2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)最新文献

{"title":"A Balanced Approach to Molded Case Circuit Breaker Maintenance","authors":"M. Babb, A. Trusty","doi":"10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024751","url":null,"abstract":"NFPA 70E mandates that “overcurrent devices shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions or industry consensus standards”. For national laboratories under the Department of Energy this mandate is law, because 10 CFR 851 requires adherence to NFPA 70 and 70E. This begs the question, exactly what are those manufacturer's instructions, and what do the industry consensus standards require? In particular with Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB's), how does one meet these requirements and still apply a balanced approach in a maintenance program when the facilities range from brand new construction to over fifty years old, and where circuit breakers exist that have been made by virtually every major manufacturer? This paper examines the instructions given by the various manufacturers, and examines the standards that exist, along with major guides and white paper recommendations. Both the consistencies and the inconsistencies are examined, recommendations are compared, and a general consensus of recommendations emerges. The various maintenance particulars are examined, from cycling of breakers and thermography to inverse thermal and instantaneous primary injection trip testing. The results of an FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis) was conducted at our facility; the results of that FMEA and the recommendations of that FMEA for maintenance of MCCB's are presented. In this paper, we have examined the recommendations of manufacturers, standards, and guides that provide the guidelines for maintenance of molded case circuit breakers. Although many conflicts exist, a consensus of nearly universal recommendations emerges. A balanced approach to maintenance that provides the maximum safety benefit within the bounds of economic feasibility can be developed. We provide a condensation of the existing literature with references, a visual summary of that literature and propose a recommended maintenance approach.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123502195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ARC Flash Pressure Door Ejection Measurement","authors":"H. Hoagland, C. Maurice, A. Haines, A. Maurice","doi":"10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024719","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of arc blasts pressures have been looked at theoretically for several years but the direct effect to workers, is harder to quantify. A search of the literature does not give any satisfactory quantification for worker danger [1]. Most of the published work focuses on the theory and how to contain or shunt the thermal energy using arc resistant equipment, which is to be applauded. However, most of the equipment in industry is not arc resistant so research on the true extent of the hazard is critical. Most papers, to date, with any worker focus, have measured or predicted noise levels for auditory damage, but there is still no consensus standard or unified method to predict the pressure or thermoacoustic blast created by an arc. The authors explored the effect of copper and steel vapor on arc flash in a 2016 paper [1] which also looked at the speed of an ejected door. That paper evaluated several quantified methods of promising prediction and chose the Crawford-Clark-Doughty [2] paper which correlated well with the paper's test measurements [1]. Crawford-Clark-Doughty predicted that the shear strength of a door's hinge or bolts could be used to predict the force on the door and subsequently on the worker if the door is blown off by the pressure from the arc event. The previous paper [1] had the weakness of not addressing additional build up of pressure should the door be affixed, as real doors are, so this paper chooses two means to affix the door with a light gauge mounting hardware and a heavy gauge mounting hardware. These represent two different levels of shear strength to assess the effect of allowing pressure to build on the force of the door. Additionally, an impact plate and a load cell is used to measure the actual force from the ejected door to estimate the effect on a human worker. More work will need to be done to develop a model but these measurements may lead toward a productive means to develop a model. Note that the literature and anecdotal evidence does not indicate many arc blast injuries and the authors know of no fatalities. It is important to understand if, and, when severe injuries could occur. With the removal of the 40 cal/cm2 limit to arc flash exposure in the new 2018 NFPA 70E [3], there is a need to understand where a limit could be needed for worker safety and what fault current and containment size could be dangerous until most equipment is arc resistant.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131267756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Workplace Safety Through Vintage Equipment Upgrades","authors":"D. Durocher, M. Koepke, D. Fisher","doi":"10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024722","url":null,"abstract":"Many process industry facilities have performed or hired consultants to complete arc flash studies. The analysis typically uses software to calculate the heat energy from an arc flash event which is displayed along with the shock hazard on labels affixed to each electrical panel in the facility. Although the affixed labels are useful, knowing just the heat energy and working distance boundaries for a potential arc flash event is only part of the answer. The actual task(s) or activity involved needs to be considered: both the likelihood and severity of the risk needs to be understood. This paper presents a case study of upgrades to an existing cement plant built in the 1970's. Vintage power distribution equipment include two existing 4160-volt metal-enclosed medium-voltage motor control centers (MCCs) with main vacuum circuit breakers that each fed 4160-volt motor loads. The main vacuum circuit breaker is used as a lockout point in the system. This means that prior to any work being performed on the motor control, the main vacuum breaker needs to be de-energized and then manually racked from the energized bus to establish a zero-energy state. Many documented arc flash events have occurred while electricians have performed the task of manual breaker racking. To address the significant risk, a project was funded to retrofit the existing main breaker section with new cell parts including an integral motor operator that allowed the vacuum breaker to be racked from the energized bus via a remote pendant station. This paper will review details of the retrofit/upgrade and describe site workplace operational changes and safety practices associated with the installation.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114040443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shock Potential Mitigation at a Copper Electrolytic Electrowinning Plant","authors":"R. Hall, Arthur Ridenhour, N. Ferreira","doi":"10.1109/esw41045.2019.9024726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/esw41045.2019.9024726","url":null,"abstract":"Following an electrocution of a non-electrical worker at another Arizona copper mine in April of 2016 The Safety, Electrical and Solvent Extraction Operation departments of our mine, with the assistance of the local MSHA (Mine Safety & Health Administration) office identified similar DC shock hazards at our facility. This case study will outline those hazards found due to stray current traveling through electrolyte piping and the mitigation and training solutions implemented.