Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah最新文献

{"title":"Penerapan Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Psikomotorik Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Fiqih","authors":"Karmila Rianda, Siskha Putri Sayekti","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i2.526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i2.526","url":null,"abstract":"Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode berbasis proyek digunakan oleh penulis sebagai model pembelajaran yang kooperatif dan dapat disesuaikan dengan kemampuan siswa, dengan tujuan memfasilitasi proses berpikir yang bebas dan kreatif. Melalui partisipasi siswa, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membantu mereka memahami realitas kehidupan dari tingkat konkret hingga abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi penerapan pembelajaran berbasis proyek dengan metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) sebagai strategi yang efektif dapat meningkatkan keterampilan psikomotorik siswa pada setiap mata pelajaran Fiqih di Yayasan Mawthinu Aasyiqil Qur’an. Penelitian dilakukan dalam bentuk siklus PTK yang melibatkan siswa sebagai partisipan. Setiap siklus terdiri dari tahap perencanaan, tahap pelaksanaan, tahap pengamatan, dan tahap refleksi. Dalam pendekatan pembelajaran berbasis proyek, fokus diberikan pada penerapan konsep-konsep Fiqih melalui proyek nyata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan yang signifikan dalam keterampilan psikomotorik siswa setelah melalui beberapa siklus PTK. Dalam siklus 1 pertemuan ke-1 dan siklus 1 pertemuan ke-2 mengalami keningkatan keterampilan psikomotorik sebanyak 30%, dan pada siklus 2 pertemuan ke 2 mengalamu kenaikan keterampilan psikomotorik sebanyak 90%. Maka dapat disimpulkan pembelajaran berbasis proyek ini berhasil dan dapat terlihat pada kenaikan siklus 1 dan siklus 2 mengalami kenaikan keterampilan psikomotorik siswa sebanyak 25%. Temuan ini memberikan bukti bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran berbasis proyek pada metode PTK sangat efektif untuk meningkatkan keterampilan psikomotorik siswa pada mata pelajaran Fiqih di Yayasan Mawthinu Aasyiqil Qur’an, serta memberikan rekomendasi untuk pengembangan pembelajaran yang lebih interaktif dan partisipatif di masa depan.","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127421161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peran dan Upaya Guru dalam Mengatasi Kesulitan Belajar Membaca Siswa SD Kelas Rendah","authors":"Jihan Fitri Syahrani, Danang Dwi Basuki","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i2.525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i2.525","url":null,"abstract":"The difficulty of learning to read is one of the problems in the learning of low-grade elementary school students. Difficulty in learning to read is a problem that teachers and parents should not take lightly. The role of the teacher is very important in overcoming this. The method used in this research is the descriptive qualitative method. Data collection was carried out through structured interviews to explore the data needed in the research. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that there were several factors that influenced students to experience difficulties in learning to read, including family factors, internal factors, cellphone factors, and environmental factors. In addition, students who have difficulty learning to read can have a negative impact on their academics. Efforts made by teachers vary, ranging from using interesting methods such as literacy methods, reading corners, and conducting additional classes to learn to read.","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129748401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengembangan Media Video Animasi Menggunakan Capcut PadaMata Pelajaran IPAS Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar","authors":"M. Anggrayni, R. Ratnawati, D. Fransiska","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.496","url":null,"abstract":"This research is motivated by students' difficulties in understanding science subjects. This difficulty is caused by the lack of using interesting learning media. Educators do not make use of available media in schools such as in focus, resulting in students becoming easily bored and less interested in paying attention to educators when explaining material which causes low student learning outcomes. To overcome these problems, efforts are needed to develop learning media in the form of Video Animation media. This study aims to produce a product or media in the form of animated video media using Capcut in class IV science subjects at SDN 03 Koto Besar that are valid, practical, and effective. The type of research used in this research is using the type of research R&D (Research and Development). Then the development model for this animated video media uses the ADDIE model which consists of five stages: Analyze. Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The results of the research on the development of animated video media using Capcut were stated to be very valid, based on the results obtained from the validator an average value of 84.72% was obtained in the very valid category, then for practical results an average value of 93.12% was categorized as very practical and for the results of the effectiveness of the completeness of the results of students obtained a value with an average of 88.89% categorized as very effective. Thus it can be concluded that animated video media using Capcut obtains very valid, very practical, and very effective values ??that educators can apply to make it easier during the learning process.","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123394980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upaya Peningkatan Keterampilan Membaca Siswa Menggunakan Model Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition","authors":"Sahri Rahmadana Sitanggang, Sapri Sapri, Riris Nurkholis Rambe","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.511","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to determine three things: (1) students' reading abilities in Indonesian before using the CIRC model; (2) how the CIRC model can be used to improve students' reading abilities in Indonesian; and (3) students' reading abilities in Indonesian after using the CIRC model. Classroom Action Research is the methodology employed (PTK). The study took place at MIS NU in the Barus District's Pasar Batu Gerigis. Each cycle of this study includes four steps: planning, acting, monitoring, and thinking about what you learned. Participants included 26 fourth-year students (16 male and 10 female) from MIS NU Pasar Batu Gerigis. The study’s overarching goal is to find effective ways to implement the CIRC learning model in Indonesian classes so that students can develop stronger reading skills. Sheets of observations, tests, and written documentation are all examples of data collection methods. It was determined that 1) only 6 students out of a total of 23 had a classical completion percentage of 23 percent with an average score of 4.4 before using the CIRC learning model. Using the CIRC model, 14 students achieved 54% classical completeness and an average score of 6.0 on a reading comprehension assessment after the first cycle of student learning. In addition, students' reading abilities improved even further in the second cycle, with 22 students achieving an 85 percent classical completeness rate and an average score of 8.2. The data presented above demonstrate that students in class IV at MIS NU Pasar Batu Gerigis have improved their reading comprehension to the extent that classical learning has been completed (at the 85% level).","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133771547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengembangan Video Pembelajaran Interakti Menggunakan Aplikasi Powtoon IPAS Materi Perubahan Wujud Benda","authors":"M. Subhan, A. Amril, Sintya Trisna Rusita Dewi","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.514","url":null,"abstract":"The background of this research is that students find it difficult to understand the science learning material provided by the teacher, they seem less enthusiastic about learning and there are still many students who are engrossed in chatting with their friends during the learning process. During the learning process itself, it is still centered on the teacher, this causes students to be less interested in participating in the process of learning activities which they consider boring. This study aims to produce learning media that have valid, practical, and effective criteria. This research is development research. The model used for this development is the ADDIE development model. This research was conducted at SDN 095/VIII in Karang Dadi Village, Tebo Regency in grade IV of Elementary School. The results of the interactive learning video assessment using the Powtoon application were carried out by expert validators to get a result of 89.22% in a very valid category. The results of the practicality value carried out by the teacher obtained a score of 98.7% in the very practical category and the practicality value by students obtained 96.4% in the very practical category so the average practicality result by the teacher and students was 97.5% in the very category. practical. The effectiveness results were obtained from the learning outcomes of students who scored above the KKTP with a result of 84.8 in the very effective category.","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124233521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengembangan E-Modul Berbasis Model Research Based Learning Menggunakan Pageflip Application Pada Pembelajaran IPAS Kurikulum Merdeka","authors":"Estuhono Estuhono, Aditya Aditya, D. Asmara","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.483","url":null,"abstract":"Pendidikan ialah bukan hanya pengembangan manusia yang cerdas