American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Reconstruction of Spatial Organization and Cemetery Structure of Preadult Burials at the Phaleron Burial Ground (Archaic Athens, Greece) Using Deciduous Dental Morphology","authors":"Christopher M. Stojanowski","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70338","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70338","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper uses deciduous dental morphology to evaluate the spatial structure of the Archaic period site of Phaleron (Athens, Greece) with the goal of identifying possible biological kin- or community structuring of the burial ground.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Deciduous morphological data (77 total root-trait combinations) were collected by the author using published standards for 231 preadult individuals from Phaleron. After pre-analysis data treatments evaluating the effects of age, sex, and inter-trait correlation, remaining variables were compared among burial subsectors using Mean Measure of Divergence statistics, with statistical significance assessed following both standard protocols and with bootstrapping methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results are consistent with, but not identical to, those presented using permanent dental morphology, with deciduous data presenting stronger evidence of spatial structuring. This suggests that the same principles governing grave placement applied to both adults and preadults, which I argue reflects biological kinship as a structuring principle of Archaic period burial grounds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper makes three contributions: (1) enhances understanding of ancient Greek burial practices, particularly of the non-elite individuals who lived during the critical centuries of Athenian political development, (2) demonstrates the complementary value of using both deciduous and permanent dentition in analyses of biological distance, and (3) presents the first large sample of deciduous trait frequencies from ancient Greece, thus informing future comparative studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"190 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover & Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70275","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Dentition of the Aurignacian Mandible Les Rois 2, France: New Data and Taxonomic Reassessment","authors":"Jérôme Isle de Beauchaine,&nbsp;Gaël Becam,&nbsp;Florent Détroit,&nbsp;Fernando Ramirez Rozzi,&nbsp;Dominique Grimaud-Hervé,&nbsp;Christine Verna","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70354","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides new dental phenotypic data on the Aurignacian mandible Les Rois 2 (southwestern France). A former study of its dental morphology concluded that its taxonomic assignment to either <i>Homo sapiens</i> or <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i> was “uncertain” and could reflect a recent Neanderthal ancestry of this specimen. An alternative explanation was that Aurignacian people from Les Rois were <i>H. sapiens</i> displaying plesiomorphic features, extending the biological variation seen among modern populations. Here, we propose a reassessment of Les Rois 2 taxonomic status through the study of its dental morphological features.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Material and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our analyses include micro-tomographic data of a large comparative sample of <i>H. neanderthalensis</i>, Pleistocene and Holocene <i>H. sapiens</i>. We analyze dental metrics, 3D dental tissue proportions (AET and RET), Enamel Dentin Junction (EDJ) nonmetric trait variations, and lower premolar EDJ size and shape with 3D geometric morphometrics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Les Rois 2 specimen displays dental features placing it at the limit of the range of variation of Holocene populations, but consistent with the morphology of Late Pleistocene <i>H. sapiens</i>. Our analyses also show that Les Rois 2 lacks the derived <i>H. neanderthalensis</i> morphological trait.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study shows that the taxonomic attribution of Les Rois 2 is more consistent with <i>H. sapiens</i> than with <i>H. neanderthalensis</i>, while acknowledging that the specimen displays plesiomorphic features rare among recent <i>H. sapiens</i> populations. These findings highlight the larger phenotypic variation displayed by Early Upper Paleolithic populations and contribute to a better understanding of the morphology of Aurignacian makers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Levels of Sexual Dimorphism and High Levels of Correlation Within the Human Deciduous Molars From the Ratón Pérez Collection","authors":"Marina Martínez de Pinillos,&nbsp;Mario Modesto-Mata,&nbsp;Arthur Thiebaut,&nbsp;Leslea J. Hlusko","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70353","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study of deciduous teeth provides insights into early dental development, morphological variation and underlying biological processes, with relevance to oral biology, pediatric dentistry and anthropological research. Here, we analyze the linear dimensions of the largest known sample of associated deciduous molars to investigate patterns of sexual dimorphism, covariation, and developmental integration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sample comes from the Ratón Pérez Collection, a modern human sample curated at the National Research Center on Human Evolution (Burgos, Spain). Standard odontometric measurements were collected from 428 upper and lower deciduous molars from 211 children, including mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) diameters, crown index (CI) and crown area (CA). The sample included isolated and associated individuals, enabling within-individual comparisons across teeth and jaws. Statistical analyses evaluated sexual dimorphism and correlation between molars within and across dental arcades.