Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration最新文献_第5页

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.13

G. Zoega

引用次数: 0

"We are like the Poles": On the ambiguous labour market position of young Icelanders “我们就像波兰人”:关于冰岛年轻人在劳动力市场的模糊地位

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.8

Margrét Einarsdóttir, J. Einarsdóttir, Guðbjörg Linda Rafnsdóttir

{"title":"\"We are like the Poles\": On the ambiguous labour market position of young Icelanders","authors":"Margrét Einarsdóttir, J. Einarsdóttir, Guðbjörg Linda Rafnsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Paid work is quite common amongst young people under the age of 18 in the Western world, although most undertake flexible part-time work. Nevertheless, studies on their labour market position are rare. The aim of this article is to examine the labour market position of young people in Iceland, a high-income Nordic country. We ask about: (i) young people’s general labour market rights regarding payslips and formal work contracts; (ii) their special labour market rights, safeguarded by child labour laws, in relation to rest periods, working hours, the prevalence of injuries and the consequent absence from work, and; (iii) the young persons’ own perceptions of their labour market position. The study is based on mixed methods: a survey (N = 952) and group interviews (N = 42) with 13-17-year-olds. The research reveals that the labour market position of young people is characterised by ambiguity. While their general rights to employment and decent pay are recognised to some extent, their work often violates child labour laws and accidents do occur. Young people commonly perceive their labour market position as weak. Their position in society, on the other hand, allows them to quit when confronted with an adverse work environment or if the work interferes with other duties. To conclude, education on occupational health and safety (OHS) and additional research on their labour market position are needed.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134448798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Public sector strikes in Iceland 冰岛公共部门罢工

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.7

Gylfi Dalmann Aðalsteinsson

{"title":"Public sector strikes in Iceland","authors":"Gylfi Dalmann Aðalsteinsson","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.7","url":null,"abstract":"Strikes are a key tool for workers to achieve their demands against their counterparties. The right to strike for workers in the private sector was incorporated in law in 1938. The situation was different for public sector employees in the 20th century regarding the right to strike, salaries were decided by law. According to law from 1915 public sector employees were not allowed to go on strike. In 1976 civil servants were granted the right to strike regarding the main collective agreement and majority of public sector employees were authorized by law the right to strikes in 1986. This study presents strikes of the public sector employees i.e. employees of the state and local government from the year 1977 and shed light on the main reasons for the strike activities in the public sector. Since 1977 there have been 1.974.699 days lost due to industrial conflict in Iceland, whereof 932.102 or 47,7% are because of public sector strikes. Therefore public sector employees in Iceland, who are only 20% of the active labour market constitutes for almost half of all days lost due to strikes in Iceland. To get a comparison between strike frequency between the public and private sector strike volume was calculated. The strike volume shows the number of lost working days per 1,000 employees. The paper brings into light the main explanatory factors of the high strike frequency among public sector employees and discusses ways that can reduce the industrial conflict in the public sector. Some relate to the laws and regulations, other concern the industrial relations between the parties as well as collective bargaining arrangements.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121427839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gender Bias in the Media: The Case of Iceland 媒体中的性别偏见:冰岛的案例

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.5

Valgerður Jóhannsdóttir, Þorgerður J. Einarsdóttir

{"title":"Gender Bias in the Media: The Case of Iceland","authors":"Valgerður Jóhannsdóttir, Þorgerður J. Einarsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"The news media are the most influential sources of information, ideas and opinion for most people around the world. Who appears in the news and who is left out, what is covered and what is not and how people and events are portrayed matter. Research has consistently shown that women are underrepresented in the news and that gender stereotypes are reinforced in and through the media. The 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action recognised the relationship between women and media as a major area of concern in achieving gender equality in contemporary societies. This article presents Nordic findings from the 2015 Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP), which is the largest and longest-running study on gender in the world’s media. The findings show that women account for only 1 in 5 of the people interviewed or reported on by Icelandic news media and that women’s overall presence in the news has declined compared to the last GMMP study in 2010. The proportion of women as news subjects is also considerably lower than in other Nordic countries. We argue that the number of women who are journalists, managers in the media industry and decision makers in society has increased, but this shift has not automatically changed the representation of women in the news, either in numbers or in their portrayal. This discrepancy indicates that the relationship between gender and the news media is complicated and needs to be approached from different perspectives.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127397635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Too late, too vague, too soft: How and why the idea of the first point of contact in the Icelandic health care system has failed 太迟，太模糊，太软弱:冰岛医疗保健系统中第一接触点的想法是如何以及为什么失败的

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.3

S. Sigurgeirsdóttir

{"title":"Too late, too vague, too soft: How and why the idea of the first point of contact in the Icelandic health care system has failed","authors":"S. Sigurgeirsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.3","url":null,"abstract":"This research is about ideas, interests and institutions in health care in Iceland. It describes how the idea of primary care centres as the first point of patients´ contact in health care, on one hand, and the idea of patients´ freedom to choose where to seek medical care, on the other, have been the competing views shaping the system for almost fifty years. The research seeks to shed lights on why the authorities have not succeeded in making primary care become the first point of contact in health care. It aims to create a better understanding about why and how such a gap between objectives and outcomes in public policy emerges. This study draws on published and unpublished findings from the author´s earlier research on the Icelandic health care system, and interviews with medical doctors, civil servants and politicians. Theories on policy implementation are applied in order to bring out a theoretical perspective on government´s policy implementation. Furthermore, the research brings out how issues in health care reach government´s agenda and why government´s attempts at change do sometimes succeed, but most often don´t. It concludes that better access to primary care services emphasized by the early 1970s legislation was first and foremost aimed at people living outside the two main urban areas. On the other hand, the idea of patients´ first point of contact as a goal of government policy emerged too late, its aim and implementation was too ambiguous and the tool of government applied too weak.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"323-325 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130890566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Individualistic Vikings: Culture, Economics and Iceland 个人主义的维京人:文化、经济与冰岛

