changed sleep sites frequently, as do other studied baboon troops in areas with high nocturnal predation rates. In addition, their propensity to sleep closer to the last AOI of the day may imply that they plan their daily paths toward their chosen sleep site, or that they sleep opportunistically at the end of the day. This study provides a baseline of behavioral data fo","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144758576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Establishing an Ecuadorian Isoscape: The Importance of Baseline Strontium Data in a Volcanic Landscape\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70107","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":"e70107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12481644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144805007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Canine Hypoplasia in African American and Indonesian Children: Prevalence, Expression and Tooth Size","authors":"John R. Lukacs","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70105","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study documents the prevalence and expression of localized hypoplasia of primary canine teeth (LHPC) in two groups: African American (Gullah) and Indonesian (Malay). New data for these groups clarify defect etiology. The impact of variation in tooth size on defect expression has not been studied in humans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The author analyzed dental casts of Gullah (<i>n</i> = 112 individuals, 466 teeth) at Ohio State University and Javanese Malay (<i>n</i> = 141 individuals, 582 teeth) at Gadja Mada University for primary canine hypoplasia. Scoring of enamel defects, measures of defect size, and crown size were evaluated for accuracy. Measures of intra-observer reliability are high (Kappa = 0.83, %concordance = 94.5; <i>n</i> = 175 teeth).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As expected, the prevalence of LHPC in Gullah (12.7% of teeth, 33.9% of individuals) was significantly greater than in Malay (3.1% of teeth, 11.4% of individuals). The number of teeth affected per individual is often two or less. Gullah defects were common on the cervical 1/3 of the crown and on the mesial aspect of lower canines. Large defects (&gt; 2.0 mm, height and width) are frequent in lower canines; smaller-sized lesions appear often in upper and lower canines. Differences in mean tooth size of individuals with and without defects vary by group and sex.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inter-group differences reaffirm the impact of socio-economic factors in LHPC etiology. Defect location is preferentially cervical, implying post-natal stress, and mesial in lower canines. Malay tooth crown size is not a factor in defect etiology, yet Gullah females with LHPC have larger crown size.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"187 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144725434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}