International Journal of Canadian Studies最新文献

{"title":"The Duty to Consult and Reconciliation: The Supreme Court’s Idea of the Purpose and Practice of Consulting Indigenous Peoples","authors":"Minh Do","doi":"10.3138/ijcs.58.x.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.58.x.73","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The duty to consult is an Aboriginal right protected under s. 35 in the Constitution Act, 1982. This article analyzes 11 Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) decisions concerning the duty to consult and distinguishes between the SCC’s promotion of the purpose and practice of reconciliation. This distinction more accurately depicts how the SCC understands why and how the Crown should advance reconciliation in the context of the duty to consult. This article finds that the SCC has consistently stated that reconciliation is required due to the existence of Aboriginal rights and the assertion of Crown sovereignty, creating an obligation to reconcile Indigenous and non-Indigenous societal interests. However, the practices outlined by the SCC on how the Crown can fulfill the duty suggest that the Crown is given a wide latitude to pursue its legislative objectives, which may result in the unjust infringement of Aboriginal rights over time. For instance, the Crown has discretion over the communication of decision-making to affected Indigenous parties and the balancing of Indigenous and non-Indigenous societal interests. Consequently, the practices of the duty to consult call into question the extent to which the duty can uphold the purpose of reconciliation between the Crown and Indigenous peoples.Résumé:L’obligation de consulter est un droit autochtone protégé par la section 35 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982. Cet article analyse 11 décisions de la Cour suprême du Canada (CSC) portant sur l’obligation de consulter et fait la distinction entre la promotion par la CSC de l’objectif et la pratique de réconciliation. Cette distinction dépeint plus exactement comment la CSC comprend pourquoi et comment la Couronne devrait promouvoir la réconciliation dans le contexte de l’obligation de consulter. Cet article montre que la CSC a uniformément indiqué que la réconciliation est requise à cause de l’existence de droits autochtones et l’assertion de la souveraineté de la Couronne, ce qui crée une obligation de réconcilier les intérêts sociaux autochtones et non autochtones. Par contre, les pratiques précisées par la CSC sur la manière dont la Couronne peut accomplir ce devoir suggèrent que la Couronne possède une large marge de manœuvre pour atteindre ses objectifs législatifs, ce qui pourrait entraîner le non-respect des droits autochtone avec le temps. Par exemple, la Couronne a le pouvoir de communiquer ou non la prise de décision qui affecte les parties autochtones et de balancer ou non les intérêts sociaux des personnes autochtones et non autochtones. Par conséquent, la pratique de l’obligation de consulter met en doute à quel point l’obligation peut maintenir l’objectif de réconciliation entre la Couronne et les peuples autochtones.","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"73 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48721209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“We Can’t Be Too Selective about This”: Immigration Advocacy in the Canadian English-Language Press, 1949–57","authors":"Thirstan Falconer","doi":"10.3138/ijcs.58.x.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.58.x.54","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Immigration policy during the immediate years after the Second World War highly restricted the arrival of newcomers. Before 1947, Canada’s immigration system was a preferential one, with the highest priority given to British subjects coming to Canada from the United Kingdom, or from any of the British dominions, and the United States. Canada’s preferences then extended to Northern Europeans, then to Central and Southern Europeans. Chinese, Greeks, Italians, Portuguese, and Spanish immigrants were excluded. During the years of Prime Minister Louis St-Laurent (1948–57), Canadians read about the economic benefits that a robust immigration policy promised in the English-language press. The St-Laurent government was under significant pressure to increase the flow of migrants into Canada. However, the Liberal government studiously monitored recent arrivals with a conservative approach to economic growth. The Canadian business community perceived this policy as too cautious, and their preference for a more robust policy frequently surfaced in the English-language press. This article shows that newspapers coverage across the country criticized the government’s immigration policy during the 1950s and advocated for an approach that accommodated more newcomers to spur population and economic growth. Through their coverage, the editors and journalists reasoned that boosting immigration accelerated the Canadian economy. English Canadian journalists and newspapers attempted to influence Canadians about the economic benefits of increasing migration to Canada.Résumé:La politique d’immigration au cours des années qui ont immédiatement suivi la Seconde Guerre mondiale restreignait rigoureusement l’arrivée de nouveaux venus. Avant 1947, le régime d’immigration du Canada reposait sur un traitement préférentiel, la plus haute priorité étant accordée aux sujets britanniques qui quittaient le Royaume-Uni, ou l’un quelconque des dominions britanniques et les États-Unis, pour le Canada. L’obligeance du Canada s’est ensuite étendue aux immigrants d’Europe septentrionale, puis d’Europe centrale et d’Europe méridionale. Les immigrants chinois, grecs, italiens, portugais et espagnols étaient exclus. Sous le gouvernement de Louis St-Laurent (1948–1957), la presse anglophone a fait valoir aux Canadiens les avantages économiques que promettait une politique d’immigration robuste. D’importantes pressions s’exerçaient sur le gouvernement St-Laurent pour qu’augmente l’afflux de migrants au Canada. Le gouvernement libéral a néanmoins soigneusement contrôlé les arrivées récentes, adoptant une approche conservatrice quant à la croissance économique. Le milieu canadien des affaires a jugé cette politique trop prudente et fréquemment manifesté sa préférence pour une politique plus énergique dans la presse anglophone. L’auteur montre que les journaux partout au pays ont, dans leur couverture, critiqué la politique gouvernementale d’immigration durant les années 1950 et favorisé","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"54 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46242468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Generation","authors":"C. Denis","doi":"10.3138/ijcs.58.x.