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.12

M. Mixa, V. Vaiman

{"title":"Individualistic Vikings: Culture, Economics and Iceland","authors":"M. Mixa, V. Vaiman","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Icelandic culture has generally been considered to share many similarities to the Nordic cultures. However, the financial crisis in 2008 painted a completely different picture, with the Nordic nations faring much less worse than Iceland, which saw its banking system becoming almost entirely worthless. Looking at traditional cultural yardsticks in the vein of the most commonly used research in the field of business and organizational management, generally linked to Hofstede´s dimensional studies, one would at first glance conclude that Icelanders would have behaved in a similar manner as people in the Nordic nations. By focusing on savings ratio, it is shown that Icelanders were much more risk-seeking during the prelude of the crisis. Many nations badly hit during the 2008 financial crisis have a high level of individualism inherent in their culture. Iceland fits this scenario. Thus while general cultural characteristics may lack explanatory power regarding economic behavior of people between cultures, the individual/collective cultural dimension may provide clues of what dangers (and possible strengths) lurk within societies from a financial point of view. Such developments may affect the financial stability of nations, especially those with a high level of individualism where financial liberalization with possible abuses is occurring.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131702286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Risk taking business Vikings: Gendered dynamics in Icelandic banks and financial companies 冒险商业维京人:冰岛银行和金融公司的性别动态

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/irpa.a.2015.11.6

Kristín Loftsdóttir, Helga Björnsdóttir

引用次数: 1

Need for security and system fairness on the political extremes 政治极端需要安全和制度公平

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.1

Hulda Þórisdóttir, Eva H. Önnudóttir

{"title":"Need for security and system fairness on the political extremes","authors":"Hulda Þórisdóttir, Eva H. Önnudóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"We advance and empirically test the idea that people on both the far right and far left will be more likely than political moderates to perceive the system as fair, as long as it serves their heightened needs for security. We argue that political extremists may be especially drawn to systems that offer certainty and security. As long as ideological extremists are not alienated from the political system in general, they will, therefore, be especially motivated to see the system as fair, in particular, if extremism is coupled with a heightened need for security. We test this notion using data from Iceland, a country with a wide left–right spread in terms of the political opinions of both parties and people and which was, at the time of the study, still reeling from an economic crisis that strongly affected political trust and threatened people’s sense of security. We analyzed nationally representative data from the European Social Survey in 2012 (N = 752). The results showed a significant three-way interaction between political extremism, the need for security, and political trust in predicting perceived system fairness. The people most likely to perceive the system as fair were political extremists, with relatively high political trust and need for security. The results are discussed in light of context effects and how people on the left and right might have higher needs for security with different threats in mind.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"24 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125891968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Skipan talsmanns fyrir börn – grundvöllur ákvörðunar og framkvæmd 了解我们的谷仓--谷物和谷物框架的基本原理

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.10

Hrefna Friðriksdóttir, Hafdís Gísladóttir

{"title":"Skipan talsmanns fyrir börn – grundvöllur ákvörðunar og framkvæmd","authors":"Hrefna Friðriksdóttir, Hafdís Gísladóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years there has been a growing interest in the rights of children in various justice systems. The interpretation of international instruments, such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child legalized in Iceland as law 19/2013, places a strong emphasis on strengthening the status of the child. The concept of child-friendly justice has emerged reflecting a vision of a justice system that has adapted to the interests and needs of children. A key element is ensuring the right of the child to participate, building on the notion that participation actively promotes their citizenship in a democratic society. The complexity of child protection cases makes it imperative to ensure that children get the assistance they need to communicate and be able to influence procedures. This article discusses the development of provisions in child protection laws on the appointment of spokespersons for children and represents the findings of a study done on such appointments with various child protection committees. The main results of this research indicate that the development of the law has been positive. The enforcement does not however reflect these develpments and there is a lack of formality, assessment and satisfactory argumentation.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134528325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Icelandic National Culture compared to National Cultures of 25 OECD member states using VSM94 冰岛的民族文化与经合组织25个成员国的民族文化的比较

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.1.2

Svala Guðmundsdóttir, Þ. Guðlaugsson, Gylfi Dalmann Aðalsteinsson

{"title":"Icelandic National Culture compared to National Cultures of 25 OECD member states using VSM94","authors":"Svala Guðmundsdóttir, Þ. Guðlaugsson, Gylfi Dalmann Aðalsteinsson","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers such as Hofstede (2002) and House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman and Gupta, (2004) have defined well-known cultural clusters such as, Anglo, Germanic, and Nordic cultural clusters. However, Iceland was not incorporated in these studies and therefore the research question of this paper is: In relation to Hofstede´s five cultural dimensions where does Iceland differ in relation to 25 of the OECD member states using VSM94? A questionnaire was sent to students at the University of Iceland, School of Social Sciences by e-mail in October 2013. The five dimensions of national culture were measured using scales developed by Hofstede called VSM 94. The results indicated that Iceland differs considerably from nations such as Slovakia, Japan, India, Thailand and China, which were found high in PDI and the MAS dimension while Iceland was found to be high in IDV and low in PDI. When considering the 25 OECD countries, Iceland is more similar to the Anglo cluster, C3, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdon, Australia and United States than the Nordic cluster, C1 i.e. Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Iceland is similar to those countries in relation to high IDV, low PDI but differs in the dimensions MAS and UAI where Iceland scores higher.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133653103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10