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117333210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arcing Fault Type Identification with Light Spectrum","authors":"Long Zhao, Yuhao Zhou, Ting-Yen Hsieh, Weijen Lee","doi":"10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024723","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, most modern Arc Flash relays use light detection to detect an arcing event, optionally they add current detection for security. Traditional scheme relies on the current for fault classification. This paper proposes an approach to identify arcing fault types by using the light spectrum emission from the materials or coating of the materials during the incident. This is based upon the distinct spectra that is emitted from excited material that can be used as signatures to identify the fault type. As one of the characteristics of arcing faults, intensive lights would be produced. Therefore, using the different type of conductors and coatings on different phases has the potential to be used to identify arcing fault types by analyzing the light spectrum during the event. In this study, the conductors made of copper and aluminum and the copper conductor with coating Tin are used as the example to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Light spectrum of each case during the arc flash will be measured and recorded by a spectrometer. By using the light spectrum of arcing fault conductors, types of arcing fault could be identified by using General Regression Neural Network (GRNN). The application of this study could improve the speed to identify the fault type and reduce the downtime.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121809086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Performance Best Practices in the Electrical Workplace","authors":"Olugbemi Aroke, M. Doherty, B. Esmaeili","doi":"10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024716","url":null,"abstract":"The construction industry is one of the most hazardous industries worldwide, and contact with electricity is a major cause of injury and death among construction workers. It is well known that unsafe acts resulting from human error are the primary cause for up to 80% of accidents across various industries, and some studies show that human performance tools may be functional in mitigating these incidents. Accordingly, this paper provides empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of human performance tools as used to curb the frequency, probability, and severity of accidents. To achieve its objectives, this study first executed an extensive literature review to identify best practices related to human factors in mitigating the risk of electrical incidents. Then, the authors distributed an online questionnaire among various safety managers to determine the effectiveness of each practice in reducing the frequency, probability and severity of these incidents. The results and analysis show which human performance tools are recognized as most effective in helping safety managers mitigate human errors in electrical jobsites. The results of this study and paper will accelerate and transform current injury-prevention practices as well as overcome some of the barriers in the electrical workplace. An easy-to-use and effective set of human performance best practice solutions will be provided based on standards and industry experience.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121876305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Risk of Electric Shock Drowning (ESD) as a Function of Water Conductivity","authors":"M. Morse, J. Kotsch, Brandon Prussak, J. Kohl","doi":"10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024720","url":null,"abstract":"The common literature is full of articles discussing the risk of Electric Shock Drowning (ESD). Per these publications, the risk of ESD is specifically limited to current leakage in fresh water environments. Medical response to and treatment of ESD is based on this generally held belief. There appears to be no research or simulation establishing the true bounds and risk of ESD as a function of water conductivity. ESD is theorized to occur when leakage current passes through the body causing uncontrollable muscle contraction. The common belief is that ESD can only occur in fresh water where the current will be directed through the body because of its greater conductivity than the surrounding fresh water. It is broadly believed that in salt water, the current will shunt around the body. The authors have tested this theory using the Finite Element Method in simulations of conductivity (with units of Seimens per meter or S/m) ranging from .005 S/m (pure water) up to 4.8 S/m (salt water). The results suggest that there is varying shunting through the body as water ranges from fresh to salt. Further, the prevailing belief fails to consider that there is also a distinct current limiting affect that is inversely proportional to the conductivity of the water which in turn acts to narrow the “zone of danger” as water conductivity is decreased. It is imperative that there be public education that supersedes generally held myth and lore such that electrical injury risk is minimized in both salt and fresh water environments.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133945282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embracing the Generational Differences to “Bridge the Gap” in the Workplace","authors":"Jennifer L. Martin, Owen Peters","doi":"10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024721","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical tradesman are exposed to an immense variety of electrical work and a trail of experience that create the level of knowledge, skill, and techniques unique to each individual wireman. Generation is not just the year you were born. It encompasses your values, work ethic, and/or preference. A workers age, location, culture and qualification/training need be considered in the approach when managing generational differences in the workplace. Currently, most employers have four separate generations within the electrical workplace. The work ethic, values, leadership and learning styles of each generation have changed focus over time. One of the most significant changes is how an individual seeks reward. Is hard work and dedication or instant gratification required for workers to be successful? Identifying these gaps will provide insight and clarify the need to “talk a different language”. These differences have become an important aspect to consider. What if we were able to embrace these preferences to enhance the quality of our workplace by integrating these exceptionally important qualities into each of our employees. Apprenticeships, on-the-job training, classroom learning and teambuilding offer a unique opportunity to integrate these concepts, mixing the old with the new.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"65 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116719909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maintenance Errors as Cause for Electrical Injuries - What We Can Learn from Aviation Safety","authors":"H. Floyd","doi":"10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024725","url":null,"abstract":"This paper raises the question of how can advancements in managing human error impacting inflight aviation safety be applied broadly to electrical maintenance in industry. It is well established that maintenance is essential to safety and reliability of electrical equipment and systems. Examples of latent failures caused by maintenance errors are provided. The paper reviews techniques used to manage maintenance error impacting inflight aviation safety that may be applied to electrical maintenance.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128850868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutral Conductors, the Un-Identified Hazard","authors":"M. King, J. Pena","doi":"10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESW41045.2019.9024724","url":null,"abstract":"As part of preventative maintenance, renovations, and repairs, conductors are disconnected from power distribution systems. To perform these services, qualified employees often disconnect phase, neutral, and ground conductors from equipment. The safest method of disconnecting these conductors is to first place the equipment into an electrically safe work condition, thus lowering the risk of electrical shock. This paper will demonstrate that while an employee is traditionally completing all steps to ensure a safe disconnection, there is still potential for significant hazards if the equipment has not been designed, constructed, and maintained to industry standards.","PeriodicalId":297284,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW)","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122599470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}