tetapi juga berakhlak dan keterampilan dalam beragama sehingga dapat bermanfaat bagi bangsa dan negara. Pada penelitian ini peneliti ingin mengembangkan E-Modul di mana E-Modul merupakan modul elektronik untuk bisa dibuat lebih menarik dan interaktif. Penelitian ini menggunakan Research and Development (R&D). Model yang dipakai ialah model Plomp penelitian ini terdiri dari 3 tahap yaitu Tahap penelitian pendahuluan, tahap prototipe, dan tahap penilaian. Jenis pengumpulan data yang dilakukan pengambilan pada penelitian ini ialah data primer. Pengembangan instrumen digunakan yakni lembar observasi, wawancara. Efektivitas, praktikalitas dan juga validitas. Teknik penghimpunan data memakai teknik observas, wawancara, angket dan dokumentasi. Analisis yag digunakan memakai efektivitas, praktikalitas dan juga validitas. Terdapat bebrapa hasil validasi dari ahli materi yaitu 96% disebut dengan sangat valid, hasil validasi dari ahli konstruk yaitu 100% dengan kategori Sangat Valid, dan hasil validasi oleh ahli bahasa 95% dengan kategori Sangat Valid.  Hasil analisis data angket respon guru memperoleh rata-rata 96,5% dengan kategori Sangat Praktis. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba One-to-one respon siswa mencapai 90,6% dengan kategori Sangat prakis, dan uji coba Small Group Evaluation memperoleh hasil 91,8% dengan kategori Sangat Praktis. Hasil analisis data efektifitas dari hasil Pengetahuan sebesar 86%, penilaian ranah sikap sebesar 85%, dan penilaian ranah keterampilan sebesar 84%, dengan nilai rata-rata akhir yaitu sebesar 79,6% dikategorikan Efektif. ","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"190 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134209372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengembangan E-Book Cerita Bergambar Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Pada Elemen Membaca Berbantukan Flipbook Maker","authors":"Amar Salahuddin, Sonia Yulia Friska, Amelisa Anggun Okta Dilla","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.456","url":null,"abstract":"Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh rendahnya minat belajar peserta didik terhadap pelajaran bahasa Indonesia dikarenakan kegiatan belajar pendidik hanya terpaku menggunakan bahan ajar cetak tanpa menggunakan bahan ajar yang kreatif dan menarik. Dalam mengatasi permasalahan diatas dibutuhkan bahan ajar kreatif dan menarik seperti e-book cerita bergambar. Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan e-book cerita bergambar pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia pada elemen membaca  dan respon peserta didik terhadap bahan ajar e-book cerita. Jenis Penelitian menggunakan model ADDIE. Uji coba ini dilaksanakan pada 10 peserta didik di Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar Negeri 06 Koto Salak. Tenik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan uji validasi, uji praktikalitas dan efektivitas. Hasil pengembangan e-book cerita bergambar pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia pada elemen membaca  dikategorikan sangat validasi, berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dari validator (96,16%) dikategorikan sangat valid. Aspek kepraktisan kuesioner responden pendidik dan peserta didik dengan persentase (92,01%) dikategorikan sangat praktis. Aspek efektivitas dengan perolehan (90%) dikategorikan efektif. Maka disimpulkan bahwa e-book cerita bergambar pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia pada elemen membaca berbantukan flipbook maker untuk mendukung kurikulum merdeka kelas IV SDN 06 Koto Salak pada materi sistem barter valid, praktis, dan efektif  saat diaplikasikan pada proses pembelajaran.","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133385804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengembangan Papan Konversi Satuan Menggunakan Metode Jamping Materi Satuan Berat Dan Satuan Panjang","authors":"M. Mahmudi, M. Subhan, R. Auliana","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.446","url":null,"abstract":"Education is something that every human being needs to gain experience, knowledge, and skills to develop potential within him, so as to boost one's life for the better. In this study uses the type of research and development Research and Development (R&D). This development model consists of five stages, namely, Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The population and sample of this study were conducted in class III at SDN 104/II Sungai Pinang with a total of 24 students. The type of data used in research is qualitative and quantitative. This research was conducted on conversion board learning media for mathematics material units of weight and units of length in class III SD. data collection instruments using validation sheets, practicality instruments, and effectiveness instruments. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, documentation, and learning performance tests. The data analysis technique used uses three data analysis techniques, namely validity analysis, practicality analysis, and effectiveness analysis. The results of the study obtained the validity of the unit conversion board learning media as assessed by the validator, totaling 3 people, indicating that the conversion board learning media obtained a proportion of 86% with a very valid category. Practicality was assessed from the point of view of the teacher's response to the unit conversion board learning media filled out by educators at SDN 104/II Sungai Pinang obtaining a proportion of 100%. Effectiveness comes from the results of the effectiveness sheet filled in by students on the unit conversion board learning media obtaining a proportion of 83.34% with the very effective category.","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130915830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Berbasis Game Edukasi Berbantu Canva Dalam Kurikulum Merdeka","authors":"Sonia Yulia Friska, Amar Salahuddin, Amrina Rosada","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.445","url":null,"abstract":"This research is motivated by the low learning outcomes of students in learning Indonesian. The low learning outcomes are due to the unavailability of more interesting teaching materials to help students understand learning, this makes student learning outcomes low. To overcome this, researchers are trying to develop teaching materials in the form of educational game-based Indonesian language learning media in class IV SD Negeri Koto Baru that are valid, practical, and effective. This type of research is developed using the ADDIE development model which consists of the analysis stage (Analysis), the planning stage (Design), the development stage (Development), the implementation stage (Implementation), and the evaluation stage (Evaluation). The results of the validation assessment of Indonesian learning educational games on the validity test by three validators who have an average of 89.58% are included in the very valid category, meaning that the educational game is in accordance with the content, graphic feasibility, and language. The practicality test with an average of 92.33% is categorized as very practical, meaning that educational games can be used easily in the learning process. While the effectiveness results with an average of 84% are categorized as very effective, meaning that this educational game can improve student learning outcomes.","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125040150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peran Guru Dalam Penanaman Sikap Anti Bullying Verbal Dalam Pembelajaran PKN di Sekolah Dasar","authors":"Khaidir Fadil","doi":"10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54069/attadrib.v6i1.411","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine, (1) Strategies for preventing verbal bullying behavior at SDIT Kemuning through Civics Education, (2) factors that influence the occurrence of verbal bullying behavior at SDIT Kemuning. (3) The role of teachers in instilling anti-bullying attitudes at SDIT Kemuning through Civics learning. (4). The impact of verbal bullying on students at SDIT Kemuning. This research is a qualitative study using descriptive methods to find out the role of teachers in instilling anti-verbal bullying attitudes at SDIT Kemuning through Civics Learning. The research subjects in the research school were SDIT Kemuning teachers, who implemented the learning process of the learning process using the 2013 Curriculum which implemented Character Education in Learning. This research uses an indirect interview method. The primary data source used was the Civics subject teacher. Secondary data in the form of journals and books. The data collection techniques used are observation and interviews. The data analysis technique uses the interaction model analysis technique according to Miles and Huberman, namely data reduction, data presentation (data visualization) and conclusion drawing (verification). The results showed that the strategy of preventing Verbal bullying behavior through Civics learning in students at SDIT Kemuning is by calling the two problematic students and then talking to them after that they are advised and given direction. Then, the supporting factor for bullying behavior at the SDIT Kemuning level is because students often do not realize that what they do, such as mocking, includes verbal bullying. Then, the role of teachers in instilling anti-bullying attitudes is to provide advice to students both individually and classically to all students. building awareness and understanding of bullying and its effects to all parties, especially students, working with parents, filling positive activities, and forms of cooperation that can involve students such as duha prayers, murojaah activities to instill character, collaborating with subject teachers to carry out supervision.","PeriodicalId":296548,"journal":{"name":"Attadrib: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133808035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}