Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration最新文献_第10页

Keen are the eyes of the visitors, or are they? 游客的眼睛是敏锐的，还是他们?

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-07-07 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.7

Þ. Guðlaugsson, Elísabet Eydís Leósdóttir

{"title":"Keen are the eyes of the visitors, or are they?","authors":"Þ. Guðlaugsson, Elísabet Eydís Leósdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Image is a comprehensive concept and can have different meaning depending on circumstances. The first messages that a country transmits is often through the image it has as a tourist destination. That image can influence how outside parties see and evaluate the country in other areas and thereby affect the building of its image in general. The image of a destination also helps create desires and/or wants among tourists and can affect the destination´s attractiveness since tourists are more likely to choose destinations that are thought to have a more positive image. Image is a subjective concept and its measurement can therefore be difficult. At the same time a number of authors have been writing about the importance of measuring it. The main objective of this research is to study the image of Iceland in the eyes of foreign tourists and compare the findings to earlier research as well as the perception of Icelanders themselves. Questionnaires were used and the findings are presented with the aid of perceptual maps. The main findings are, that on the whole, the image of Iceland is thought to be strong and distinctive and in accordance with earlier research. Natural beauty and landscape are very strongly related to the image and in addition to being considered a safe and friendly place to visit it is thought possible to experience adventures. Both groups hold similar images of Iceland but there are some differences. In general the image is stronger among tourists than Icelanders themselves. In this respect it is necessary to realize that the sample among the Icelanders was a convenience sample since a large part of it was university students. It still is interesting how similar the findings are.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122335582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Iceland and Cyber-threats: Is it more than fear of fear? 冰岛和网络威胁:不仅仅是害怕害怕吗?

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-07-07 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.10

J. Ragnarsson, Alyson J. K. Bailes

{"title":"Iceland and Cyber-threats: Is it more than fear of fear?","authors":"J. Ragnarsson, Alyson J. K. Bailes","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"The challenge of cyber-threats is a modern reality from which no state, including Iceland, can hope to escape. Cyber-attacks can cause major damage remotely, at minimal cost and while concealing the culprits. Groups and individuals can carry them out as effectively as states, reversing traditional power calculations and making deterrence especially difficult. Individuals can use the Net both for mischief and to escape from authoritarian controls; groups such as terrorists and criminals can target states, commerce and individuals; and states can attack other states both directly and by proxy. The complexity of possible online conflicts was seen clearly in the events triggered by Wikileaks disclosures against the USA in 2010 and 2011. Among other recent developments, an attack on the Pentagon and the ‘Stuxnet’ virus used against Iranian nuclear plants have shown how even the smallest devices can penetrate high-security systems, and that computer-driven infrastructures are no longer immune. Iceland, for its part, acknowledged the relevance of cyber-threats in its 2009 risk assessment, and recently decided to set up a coordinating team for protection; but it has lagged behind its Nordic neighbours in this field and should take full advantage of cooperation with them now. Vulnerable states also have an interest in international regulation and restraint on the use of cyber-weapons, but the context for this is complex and viable proposals are slow to emerge. Iceland can and should contribute to new thinking, and perhaps also assist poorer states: but it needs to put its own house in order first.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127246775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The competitiveness of the Icelandic film industry 冰岛电影产业的竞争力

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-07-07 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.8

Konráð Pálmason, Fridrik Eysteinsson

{"title":"The competitiveness of the Icelandic film industry","authors":"Konráð Pálmason, Fridrik Eysteinsson","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The Icelandic film industry is at a crossroad at the moment. Heavy cutbacks in government funding will lead to a lower number of films and TV programs being produced and fewer people being employed by the industry. This will lead to less growth and will limit progress. Last decade domestic and foreign revenues of the Icelandic filming industry are estimated to have been about 9 billion ISK. The main objective of this research was to study the competitiveness of the Icelandic filmindustry and to what degree it was built on cluster formation. The research was qualitative. A number of interviews were conducted with key participants in the film industry. The Icelandic film industry is in some ways competitive. One of its strengths is the simple and efficient system of reinbursements from the State Treasury of the production costs incurred in Iceland. Other strengths are for example exotic film locations with good access. Good infrastructure, minimum red tape and industrious and skilled workers have a positive influence on the industry´s competitiveness. The weaknesses are that there is little in the way of film cluster formation and little awareness concerning possible synergistic effects which could improve the industry´s competitiveness. The local market is small and demand conditions volatile which limit the industry´s growth. Reimbursements from the State Treasury of the production costs incurred in Iceland need to increase from 20% to 25-30% in order for the film industry to gain competitive advantage internationally. The general macroeconomic environment in Iceland, such as an unstable currency and currency restrictions, has reduced the competitiveness of the film industry. At the same time the low value of the ISK has been beneficial. The findings have practical implications for both the industry and the government.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"53 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115610931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The structure of community networks defending the concept of Iceland's financial stability 捍卫冰岛金融稳定概念的社区网络结构

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-07-07 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.9

Þröstur Ólafur Sigurjónsson, David Schwartzkopf, A. Arnarsdóttir

{"title":"The structure of community networks defending the concept of Iceland's financial stability","authors":"Þröstur Ólafur Sigurjónsson, David Schwartzkopf, A. Arnarsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2011.7.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Actor-network theory suggests that those responsible for the operations of a complex system have reason to defend the idea of the system’s stability in the face of challengers who suggest the system may have problems. One form this defence can take is the formation of a complex social network that makes it difficult for challengers’ claims to be reasonably considered. This paper illustrates the formation or activation of such a network of Icelandic bankers, analysts, politicians, academics, business executives and newspapers, as well as their rational and emotional public arguments, in defence of the idea of the stability of the Icelandic banking system when challenged by the Danske Bank report of 2006. The analysis shows why it was difficult for the Danish challenge to receive a credible hearing among the Icelandic citizenry, which meant that citizens had a difficult time getting a clear picture of what was happening in their community. This research also shows a wider application for actor-network theory than previously discussed in the literature and draws implications of network formation or activation for policy makers.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133490423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vestnorden. A functional region Vestnorden。功能区

