American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Size Disparity in Putative Primate Adaptive Radiations and Other Mammalian Clades","authors":"Jeremiah E. Scott","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70250","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adaptive radiation is commonly viewed as the rapid production of phenotypic disparity and taxonomic diversity. Among primates, two clades have been identified as potential adaptive radiations: the lemurs of Madagascar and the platyrrhines of the Americas. This study examines these clades for one of the proposed signals of adaptive radiation: exceptional disparity in an ecologically important trait.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>I sliced a time-scaled molecular phylogeny of extant and recently extinct mammals at the Eocene–Oligocene and mid-Oligocene boundaries, creating samples of clades that are comparable in age to or younger than Lemuriformes and Platyrrhini. For each clade, phenotypic disparity was quantified as the variance of species means for body mass. Differences in disparity attributable to clade age were controlled using phylogenetic regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both primate clades have high age-adjusted disparity: lemuriforms are among the most size-disparate, ranking in the 95th percentile among clades originating after the Eocene–Oligocene boundary; platyrrhines are in the 84th percentile for clades originating after the mid-Oligocene boundary. None of the high-disparity clades in the samples are outliers, and the distributions of disparity are neither positively skewed nor bimodal.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>If adaptive radiation has influenced size evolution in mammals, the effect is not apparent in the distributions of size disparity. Without outliers, positive skew, or bimodality, there are no criteria for identifying exceptional clades. The magnitudes of disparity found in lemuriforms and platyrrhines can be interpreted as consistent with adaptive radiation, but size disparity does not provide decisive support for recognizing them as such.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Patterns of Regional Population Migration in China: A Novel Surname-Based Analysis","authors":"Xiaohui Fan,&nbsp;Xuemin Zhang,&nbsp;Yuan Gao,&nbsp;Yan Liu,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Li,&nbsp;Yida Yuan,&nbsp;Jiawei Chen,&nbsp;Liujun Chen","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70243","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70243","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to explore historical population migration patterns in China using a novel surname-based method called GNCurve. By applying this method to Chinese prefectures, the study identifies typical migration patterns and investigates how historical migration has shaped regional population structures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The data used in this study are from China's National Citizen Identity Information Center (NCIIC), which includes surname and prefecture information for 1.28 billion individuals. We propose and apply the GNCurve method, which integrates surname distance with geographic distance, to analyze historical population migration across 328 Chinese prefectures. Then, a cluster analysis of these GNCurves is performed to classify migration patterns into several distinct categories.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The analysis identifies five categories of typical historical migration patterns: reclaimed immigration (RI), strong diffusion (SD), long-distance migration (LDM), infrequent migration (IM), and social isolation (SI). We find that prefectures that fall into the same category tend to be clustered geographically, collectively providing a nationwide picture of Chinese population migration dynamics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The GNCurve method presents a novel surname-based approach to studying regional historical migration patterns and provides a unique perspective on how geographical, historical, and socioeconomic factors have influenced the current population structure. Additionally, GNCurve is potentially a tool for investigating historical migration patterns in other countries and regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Pelvic Changes: Do Pregnancy and Birth Leave Scars?","authors":"Anja Catic,&nbsp;Lukas Waltenberger,&nbsp;Katharina E. Pink,&nbsp;Doris Pany-Kucera,&nbsp;Barbara Fischer,&nbsp;Julia Hummel Jimenez,&nbsp;Andrea Maier,&nbsp;Pascal Baltzer,&nbsp;Engelbert Hanzal,&nbsp;Barbara Bodner-Adler,&nbsp;Florian Heinzl,&nbsp;Wolfgang Umek","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70248","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Selected pelvic features, formerly “parturition scars,” have long been interpreted as osteological indicators of pregnancy and childbirth, presumably caused by biomechanical stresses. Yet, most evidence derives from archaeological collections lacking detailed documented reproductive histories. This study examined whether parity is associated with classic pelvic features in a clinical sample of women with known reproductive histories and, for comparison, in men. In addition, we evaluated urinary incontinence as a functional outcome related to reproductive histories.