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sexual dimorphism is generally low, with significant differences restricted to a small number of comparisons, mainly involving mandibular second deciduous molars. Within individuals, crown size-related variables (MD, BL, and CA) show strong and consistent metameric covariation (dm1–dm2) and between dental arcades (upper-lower), indicating developmental integration. Crown proportions (CI) display weaker and less consistent associations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings indicate that crown size during early odontogenesis is shaped by shared developmental influences operating across the deciduous molar field. In contrast, crown proportions reflect localized aspects of crown morphology. The weak expression of sexual dimorphism supports the use of pooled samples, while the strong integration of size-related variables helps explain the effectiveness of odontometric approaches.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"190 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing Reproductive Demands and Seasonal Food Availability: Foraging Strategies of Adult Female White-Headed Langurs in Karst Habitats","authors":"Ran Huang,&nbsp;Ying Huang,&nbsp;Qian Zhong,&nbsp;Chengming Huang,&nbsp;Shijun Wu,&nbsp;Dengpan Nong,&nbsp;Penglai Fan,&nbsp;Qihai Zhou","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70352","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We examined how seasonality and reproductive stage affect foraging behavior in adult female white-headed langurs (<i>Trachypithecus leucocephalus</i>). Because high-quality foods (e.g., young leaves and fruits) become scarce in the dry season, forcing langurs to shift to low-quality mature leaves, we predicted females would increase food intake either by extending feeding bout duration or elevating intake rate. Given the high metabolic costs of lactation, we further predicted lactating females would consume more food than non-lactating females, and that maternal intake would change with infant age.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were collected over 14 months from a habituated group of 12 individuals using focal sampling. For each session, an adult female was randomly selected for observation and video recording; if the focal individual was out of sight for &gt; 5 min, we switched to another visible adult. Videos were used to quantify feeding bout duration, food intake, and intake rate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adult females had significantly higher intake of young leaves in the wet season than in the dry season, whereas intake of fruits was significantly higher in the dry season. Lactating females showed no significant differences from non-lactating females in feeding bout duration and intake rate, but their intake of young leaves was significantly higher. Infant age (months) did not affect maternal feeding bout traits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the karst habitat, langurs maintain energy balance not by increasing overall food intake, but via dietary selectivity (prioritizing young leaves), seasonal dietary switching (exploiting dry season fruits), and a prolonged lactation period that spreads metabolic costs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"190 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sundadonty Revisited: Dental Evidence Supports a Mixed East Asian and Australo-Melanesian Ancestry for Southeast Asians","authors":"G. Richard Scott,&nbsp;Joel D. Irish,&nbsp;Arielle J. Pastore,&nbsp;Hannes Rathmann,&nbsp;Miguel E. Delgado","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70349","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>C.G. Turner divided the “Mongoloid” dental complex into Sinodonty and Sundadonty, but it remains unclear if the latter is a distinct complex or the product of Holocene gene flow between East Asians and the earlier inhabitants of Southeast Asia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dental data for 863 individuals representing 16 populations from East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australo-Melanesia, and the Pacific were investigated. Three methods were employed: rASUDAS2 analysis based on a naïve Bayesian algorithm to classify individuals into clusters, the R-matrix approach to obtain <i>d</i>_<i>ij</i> distances, <i>F</i>_ST, and <i>r</i>_<i>ij</i> values among regional samples, and matrix correlation analysis to evaluate competing population history scenarios.