American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Early Life Stress and Long-Term Survival in the Hamann-Todd Collection","authors":"Allyson M. Simon,&nbsp;Mark Hubbe","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The impact of physiological stress during growth and development on mortality has been a topic of intense interest in bioarchaeology and other disciplines. In this study, we analyze the association between survival and two markers of physiological stress, linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) and adult stature, in a sample of 296 individuals from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection (HTOC).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The HTOC is among the most well-known osteological collections in the discipline, representing low socioeconomic status individuals from early 20th century Cleveland, Ohio. Ages-at-death and demographic identifiers (sex and socially ascribed race) were known for all individuals in the sample. The association between the skeletal and dental markers of early life stress and survival was evaluated through Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, using log rank tests to analyze the significance of differences in survival among demographic groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant differences in survival were observed between demographic groups, regardless of LEH status or stature. However, there were no significant differences in survivorship by LEH presence in this sample, despite the expectation that periods of physiological stress during key stages of development contribute to long-term health consequences such as suppressed immune function. For females, shorter statures were associated with a higher probability of survival, while there were no significant differences in survival for males based on stature.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It is likely that differences in survival observed in this sample of the HTOC are the consequence of other factors, most likely related to adult environmental quality, as opposed to early life stress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood Lead Exposure in North Atlantic Fisheries: Concentration and Isotopic Analyses of Tooth Enamel From 18th to 19th Century Fishing Communities","authors":"Tricia Jessica Anne Munkittrick,&nbsp;Amy Scott,&nbsp;Tamara L. Varney,&nbsp;Vaughan Grimes","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This bioarcheological study explored the extent and sources of childhood lead (Pb) exposure in contexts where environmental sources were not anthropogenically enriched.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sampled Pb concentrations and isotope ratios in the tooth enamel (2nd molars) of 46 individuals from five early fishing settlements in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia and 19 individuals from a mid-18th century Royal Naval cemetery in Newfoundland.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pb concentrations were as much as 20 times higher than natural exposures (mean = 6.9, maximum = 28.7). Pb exposure in these fishing communities was higher than in previous studies, with expected natural exposure but not as high as industrial period sites in England or cemeteries associated with local mining activities in North America. Most Pb isotope ratios were consistent with English/Welsh and Western European Pb ore (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.30–18.46, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb = 2.082–2.095), likely from imported Pb-containing cultural materials such as ceramics. However, Pb outliers (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.86–18.91, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb = 2.055–2.058) are consistent with values seen at other 19th-century cemetery sites in North America and New Zealand.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Since Pb mining was nonexistent in Newfoundland and there were limited environmental sources, exposures must have been from imported cultural materials. Previous studies have likely underestimated the contribution of Pb in cultural materials to historical contamination levels in archeological samples. Our study contributes to understanding the physical versus cultural environments' role in Pb exposure and the utility of Pb isotope ratios for identifying distinct cultural groups during the 18th and 19th centuries.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age at Menarche and Its Potential Role in Early Detection of Hyperandrogenic Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","authors":"C. Manthey,&nbsp;C. D. Lynn,&nbsp;C. Ocobock,&nbsp;T. J. Cepon-Robins,&nbsp;A. Warrener","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted heritable endocrine disorder that affects 4%–20% of females worldwide. Characterized by symptoms such as polycystic ovaries, anovulation, and hyperandrogenism, PCOS remains challenging to diagnose, particularly in its early stages. Research suggests that women with PCOS may experience earlier onset of menarche, but the mechanisms behind this association are not well understood. This study explores whether early menarche could serve as an effective diagnostic marker for PCOS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A survey was conducted with 95 adult women (ages 19–62), divided into two groups: women diagnosed with PCOS (49%, <i>n</i> = 47) and women without PCOS (51%, <i>n</i> = 48). Participants with PCOS self-identified and were required to meet the Rotterdam Criteria for diagnosis. Notably, all self-identified participants with PCOS exhibited the hyperandrogenic phenotype. Independent samples <i>t</i>-tests and linear regression were used for data analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Women with PCOS reached menarche an average of 1.8 years earlier than those without the condition (mean age 11.4 ± 1.6 years vs. 13.2 ± 1.2 years).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings suggest that early menarche may be a promising, underexplored indicator of PCOS, offering a potential new avenue for earlier diagnosis of the condition. This could be particularly valuable, as PCOS is often not diagnosed until more classic symptoms, such as anovulation or hirsutism, emerge. Further research is needed to confirm these results and investigate the underlying mechanisms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconciling Species Concepts: An Ecological Perspective","authors":"Norman Owen-Smith","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Species concepts remain contentious, both in paleoanthropology and in modern taxonomy. The lineage-based concept emphasizing evolutionary independence is most fundamental, but in practice is generally represented by proxy evidence of morphological or genetic divergence. This has resulted in a troubling proliferation of species names in the hominin fossil record. Pseudo-extinctions where lineages persisted under a new species name need to be distinguished from