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pelvic CT scans from 84 individuals (39 parous women, 20 nulliparous women, 25 men) were assessed for five pelvic features: dorsal pubic pitting, extended pubic tubercle, preauricular sulcus, sacral preauricular extension, sacral preauricular notch. Reproductive history and urinary incontinence were recorded. Group differences were analyzed using nonparametric and <i>χ</i>² tests. Age-adjusted binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between parity and urinary incontinence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Skeletal pelvic features were similarly frequent in parous and nulliparous women. The preauricular sulcus was present in approximately half of all women and absent in men, indicating a sex-associated pattern rather than an association with parity. No other individual pelvic feature showed consistent differences by parity, only by sex. Combinations of pelvic features were rare. Urinary incontinence was more prevalent among parous women; parity remained associated with incontinence after age adjustment. Incontinent women had a slightly higher number of pelvic features, on average, but this association was not statistically significant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Classic skeletal pelvic features lack specificity for pregnancy or childbirth and cannot reliably predict parity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13062891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting Maternal, Paternal, and Biparental Ancestry of Populations From the Caribbean Coast of Colombia","authors":"Masinda Nguidi,&nbsp;Christina Amory,&nbsp;Catarina Xavier,&nbsp;Gabriela Huber,&nbsp;Filipa Simão,&nbsp;Beatriz Martinez,&nbsp;Luis Caraballo,&nbsp;Leonor Gusmão,&nbsp;Walther Parson","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70242","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70242","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current Caribbean Colombian population is the result of migration processes and admixture that occurred throughout the country's history. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic ancestry gradients throughout the Caribbean territory, with a higher Native American ancestry expected in inland areas compared to coastal cities. Simultaneously, since the genotyping methodology used included markers of forensic relevance for predicting population of origin and pigmentary phenotypic characteristics, this study also tested the main tools commonly applied in forensic contexts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Uniparental and biparental genetic ancestries of individuals from the Bolívar Department, in the Caribbean Colombian region, were investigated. A total of 64 samples were collected from Coast, Center, and Inland regions. Genotyping was performed with a newly developed <i>PCR-based targeted</i> MPS tool called COMBO, targeting over 1000 polymorphisms along mtDNA, Y chromosome, and autosomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results and Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Coast and Center regions showed similar ancestry profiles. The Inland region displayed a contrasting pattern, being mainly composed of Native American maternal lineages and European paternal lineages. Statistically significant differences in mtDNA and AIM-SNP compositions were only found between the Coast and Inland regions, absent for the Y chromosome. The results obtained regarding the prediction of eye, hair, and skin color were as expected based on the ancestry profile of the population. Biogeographic ancestry prediction tools have presented challenges in assigning individuals to the American metapopulation, highlighting the need for better reference datasets from South America, given the great heterogeneity in the admixture patterns they present.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13062887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Just Gal Pals! The Differential Treatment of Sexual Behavior Among Nonhuman Great Apes","authors":"Kirsty E. Graham,&nbsp;Michelle A. Rodrigues","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70247","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70247","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is a tendency in primatology to separate out sexual and sociosexual behaviors, roughly along the lines of reproductive and non-reproductive sexual behavior. Primatology perpetuates a heteronormative distinction that penetrative copulation between males and females has reproductive—but not social—value, while all sexual behaviors between same-sex pairs must be motivated by a distant social goal. Here, we interrogate these assumptions, and posit that there is scientific merit in examining social relationships across all forms of sexual behavior, and in examining proximate sexual motivations beyond heterosexual pairings. We use bonobos (bilia) as a case study, as they frequently engage in same-sex sexual behavior, and we make suggestions for expanding this approach to other species. We caution against overinterpreting nonhuman sexual behavior in ways that minimize the importance of socio-cultural experiences on human gender and sexuality; and we highlight the importance of broadening our ways of knowing about the sexuality of other species for their own sake. Finally, we conclude with some considerations of how queer perspectives on primate behavior can lead to new approaches, paralleling the role of feminist perspectives in primatology.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female Affiliation and Status in Semi-Free-Ranging Chimpanzees","authors":"Margaret A. H. Bryer,&nbsp;Paige Barnes,&nbsp;Kris H. Sabbi,&nbsp;Skylar Brodnan,&nbsp;Charlie MacKenzie,&nbsp;Isabelle Monroe,&nbsp;Natalia Camargo Peña,&nbsp;Phillip Sekulya,&nbsp;Innocent Ampeire,&nbsp;Amos Okello,&nbsp;Stanley Kyama,&nbsp;Boris Waiga,&nbsp;Hillary Aligumisiriza,&nbsp;Joseph Masereka,&nbsp;Joseph Kaale,&nbsp;Titus Mukungu,&nbsp;Joshua Rukundo,&nbsp;Zarin P. Machanda,&nbsp;Alexandra G. Rosati","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70244","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70244","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sex differences in social behavior and status are pervasive across primates and other mammals. In the wild, chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) exhibit many sex-typed behaviors: adult female chimpanzees exhibit lower aggression, are subordinate to adult males, and also are generally less social than males. This pattern is thought to partly reflect the energetic constraints (e.g., feeding competition) that wild female chimpanzees face.