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The rASUDAS2 analysis revealed that Southeast Asians showed high variation and an indistinct dental complex, divided by East Asians (50.3%) and Australo-Melanesians (49.7%). The <i>d</i>_<i>ij</i> distances indicate that Southeast Asians share similarities with Australo-Melanesians and East Asians, while the Pacific groups are closer to Australo-Melanesians. The F_ST obtained was 0.067, while the r_ii values were: Southeast Asia = 0.027; Pacific = 0.057; Australo-Melanesia = 0.076, and East Asia = 0.110. The matrix correlation analysis identified the migration scenario as the best-supported model.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sundadonty does not represent a discrete or evolutionarily independent dental complex but rather results from admixture between Neolithic East Asian agriculturalists and Australo-Melanesians. Southeast Asians are the most biologically heterogeneous populations investigated, coinciding with archaeological, linguistic and paleogenomic evidence showing multiple migrations and population events (admixture, replacement), which occurred during the past 5000 years. This supports a complex population history and diverse ancestral components in Southeast Asia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"190 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clades, Grades, and the Genus Problem: A Case for Revising Hominin Taxonomy","authors":"Ian Towle","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70344","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Taxonomic practice in evolutionary biology increasingly prioritizes the recognition of monophyletic groups (clades), yet paleoanthropology still applies this principle inconsistently. Here, I outline these inconsistencies and broader challenges in hominin taxonomy and propose a potential solution. <i>Australopithecus</i> is widely considered non-monophyletic. In addition, the temporal depth of <i>Homo</i> is shallow relative to most primate genera, with recently diverged genera often taxonomically unstable due to complex morphological and genetic signatures and extensive gene flow among closely related taxa. The hominin fossil record exhibits pronounced morphological mosaicism and homoplasy, with supposedly key traits increasingly blurred both within and among genera. This obscures putative adaptive distinctions and contributes to persistent taxonomic disagreement. One potential solution is the subsumption of <i>Australopithecus</i> and <i>Paranthropus</i> within an expanded genus <i>Homo</i>. Such a revision would help address problems of non-monophyly, avoid conceptual difficulties associated with genera with shallow time depths, and facilitate more coherent evolutionary comparisons within a more stable taxonomy. Within this framework, Hominini is best defined as the <i>Pan</i>-<i>Homo</i> clade, with Hominina retained as the appropriate subtribal designation for the human clade. Although similar proposals have been advanced previously, accumulating fossil and genetic evidence makes this a timely moment to reconsider hominin taxonomy. This proposal has limitations, including the loss of taxonomic information relating to adaptive and ecological variation, particularly within <i>Paranthropus</i> and large-brained <i>Homo</i>. At a minimum, however, this article argues for greater consistency and transparency in distinguishing clades from grades in homininan taxonomy, and for more consistent criteria for the recognition of genera.</p>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"190 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nasal Gracilization in Sri Lankan Indigenous Vedda: Phenotypic Plasticity and Evolutionary Continuity","authors":"Dissanayakalage Tharaka Harshani Ananda,&nbsp;Charmalie Anuradha Dona Nahallage","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70348","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The nasal complex, a climatically sensitive trait, offers insight into both long-term adaptation and short-term phenotypic plasticity. We test whether nasal morphology exhibits plasticity parallel to postcranial gracilization in response to subsistence shifts, using Sri Lanka's Indigenous Vedda as a model population. They represent a unique lineage with deep evolutionary continuity to the island's prehistoric inhabitants. While genetic studies affirm their deep ancestry, no systematic data exist on their nasal morphology—making this the first study of its kind in Sri Lanka.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nasal height and breadth were measured in 328 Vedda adults (≥ 19 years) of confirmed Indigenous ancestry from Yakkure (minimal displacement, 6 km) and Henanigala (resettled 38 km). Nasal index was calculated, and group comparisons used <i>t</i>-tests with age stratification.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant sexual dimorphism was observed in groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Yakkure adults exhibited larger nasal dimensions (height: 47.59 ± 3.34 mm; breadth: 37.38 ± 2.84 mm) than Henanigala adults (height: 46.55 ± 3.05 mm; breadth: 36.98 ± 2.75 mm), yet Nasal Indices were statistically indistinguishable (Yakkure: 79.69 ± 7.26, Henanigala: 79.20 ± 7.85), with both groups predominantly mesorrhine (67.7%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This dissociation between size reduction and shape conservation parallels systemic skeletal gracilization, suggesting phenotypic plasticity. The pattern is consistent with Henanigala's environmental disruption and reduced masticatory strain from softer agricultural diets; Yakkure's morphology reflects greater ecological continuity. Comparison with early 20th century data reveals a secular trend toward gracilization and nasal broadening. These findings extend loading-related plasticity to the craniofacial skeleton, illustrating how nasal morphology may encode deep ancestral heritage and plastic responses to rapid biocultural change.