cases where lineages ended terminally—the implications for ecological adaptability are diametrically opposed. Furthermore, the ecological criterion for species coexistence is widely overlooked. The competitive exclusion principle holds that species sharing closely similar niches cannot continue to coexist in the same place at the same time. Notably, the largely vegetarian <i>Paranthropus</i> lineage remained distinct from the diverging, more versatile <i>Homo</i> lineage until fading from the fossil record during the later Pleistocene. Claims that additional hominin species existed are ecologically suspect unless supported by evidence of adequate niche separation. Modern examples where there has been equivocation in lineage recognition are illustrated for bovids, giraffids, baboons, and elephants. Furthermore, the mechanisms that resulted in the displacement of Neanderthals by modern humans are reappraised from an ecological perspective. Representations of evolutionary divergence as a bushy tree need to be superseded by the emerging paradigm of reticulate lineages diverging and coalescing through time and space.</p>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Middle Eocene Haplorhine Frontal Bone From the Tornillo Basin of Texas, and Its Implications for the Phylogenetic Relationships of Rooneyia and Other Paleogene Primates","authors":"E. Christopher Kirk,&nbsp;Christopher J. Campisano,&nbsp;Alan L. Deino,&nbsp;Sebastian Egberts,&nbsp;Addison D. Kemp,&nbsp;Ingrid K. Lundeen,&nbsp;Benjamin Rodwell","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Here we describe a well-preserved primate frontal bone (TMM 46513-1) recovered from Middle Eocene exposures of the Devil's Graveyard Formation in the Tornillo Basin of Texas. We also discuss the significance of frontal bone morphology for understanding early haplorhine phylogeny.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TMM 46513-1 was mechanically prepared, μCT scanned, and compared with a broad array of extant and fossil crown primates. Revised dates for the specimen were provided using ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology. Dice-CT scans of <i>Saguinus</i> were used to investigate the contents of bony canals found within the frontal bones of many euarchontans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TMM 46513-1 resembles <i>Rooneyia viejaensis</i> in several key features, including: (1) the presence of a ventral flange on the lateral process of the frontal that intervenes between the posterosuperior orbit and temporal fossa, (2) the presence of a bony canal system (“orbitofrontal canal”) within the frontal that connects a foramen on the posterior aspect of the lateral process (“lateral process foramen”) with the superomedial orbit and the anterior cranial fossa, (3) a metopic suture that is unfused at its rostral end but obliterated at its caudal end, and (4) an anterior cranial fossa that overlaps the posteromedial portions of the orbits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The lateral segment of the orbitofrontal canal and substantial ventral expansion of the lateral process are features restricted to the Haplorhini among crown primates. The morphological features shared by TMM 46513-1 and <i>Rooneyia</i> suggest that they may be stem haplorhines, but are less consistent with the hypothesis that <i>Rooneyia</i> is a stem anthropoid.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Construction of Community at Early Bronze Age Karataş-Semayük, Southwestern Anatolia","authors":"Donovan M. Adams,&nbsp;Marin A. Pilloud,&nbsp;Ali Metin Büyükkarakaya","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study seeks to examine biological kinship structures as expressed in mortuary treatment and postmarital residence practices of the Early Bronze Age (c. 3000–2000 BCE) Karataş-Semayük in southwestern Anatolia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dental morphology and metrics of 451 (<i>n</i>_female = 47; <i>n</i>_male = 67) individuals were examined for biological distance analyses. Gower's coefficient of similarity and Non-Euclidean Fuzzy Relational Clustering (NEFRC) were used to examine phenotypic similarities between individuals and associations with burial location. Binomial and Fisher's exact tests were used to examine significant differences in rare traits between burial locations. Mean pairwise differences, diversity indices, and modified signed-likelihood ratio tests for the equality of coefficients of variation examined significant differences in shape and size variation between males and females.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individuals did not cluster based on burial location or unit for either the Gower's or NEFRC analyses. Additionally, rare traits were not clustered in specific burial locations. Females consistently showed greater metric and morphological variation compared to males, reaching statistical significance in mean pairwise difference tests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results suggest that burial location was not strongly defined by biological kinship units or lineages. Rather, a negotiation of various social identities likely influenced the expression of group membership in mortuary practice. Additionally, Karataş-Semayük likely practiced a bilocal residence pattern with a virilocal bias. The significant incorporation of outside females in the local community and the lack of biologically constrained burial practice may have simultaneously contributed to a cohesive community identity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Ethical Digital Practices: Guidelines for Consent, Accountability, and Transparency in Anthropology","authors":"Amber M. Plemons,&nbsp;Micayla C. Spiros","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Digital tools and imaging are now common practice in biological anthropology research. Ethical concerns around the management, use, and display of digital human remains are a budding topic of discussion. Currently, there are no formalized discipline-wide guidelines or standards for digital ethics in biological anthropology. To bridge the gap between ethical standards and digital practices, we need to gauge current digital tools and resources used by professionals, as well as the state of ethical codes for professional organizations regarding digital media in biological anthropology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study reviews ethical statements from five professional organizations and survey responses from biological anthropologists on their use and opinions of digital remains. Text analyses were performed on ethics statements to identify terms related to digital remains and on survey responses to identify key themes in opinions of digital ethics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results demonstrated that only one organization mentions digital ethics while survey results indicate researchers are creating and using digital tools in their research. Thematic text analyses underline the need for consent, digital ethical guidelines, anonymity, data security, and cultural sensitivity and respect.