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We test the drivers of sex differences in chimpanzee behavior by examining a semi-free-ranging African chimpanzee sanctuary group where individuals are provisioned, an environment that should relax ecological constraints on socializing. Using two years of focal observations on a group with 45 chimpanzees (17 males, 28 females), we examined sex differences in social proximity, grooming, aggression, coalition formation, and dominance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In contrast to patterns in wild chimpanzees, we found that males and females in this population exhibited comparable rates of affiliative behavior. Males engaged in more aggressive behavior overall than females, as in the wild. However, females were equally likely to aggress either sex, and a high proportion of female aggression involved coalitions. Finally, David's scores revealed that a few of the adult females outranked some of the lower-status adult males.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings show that sex differences in chimpanzee social behavior are partially flexible, and females may show more affiliation, cooperation, and higher status when ecological conditions are favorable. More generally, some forms of female power can emerge even in a species with strong sex biases in behavior for male affiliation and status.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13062610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terrestrial Positional Behavior of Wild Pongo pygmaeus","authors":"Emily R. Orlikoff,&nbsp;Gene R. Estrada,&nbsp;Andrew J. Marshall,&nbsp;Heiko U. Wittmer,&nbsp;Endro Setiawan,&nbsp;Cheryl D. Knott,&nbsp;Lauren Sarringhaus,&nbsp;Laura M. MacLatchy","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70245","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70245","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As a predominantly arboreal animal in the wild, the terrestrial positional behavior of <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i> is poorly understood, having been studied almost exclusively in captive settings. This study uses camera-trap footage to provide the first assessment of wild orangutan terrestrial locomotor and postural behavior on natural substrates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Video footage of orangutans from motion-activated cameras in the Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia was collected over a five-year period. The resulting 100 instances of orangutan terrestriality were analyzed to document incidences of positional behavior, including hand and foot postures as well as overstride pattern during locomotion and qualitative assessment of hindlimb joint excursions during orthograde behaviors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When locomoting terrestrially, <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i> primarily engaged in quadrupedal fist-walking with heel-strike. Wrist position and overstride pattern during quadrupedal walking were variable both within and between individuals. For posture, individuals were captured standing upright more often than pronograde, both monopedally and bipedally, and almost always with full extension of the hip and knee.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These observations of wild orangutan terrestrial positional behavior address prior ambiguities related to hand and foot positioning during locomotion. Maintained full extension of the hindlimb in the absence of substrate compliance indicates the form of bipedalism orangutans use in the trees translates to natural terrestrial substrates. Finally, the high proportion of observations with asymmetrical movement and posture may indicate a lateral decoupling of limbs in addition to the expected fore- and hindlimb independence of apes, suggesting orangutan positional adaptability is intrinsic regardless of substrate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13051453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Craniofacial Fluctuating Asymmetry in Cross River Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli)","authors":"Amy J. Spies,&nbsp;Kate McGrath,&nbsp;Amandine Eriksen,&nbsp;Jason S. Massey,&nbsp;Mikel Arlegi,&nbsp;Yann Heuzé,&nbsp;Michael Berthaume,&nbsp;Matthew W. Tocheri,&nbsp;Aida Gómez-Robles,&nbsp;Shannon C. McFarlin,&nbsp;Tierra Smiley Evans,&nbsp;Emmanuel Gilissen,&nbsp;Richard Muvunyi,&nbsp;Halszka Glowacka","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70233","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70233","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in gorillas has been linked to environmental and/or genetic stress. Prolonged population declines increase levels of inbreeding, leading to developmental instability, which can manifest as FA. Among gorillas studied to date, craniofacial FA levels are highest in mountain gorillas (<i>G. beringei beringei</i>) and lowest in western lowland gorillas (<i>G. gorilla gorilla</i>), reflecting known levels of genetic diversity and inbreeding in these subspecies. This study assessed craniofacial FA in Cross River gorillas (<i>G. gorilla diehli</i>), a little-known subspecies with high levels of inbreeding due to a recent genetic bottleneck.