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.58.x.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45440175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nouvelle génération","authors":"C. Denis","doi":"10.3138/ijcs.58.x.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.58.x.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"4 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49658427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resisting Erasure: Photographic Archives and Black History in Canada","authors":"Rachel Lobo","doi":"10.3138/ijcs.58.x.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.58.x.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article considers the historiographical challenges brought on by dislocation and, in response, shows how longstanding Black communities in Canada have collected and preserved photographs in order to combat institutionalized modes of erasure. Specifically, it investigates the role that nineteenth century photographs play in articulating Canada as a Black transnational space—part of the discourses of the Black diaspora and Black Atlantic. The main site of this investigation is the Alvin D. McCurdy fonds at the Archives of Ontario, a collection of photographs of communities in Amherstburg, Ontario—a major terminus of the Underground Railroad. Building on recent scholarship this study investigates the discursive continuity between archive and historical narratives, and reconceptualizes the \"archive\" to include alternative sites and materials for the reconstruction of historically marginalized groups. These \"counterarchives\" can perform a recuperative role in mapping the development of communal memory and in reinterpreting dominant narratives. This article explores how photographic archives can provide crucial visual documentation of the geographies of slavery, segregation, and dispossession, spatializing acts of resistance within the Canadian landscape (McKittrick 2013).Résumé:Cet article considère les défis historiographiques créés par la dislocation et, en réponse, montre comment les communautés Noires canadiennes de longue date ont recueilli et préservé des photographies afin de combattre les modes institutionnalisés d’effacement. Plus spécifiquement, il examine le rôle que les photographies du XIXe siècle jouent dans l’articulation du Canada en tant qu’espace transnational Noir — une partie du discours de la diaspora Noire et de l’Atlantique Noir. Le site principal de cette investigation est le fonds Alvin D. McCurdy aux Archives publiques de l’Ontario, une collection de photographies des communautés de Amherstburg, en Ontario — un terminus important du chemin de fer clandestin. En se basant sur les recherches récentes, cette étude examine la continuité discursive entre les récits archivistiques et historiques et reconceptualise « l’archive » pour y ajouter des sites et du matériel alternatifs afin de reconstruire de groupes historiquement marginalisés. Ces « contre-archives » peuvent jouer un rôle de récupération dans le mappage du développement de la mémoire communale et dans la réinterprétation des récits dominants. Cet article explore comment les archives photographiques peuvent fournir une documentation visuelle cruciale des géographies de l’esclavage, de la ségrégation et de la dépossession, créant des espaces pour des actes de résistance au sein du paysage canadien (McKittrick 2013).","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"36 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47498667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identités paradoxales et prétendument irréconciliables dans l’œuvre de 2Fik : une polysémie désidentificatrice","authors":"Hasheem Hakeem","doi":"10.3138/ijcs.58.x.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.58.x.37","url":null,"abstract":"Résumé:Dans le cadre de cet article, nous proposons une analyse de l’œuvre de l’artiste-performeur montréalais 2Fik dans le but de faire ressortir la manière dont il conçoit, construit et performe l’identité québécoise dans une optique intersectionnelle. Nous situons d’abord son travail dans le contexte des politiques identitaires qui imprègnent le Québec actuel, remontant jusqu’à l’émergence de la crise des accommodements raisonnables en 2006. À la suite d’une analyse du discours, notamment législatif, nous partons du principe que l’idée d’une identité québécoise de souche constitue une construction sociale et politique. En nous appuyant sur le concept théorique de désidentification de José Esteban Muñoz, nous montrons, à travers l’analyse de deux de ses œuvres photographiques, que 2Fik recycle et recode des stéréotypes caricaturaux pour ensuite déconstruire la conception essentialiste de l’identité québécoise. Ce faisant, il utilise la performance queer comme un outil pour penser le Québec dans sa pluralité intersectionnelle.Abstract:In this article, I analyze the work of Montreal performing artist 2Fik in order to highlight the way in which he conceives, constructs, and performs Québécois identity from an intersectional perspective. I begin by situating his work within the context of Quebec’s identity politics, dating back to the reasonable accommodation crisis of 2006. Upon analysis of primarily legislative discourses, I argue that the notion of a native-born Québécois identity is a social and political construct. Drawing on José Esteban Muñoz’ theoretical concept of disidentification, I show, by analyzing two of his photographs, that 2Fik recycles and recodes caricatural stereotypes in order to deconstruct the essentialist conception of Québécois identity. By doing so, he uses queer performance as a tool to reimagine Quebec in its intersectional plurality.","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"37 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43734486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Fraternally Yours”: The Role of Women in Montreal’s Prominent Scottish Fraternities, 1870s–2000s","authors":"Olivia A. Kurajian","doi":"10.3138/IJCS.58.X.