Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration最新文献_第4页

Judicial Control over Althingi: Altered Balance of Powers in the Constitutional System 对一切事物的司法控制:宪法制度中权力平衡的改变

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2016-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.2

Björg Thorarensen

{"title":"Judicial Control over Althingi: Altered Balance of Powers in the Constitutional System","authors":"Björg Thorarensen","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on how the control of the judiciary over the legislature has increased in the last decades and the reasons for altered balance of powers in the Icelandic constitutional system are explored. Earlier theories of parliamentary precedence over other branches of state power are in transition. There is a growing trend towards the balancing of powers, in which the courts monitor that legislation complies with the constitution. A comparison is made with the developments in the constitutional systems of Denmark and Norway which points at the same direction. The European Convention on Human Rights and constitutional amendments in 1995 have affected the interpretation methods of the Icelandic courts and strengthened their supervisory role. Ideas underlying constitutional democracy, rule of law and effective remedies for individuals are prevailing over the idea of preferred position of the legislative power vis-a-vis the judiciary. The courts see it as a constitutional duty to adjudicate whether a legislative act conforms with constitutional human rights. The Supreme Court of Iceland has referred to the wide discretion of the legislature in the field of fiscal powers, such as regarding taxation and the social security system. However, even where legislation aims at the implementation of important political policies, the discretion of Althingi is subject to certain limits. The effective judicial control requires that Althingi must assess carefully whether legislation which limits constitutionally protected human rights conforms with the principles of equality and proportionality.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122038634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Explaining Iceland’s Excessive Boom and Bust: a Political Economy Approach 解释冰岛的过度繁荣与萧条:一种政治经济学方法

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2016-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/irpa.a.2016.12.1.6

S. Ólafsson

{"title":"Explaining Iceland’s Excessive Boom and Bust: a Political Economy Approach","authors":"S. Ólafsson","doi":"10.13177/irpa.a.2016.12.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2016.12.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"We explain the Icelandic bubble economy and the financial crisis of 2008 with lessons from classical political economy theories (Keynes, Minsky, Kindleberger, Reinhart and Rogoff). We ask why and how the Icelandic bubble came about? Why it went so far off track? Who were the main actors? And why they did it? \u0000At the base of these developments were changes in the policy environment and institutional changes in finance and economy, which produced both new opportunities and new risks, as well as paving the way for new powers to rise in the society, not least with the full privatization of the state banks in 2003. An overextended belief in the virtues of the free market of the private sector led to a laissez-faire attitude towards the new risks, while the new opportunities were pursued with great efforts. \u0000This produced a classical but unusually large financial bubble, culminating in 2003-2008, with massive and risky growth of banks. The main characteristic of the Icelandic bubble was extensive business speculation with borrowed money. The consequence was excessive accumulation of foreign debt, which tends to be the ultimate cause of financial crises. The main actors were the top ten percent of income earners, who gained tremendously during the decade leading up to the collapse. Their incomes grew way beyond all others, not least their financial earnings, which sprang mainly from the activities of the unsustainable bubble economy.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116396898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Money Talks: Gender Budgeting in the University of Iceland 金钱谈话:冰岛大学的性别预算

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2016-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.9

Finnborg S. Steinþórsdóttir, Þorgerður J. Einarsdóttir, T. Heijstra, G. Pétursdóttir

{"title":"Money Talks: Gender Budgeting in the University of Iceland","authors":"Finnborg S. Steinþórsdóttir, Þorgerður J. Einarsdóttir, T. Heijstra, G. Pétursdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses the financial framework, decision-making and budgeting processes of the University of Iceland from a gender perspective. The newly appointed rector of the University of Iceland (elected 2015) together with the university council is currently revising the UI system of the distribution formula of budget allocation. This provides an opportunity to examine the system which is inspired by New Public Management, with emphasis on global competition and performance based indicators. The aim of the article is to scrutinize the current system of budget allocation and distribution and its significance when it comes to gender. We ask how the, allegedly gender neutral, system plays out for different schools and disciplines and for academics in different ranks, when the gender dimension is taken into account. We draw on empirical data collected as part of the GARCIA research project, Gendering the Academy and Research combating Career Instability and Asymmetries, which is supported by the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union. To shed a light on the process we focus on the male-dominated School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (SENS) and the more feminised School of Social Sciences (SSS). The exploration shows that the financial framework, decision-making and budgeting processes at the University of Iceland are rather non-transparent, and biased in favour of the natural sciences. This applies to funding from the state; third party funding; the allocation of funding in the teaching part of the budgeting, as well as the research part. From the article it can be concluded that the current system contains an internal, though unintended, gender bias that needs to be corrected.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128521148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Jón Gnarr: the Joker that Became a Leader Jón格纳尔:成为领袖的小丑

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2016-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.8

Á. E. Guðmundsdóttir

{"title":"Jón Gnarr: the Joker that Became a Leader","authors":"Á. E. Guðmundsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The theoretical background of leadership literature is based on assessing leadership from the perspective of the individual in the role. As the field progressed other factors were believed to be important in understanding leadership. In the last years the spotlight in research on leadership has, again, been on the leader himself as in theories such as authentic leadership and servant leadership. In this article the impact of the leadership of Jon Gnarr, that becoming a leader,when he served as a Major for Reykavik in the years 2010-2014. In the article the main conclusions of the research on Jons Gnarr as a leader are discussed. Open-ended interviews were conducted among the official leaders of the City and those that worked closely with him on the political arena and with Jon himself. Seven indepth open-ended interviews were conducted and analyzed with qualitative methods. The research hypothesis is that the extreme societal and economical environment let to the election of the Best Party. The main conclusions are that in Jon Gnarrs leadership we can see indications that supports theories of authentic leadership. His lifestory and experience, intuition seem to have changed communication between actors. With trust, respect and caring. This empowered his followers and inspired them in a new way. This research contribution is in the field of authentic leadership. In particular where unusual circumstances call for different leadership.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133549083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Professionalism among Icelandic Mayors: Job Postings, Experience and Education as Determinants of Professionalism at the Icelandic Local Level 冰岛市长的专业精神:冰岛地方一级决定专业精神的职位、经验和教育