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty fixed landmarks of the craniofacial skeleton were used to assess FA in 30 Cross River gorillas using Procrustes ANOVA. Principal component analysis assessed variation in both symmetric and asymmetric components. Differences in FA magnitudes between Cross River gorillas and published data for other <i>Gorilla</i> subspecies were assessed using permutation tests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Craniofacial FA accounts for 9.9% of shape variation in Cross River gorillas, whereas directional asymmetry accounts for 0.5%. Allometry accounts for 14.1% of shape variation in the symmetric component and 3.8% in the asymmetric component. Craniofacial FA magnitudes are higher in Cross River gorillas than in western lowland gorillas and lower than in mountain gorillas.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High FA in Cross River gorillas aligns with known levels of inbreeding, supporting the link between genetic stress and craniofacial FA in gorillas. Persistent inbreeding and the loss of genetic diversity may decrease population fitness, further increasing the risk of extinction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secular Changes in Cranial Morphology and Pattern of Sexual Dimorphism in Modern Japanese: A Geometric Morphometric Analysis Using Post-Mortem Computed Tomography Data","authors":"Shiori Usui,&nbsp;Hideki Amano,&nbsp;Hideyuki Hayakawa,&nbsp;Seiji Shiotani,&nbsp;Naomichi Ogihara","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70235","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although human cranial morphology is thought to have undergone changes in various populations over the past century, the details of this three-dimensional transformation remain largely unknown. To address this problem, we conducted a geometric morphometric analysis of cranial shapes in the historical Japanese group who lived approximately 100 years ago and the present-day Japanese group who died in recent years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used a total of 112 computed tomography (CT) scan data: CT scans of 56 historical Japanese dry crania from individuals who lived in the late 19th to early 20th century and postmortem CT data of 56 present-day Japanese who died in the 2020s. Each cranium was represented by 161 landmarks, and their coordinates were normalized by centroid size and registered using generalized Procrustes analysis to remove variation due to uniform scaling, translation, and orientation. Principal component analysis was then conducted to explore shape variation among the specimens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Comparison between these two populations revealed clear secular changes, including brachycephalization and enlargement of the mastoid processes. Furthermore, our results indicate that certain forms of sexual dimorphism, such as larger mastoid processes and more prominent external occipital protuberances in males, have become more pronounced over time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings demonstrate that the human cranium has undergone substantial changes over the last century, likely influenced by shifts in environmental, nutritional, and lifestyle factors. They can also contribute to improving the accuracy of sex estimation for unidentified skeletal remains in both forensic and archeological contexts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147610073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortical Bone Loss in Barcelona Across Time (1st Century CE–18th Century CE) and Its Potential Relationship With Linear Enamel Hypoplasia","authors":"Antony Cevallos,&nbsp;Alexandre Tarragó,&nbsp;Carme Rissech","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70241","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70241","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this study is to conduct a diachronic analysis of cortical bone loss in Barcelona, spanning from the 1st to 18th century CE, assessing the relationship between cortical bone loss and early-life stressors, as indicated by linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) across Roman, Late Antiquity, Medieval, and Modern periods and examines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 226 adult individuals (117 males and 109 females) were analyzed. Radiogrammetry of the second metacarpal was used to calculate the metacarpal cortical index (MCI). A subsample of 153 individuals with anterior dentition was used to assess the association between MCI and LEH. Statistical analyses evaluated differences in MCI by sex, age group, historical period, and LEH. Depending on the results, parametric (Student's <i>t</i>-test or one-way ANOVA) or non-parametric tests (Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> or Kruskal–Wallis tests) were applied.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>No statistically significant differences in MCI were observed by sex, age group, or historical period. In contrast, individuals exhibiting LEH showed significantly lower MCI values compared to those without LEH (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings indicate that early-life stressors may play a more important role in adult bone health than broad demographic variables, suggesting that early-life stressors may negatively affect bone health in adulthood, supporting early-life programming theory. This study provides the first evidence in Spain of cortical bone loss as assessed through radiogrammetry and is the first to explore the relationship between MCI and LEH, which can establish a foundation for future paleopathological research and comparative studies in Europe.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"189 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13048880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147616681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}