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/IJCS.58.X.110","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Fraternal societies were integral to both the social and fiscal security of newcomers and to established generations of Scottish-Canadians in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In Montreal, scholars have identified the pan-Canadian Sons of Scotland Benevolent Association and St. Andrew’s Society of Montreal as having been particularly active fraternal organizations. Much of the existing literature on Scottish associational culture in Canada understands it in terms of ethnicity. However, the underexplored concept of gender in associational culture can provide an equally valuable framework. Despite a seemingly shared ethnic identity, the lived experiences, beliefs, identities, socio-economic realities, religions, genders and approaches to inclusion were markedly different among Scottish-Canadian Montrealers. Through the use of an oral history project, the Sons of Scotland Benevolent Association and St. Andrew’s Society archives, and peer-reviewed literature, this article illuminates gender issues in androcentric Scottish-Canadian fraternal societies through careful examination of women’s lives within and on the periphery of Montreal’s fraternal orders.Résumé:Les sociétés fraternelles faisaient partie intégrante de la sécurité sociale et fiscale des nouveaux arrivants et des générations établies de Canadiens d'origine écossaise aux XIXe et XXe siècles. À Montréal, les chercheurs ont identifié la Pan-Canadian Sons of Scotland Benevolent Association et la St. Andrew’s Society of Montreal comme ayant été des organisations fraternelles particulièrement actives. Une grande partie de la littérature existante sur la culture associative écossaise au Canada la comprend en termes d'ethnicité. Cependant, le concept sous-exploré du genre dans la culture associative peut fournir un cadre tout aussi précieux. Malgré une identité ethnique apparemment partagée, les expériences vécues, les croyances, les identités, les réalités socio-économiques, les religions, les sexes et les approches de l'inclusion étaient nettement différentes chez les Montréalais écossais. Grâce à l'utilisation d'un projet d'histoire orale, des archives de la Sons of Scotland Benevolent Association et de la St.Andrew's Society, et de la littérature évaluée par des pairs, cet article met en lumière les questions de genre dans les sociétés fraternelles androcentriques écosso-canadiennes grâce à un examen attentif de la vie des femmes à la périphérie des ordres fraternels de Montréal.","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"110 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45682891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Triumph through Diversity”? The War of 1812 Commemoration and Settler-Colonial Myth Making","authors":"Daisy Raphael","doi":"10.3138/IJCS.58.X.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/IJCS.58.X.92","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Canadian Studies scholars have tended to explain former Conservative Prime Minster Stephen Harper’s nationalist vision as one focused on creating an image of Canada as a “Warrior Nation.” Studies of the commemoration of the bicentennial of the War of 1812 from 2012–15 situate it within this attempt to erase liberal multicultural narratives in favour of an emphasis on whiteness, Britishness, and military masculinity. This article argues, however, that the 1812 commemoration relied upon discourses of diversity, multiculturalism, inclusion, and reconciliation at the same time that it reinforced settler-colonial whiteness. A new monument unveiled on Parliament Hill in 2015, for example, represents the War of 1812 as a moment of “Triumph through Diversity.” In the context of polarizing debates around nation, monuments, and reconciliation, this article illustrates that attempts to produce a more “diverse” commemoration do not necessarily challenge settler colonialism.Résumé:Selon l’explication proposée par certains chercheurs en études canadiennes, la vision nationaliste de l’ex-premier ministre conservateur Stephen Harper était centrée sur la volonté de donner du Canada une image de « nation guerrière ». Les recherches portant sur la commémoration du bicentenaire de la guerre de 1812, entre 2012 et 2015, situent l’événement dans le cadre d’un effort pour occulter le discours libéral de multiculturalisme en lui substituant une mise en exergue de l’identité blanche, britannique et militaire masculine du Canada. Selon l’auteure, la commémoration de la guerre de 1812 s’appuyait cependant à la fois sur les discours de diversité, de multiculturalisme, d’inclusion et de réconciliation, et sur le renforcement de l’identité canadienne de colonie de peuplement blanche. Ainsi, le monument dévoilé sur la Colline parlementaire en 2015 représente la guerre de 1812 comme évocation du « Triomphe grâce à la diversité ». Dans le contexte de la polarisation des débats entourant la nation, les monuments commémoratifs et la réconciliation, l’auteure montre que cette tendance à commémorer davantage la « diversité » ne fait pas nécessairement opposition au colonialisme de peuplement.","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"109 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49539690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macleod, Rod. Sam Steele: A Biography","authors":"J. Miller","doi":"10.3138/ijcs.58.x.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.58.x.126","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46798215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editors’ Note","authors":"Nadine Fabbi, Claude Denis","doi":"10.3138/ijcs.57.x.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ijcs.57.x.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29739,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Canadian Studies","volume":"57 1","pages":"1 - 1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46448644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}