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results highlight the gap in practice and guidelines for digital ethics. We propose immediate action items, including the development of a cross-cultural, disciplinary working group to generate cohesive digital ethics standards, explicit statements on digital human remains in donor forms, the addition of digital best practice standards into organizations' ethics codes, and ethics statements added to current digital platforms. These proposed ethical guidelines and questions for donor forms are provided for these action items.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Trends and Risk Factors in Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis Among Dutch Pre-Adults (475–1866 CE)","authors":"Maia Casna,&nbsp;Sarah A. Schrader","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This research examines the prevalence of chronic maxillary sinusitis in pre-adults from multiple Dutch sites, while also considering the effects of associated risk factors such as time period (i.e., urbanization), living conditions, and socioeconomic status. Our aim was to investigate how different risk factors impacted childhood upper respiratory health throughout the Dutch medieval and Post-medieval periods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We selected 13 sites representative of different time periods (475–1866 <span>CE</span>), living environments (i.e., rural and urban), and socioeconomic status to provide an in-depth overview of past Dutch societies. We macroscopically and endoscopically analyzed the maxillary sinuses of 227 pre-adult individuals to identify paleopathological signs of sinusitis. Adult data on chronic maxillary sinusitis from 11 of these populations were available for comparison.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Statistical analysis revealed that time period had the most noteworthy impact on sinusitis prevalence. Post-medieval pre-adults were nearly three times more likely to develop sinusitis than their early-medieval counterparts, while post-medieval adolescents faced an eightfold increase in risk compared to adolescents from earlier periods. Neither living environment nor socioeconomic status showed a statistically significant effect on sinusitis prevalence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings highlight the interplay of risk factors affecting respiratory health in pre-adults, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the historical burden of respiratory diseases in past populations. Factors such as increased population densities, limited access to resources (e.g., healthcare, nutritious food, and drinking water), and the institutionalization of child labor in the Dutch post-medieval period likely had negative impacts on the respiratory health of pre-adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional Importance of a Liana Species for a Population of Bornean Orangutans","authors":"William D. Aguado,&nbsp;Astri Zulfa,&nbsp;Timothy D. Bransford,&nbsp;Kristana P. Makur,&nbsp;Maria A. van Noordwijk,&nbsp;Sri Suci Utami Atmoko,&nbsp;Erin R. Vogel","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Temporal variation in food availability can pose nutritional challenges to primates. Characterizing the nutritional content of the non-preferred foods that primates switch to, termed fallback foods, is useful for identifying the nutritional challenges of lean periods, the nutritional limits of what primates can subsist on, and physiological adaptations. We explored the temporal patterning and the nutritional contribution of food items for Bornean orangutans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii</i>) at Tuanan, Indonesia, with particular attention to the liana, <i>Bowringia callicarpa</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We quantified the nutritional contribution of food items to the diet of wild orangutans over 18 years. We modeled the relationship between preferred food availability and the nutritional contribution of <i>Bowringia</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Bowringia</i> played an outsize role in the feeding time and nutritional intake of orangutans. It can be characterized as a fallback food because it is increasingly consumed when preferred tree fruits are less available. Its immature leaves are particularly important as the greatest source of protein and energy. However, the nonprotein energy-to-protein ratio of <i>Bowringia</i> is extremely low, and overreliance on it would bring orangutans away from their estimated nutritional intake target.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite its high energy and protein content, <i>Bowringia</i> is a nutritionally imbalanced food. Fallback food quality should thus be evaluated based on the ability to bring an animal toward its nutritional goal rather than nutrient density. We propose that orangutans are preadapted to falling back on protein-dense foods and the great abundance of <i>Bowringia</i> has contributed to the high population density of orangutans at Tuanan.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Effect of Sex on Mortality Risks in Medieval Ireland","authors":"Allison C. Ham","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study evaluates the effect of sex on mortality risks in medieval Ireland to advance our understanding of the social, biological, and environmental factors that were deleterious to female health and survival in the past.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data on age-at-death and sex was collected on 335 skeletonized individuals from 10 archaeological sites dating to the early medieval (500–1150 <span>ce</span>) and late medieval (1150–1550 <span>ce</span>) periods in Ireland. Transition analysis (TA2) was used to estimate age-at-death for all individuals with visibly fused pelvic and long bone epiphyses. For all other individuals, age-at-death was estimated using dental development and epiphyseal fusion. Morphological traits of the pelvis and cranium and metric measurements were used to estimate sex. A Gompertz-Makeham hazards model with a proportional hazards specification was used to examine the effect of the sex covariate on mortality risks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Gompertz-Makeham hazards model failed to reveal an effect of sex on mortality risks in this context. No significant temporal variation in the effect of sex on the model was observed across sites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results failed to find an effect of the sex covariate on the mortality profile using hazards analysis. However, the similar mortality profiles observed between medieval Irish males and females could reflect cultural barriers and/or differential environmental exposures that counteracted the innate female survival advantage observed today.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"186 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}