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"190 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Limb Entheseal Variation in Modern Athletes and an Early Medieval Population: Implications for Activity Reconstruction","authors":"Elena García-Vargas,&nbsp;Jiří Macháček,&nbsp;Ángel Luis Parrado-Gallego,&nbsp;Enrique Alcalá,&nbsp;Víctor Manuel Encinas-Tobajas,&nbsp;Markus Bastir,&nbsp;Vladimír Sládek","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70335","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Entheses are commonly used to infer past activity patterns, yet their interpretation is limited by the combined effects of mechanical loading and intrinsic biological factors. This study addresses this issue by integrating an Early Medieval population from Pohansko (Czechia; 9th–10th centuries CE) with a Spanish modern professional athlete reference sample characterised by well-defined activity regimes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lower limb entheseal areas of the <i>gluteus medius</i>, <i>gluteus maximus</i>, <i>vasti</i>, <i>gastrocnemius</i>, and <i>soleus</i> muscles were quantified in the archaeological individuals and in Modern Athletes (sprinters, endurance runners, climbers) using 3D modeling and the VERA protocol. Non-adjusted and size-adjusted data were analysed using univariate and multivariate approaches.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Modern Athletes exhibit significantly larger entheseal areas than Pohansko individuals for all muscles except the <i>soleus</i>, supporting the relationship between cumulative mechanical loading and entheseal development. Multivariate analyses differentiate both samples and distinguish locomotor strategies among athletes, with the <i>soleus</i> enthesis contributing most strongly to functional variation. Sexual dimorphism is consistent and male-biased in athletes but variable and enthesis-specific in the Pohansko sample.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results highlight the potential and limitations of entheseal areas for reconstructing behavioral and functional variation in past populations. In Modern Athletes, only the <i>soleus</i> enthesis distinguished climbers from runners, regardless of sex, but not sprinters from endurance runners. In Pohansko, it displayed marked female–male differences, consistent with a sex-based division of labour. These findings suggest that lower limb entheses differ in their sensitivity to mechanical loading, with the <i>soleus</i> primarily reflecting locomotor loading rather than sex differences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"190 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secular Trends in Height and Changes in Anthropometric Measures Among Adult Women in Nuñoa, Peru 1964–2018","authors":"Morgan K. Hoke,&nbsp;Nicole M. Mayer,&nbsp;Adriana Wisniewski,&nbsp;Thomas L. Leatherman","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70343","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examines secular trends in body size among women in a high-altitude Andean population in Nuñoa, Peru to evaluate the relative contributions of high-altitude adaptation versus political-economic and nutritional factors to the small body sizes previously observed in this population. It investigates changes in height, weight, and body composition across the 1960s, 1980s, and 2010s.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Anthropometric data were drawn from three cross-sectional samples of adult women (ages 18–64) collected in the 1960s (<i>n</i> = 134), 1980s (<i>n</i> = 167), and 2010s (<i>n</i> = 169). Measures included height, weight, BMI, arm circumference, and triceps skinfolds. Participants were stratified by age (18–24; 25–64). ANCOVA and <i>t</i>-tests were used to assess between-period and within-group differences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Women in the 2010s were significantly taller, heavier, and had higher BMI, arm circumference, and skinfolds than earlier cohorts, indicating a clear secular trend. No significant height differences were observed between the 1960s and 1980s. Increases in weight and BMI were driven primarily by women aged 25–64 years. Progressive increases in adiposity measures across all periods suggest shifting body composition. Age-related differences in body size shift between the earlier periods and the 2010s.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings demonstrate that improvements in socioeconomic conditions, healthcare, and diet have contributed significantly to increased body size, supporting a biocultural interpretation. Evidence of rising BMI and adiposity suggests that Nuñoa is undergoing an early-stage nutrition transition, with declining undernutrition and emerging risks of overweight. Persistent short stature relative to national and Andean averages reflects ongoing structural inequalities despite recent gains.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"190 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}