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2016-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.1

E. Hlynsdóttir

{"title":"Professionalism among Icelandic Mayors: Job Postings, Experience and Education as Determinants of Professionalism at the Icelandic Local Level","authors":"E. Hlynsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Professionalism is thought to be synonymous with good governance, a vital component of a modern and efficient local government. Traditionally, top managers, such as American city managers, are seen as the archetype of professionalism, while municipalities ruled by executive mayors have been judged to be less professional. In Iceland, mayors are recruited largely through two processes: through hiring following nationwide job postings (managermayors) and through political appointment from within the municipal council (political mayors). An analysis of job postings for manager-mayor positions and of the level of education and experience acquired by Icelandic mayors demonstrates an increased level of professionalism. However, during interviews, manager-mayors recruited through job postings emphasised their professionalism by citing their political neutrality, while political mayors stressed their professionalism by citing their level of education. Nevertheless, there is a fundamental lack of standardisation in the qualifications required for mayoral positions in Iceland. Finally, although there is a substantial number of mayors with similar educational backgrounds in business and economics, a high turnover and a lack of mutual understanding of the experience and education required for the position indicate low levels of professionalism. Thus, although the level of professionalism has increased in recent years, it remains considerably lower than within the American council-manager system.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"236 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132161327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Iceland’s Involvement in the Anti-Apartheid Struggle 冰岛参与反种族隔离斗争

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2016-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/irpa.a.2016.12.1.5

J. Einarsdóttir

{"title":"Iceland’s Involvement in the Anti-Apartheid Struggle","authors":"J. Einarsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/irpa.a.2016.12.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2016.12.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The transnational anti-apartheid movement was heavily motivated by the postwar emphasis on human rights and decolonisation, and challenged by Cold War politics and economic interests. The aim of this article is to examine Iceland’s involvement in the anti-apartheid struggles with focus on the establishment of the unified anti-apartheid movement SAGA (Suður-Afrikusamtokin gegn apartheid), its organisation and activities. What were the motives of SAGA’s activists and their subjective experiences? The political background in Iceland is outlined as well as a historical overview of anti-apartheid activities including Iceland’s voting on resolutions against apartheid at UN and adoptions of sanctions against the South African regime. Iceland’s involvement in the antiapartheid struggle was contradictory. During two periods Iceland voted for more radical UN resolutions than did other Western countries, including the Nordic ones. Yet, Iceland adopted sanctions against the South African regime later than the neighbours and the same applies to the establishment of a unified anti-apartheid movement. The branding of the African National Congress (ANC) as communists allowed many to ignore the human right breaches of the South African regime. Most of the activists belonged to left-wing groups or the labour movement, and the relative absence of religious organisations and the Students’ Council of the University of Iceland is notable. Embedded in the transnational anti-apartheid network with particular ways of organisation and mobilisation, the activists became emotionally engaged and worked for a moral cause.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"316 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124479451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Iceland’s Alleged Reservation to Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty 冰岛对北大西洋公约第5条的所谓保留

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2016-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.4

Sigurjón Njarðarson, B. Magnússon

引用次数: 0

Public Opinion Polls and Experts in Election News 民意调查和选举新闻专家

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2016-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2016.12.1.7

Guðbjörg Hildur Kolbeins

引用次数: 0

Iceland’s External Affairs from the Napoleonic Era to the occupation of Denmark: Danish and British Shelter 从拿破仑时代到丹麦被占领的冰岛外交:丹麦和英国的庇护

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.4

Baldur Þórhallsson, T. Joensen

{"title":"Iceland’s External Affairs from the Napoleonic Era to the occupation of Denmark: Danish and British Shelter","authors":"Baldur Þórhallsson, T. Joensen","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2015.11.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that Iceland enjoyed essential shelter, for its development and prosperity, provided by Denmark and Britain. Societal relations with Copenhagen were of fundamental importance in the preservation and evolution of Icelandic identity and culture, providing the foundation of the modern society and leading to the establishment of the Icelandic state. Danish financial backups created the basis for the island’s economic prosperity in the 20th century. Moreover, Denmark provided partial political shelter in terms of significant diplomatic support in guaranteeing trade agreements with other states. Also, Denmark led by example and Iceland followed its foreign policy. On the other hand, Denmark failed to provide Iceland with protection of its land and waters and economic cover when it was in most need. Moreover, the economic cover it did provide was, at times, highly costly. Denmark had been downgraded to a small European power in the post-Napoleonic period. In practice, Britain was in control over the North Atlantic. It guaranteed Iceland’s neutrality and connection to the outside world and markets when the Danish authorities failed in these areas, as long as British interests were also served. Nor did British protection come without cost. Accordingly, this paper confirms the common claim of small-state studies that small states are at the mercy of their larger neighbours. Moreover, our findings indicate that Iceland’s growing autonomy did not affect its need for political, economic and societal cover.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122963056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Access to Public Administration Files and Confidentiality 获取公共行政档案和保密

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.13177/irpa.a.2015.11.9

T. Valsson

引用次数: 0