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.7

Grétar Þór Eyþórsson, Gestur Hovgaard

引用次数: 5

Excellence, Innovation and Academic Freedom in University Policy in Iceland 冰岛大学政策中的卓越、创新和学术自由

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.4

I. A. Jóhannesson

{"title":"Excellence, Innovation and Academic Freedom in University Policy in Iceland","authors":"I. A. Jóhannesson","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes three reports on higher education, research and innovation policy in Iceland by using a Foucauldian discourse analysis approach. The reports were released in 2009 and 2012, emphasizing the simplification of the research and innovation system in Iceland. While on the surface the reports include practical recommendations, the study reveals a strong moral stance in the reports which express concerns that too many universities and two small institutions spread efforts too widely. Suggestions to reorganize the system tend to be presented by simply stating that it is important to do so, but sometimes such assertions are also interwoven with arguments for larger and more powerful universities and research institutions. There is a focus in the reports on innovation and the creation of economic value. Research, science, and innovation are firmly combined with the goal of economic growth. There is the undertone that it is relatively easy to define what is good research or even quality research; and the chief criterion seems to be that good research is research that is useful for business and industry. Academic freedom, on the other hand, is rarely discussed in the reports.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123220912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Iceland’s External Affairs from 1400 to the Reformation: Anglo-German Economic and Societal Shelter in a Danish Political Vacuum 从1400年到宗教改革的冰岛外交:丹麦政治真空中的英德经济和社会庇护

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.6

Baldur Þórhallsson, Þorsteinn Kristinsson

{"title":"Iceland’s External Affairs from 1400 to the Reformation: Anglo-German Economic and Societal Shelter in a Danish Political Vacuum","authors":"Baldur Þórhallsson, Þorsteinn Kristinsson","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The paper applies the assumption that small states/entities need economic and political shelter in order to prosper, to the case of Iceland in the period from 1400 to the Reformation in the mid-16th century. Also, it applies the findings from the first paper in this ‘hexalogy’ (a six-paper series) on Iceland’s external relations in a historical context, i.e. that Iceland enjoyed societal shelter in the Middle Ages, to this period. The aim is both to analyse whether or not Icelanders enjoyed economic, political and societal cover from their engagements with the Danes, English and Germans and to evaluate the validity of the ‘shelter theory’. The paper argues that Iceland enjoyed considerable economic and societal shelter from its encounters with English and German merchants and fishermen in a period in which Danish political cover was formally in place but was not effective in practice. Moreover, the paper claims that the shelter theory, and small-state studies in general, need to take notice of the importance of social communication with the outside world for a small entity/state. Also, the Danish political vacuum in our late Medieval Period provided the islanders with economic opportunities and social engagements with the wider world. This was at the cost of continued domestic clashes between the islanders themselves, on the one hand, and between them and ‘outsiders’ on the other. Our findings indicate that in the case of Iceland there might be a trade-off between the benefits of strict political cover by a single external actor, and the economic and societal opportunities accompanied by a lack of political affiliations.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126423332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Good Administration as a Fundamental Right 善政是一项基本权利

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.12

Margrét Vala Kristjánsdóttir

{"title":"Good Administration as a Fundamental Right","authors":"Margrét Vala Kristjánsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights lists good administration as a fundamental right. The scope of this right, as defined in Article 41 of the EU Charter, is limited to situations in which persons are dealing with the institutions and bodies of the European Union; this gives it a narrower scope than that of the Charter as a whole. This paper discusses the status of this right as a subjective, fundamental right and a codified principle of EU law. The focus is on the question of applicability of the right to situations in which persons are dealing with the institutions and bodies of Member States and questions are raised regarding the implications of Article 41 in this respect. The paper concludes that Article 41 of the Charter in fact limits the applicability of good administration to the institutions and bodies of the EU. This does not however, preclude the applicability of a general principle of good administration, as established by the European Court of Justice, to Member States and the formal recognition of this principle in the EU Charter seems to affect legal reasoning and contribute to some extent to the protection of administrative rules in the implementation of EU law.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122192985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Scotland as an Independent Small State: Where would it seek shelter? 苏格兰作为一个独立的小国:它将向哪里寻求庇护?

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/IRPA.A.2013.9.1.1

Alyson J. K. Bailes, Baldur Þórhallsson, R. Johnstone

引用次数: 16

Áhrif hvata á störf lækna

Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration Pub Date : 2013-06-15 DOI: 10.13177/irpa.a.2013.9.1.5

Una Jónsdóttir, T. L. Ásgeirsdóttir

{"title":"Áhrif hvata á störf lækna","authors":"Una Jónsdóttir, T. L. Ásgeirsdóttir","doi":"10.13177/irpa.a.2013.9.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2013.9.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical economics and empirical results indicate that people respond to incentives. However, the magnitude of those responses differs according to behavior and context. We investigated the effect of contracts for ambulatory-care services temporarily in effect at Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland on physicians’ practices. The relative risk of endoscopy referrals was calculated after per-referral compensations were eliminated, versus when they were in effect. The frequency of endoscopies during the years of 2000-2002 was compared to the frequency of endoscopies in the years 2003-2005. Data was collected from the University Hospital at Hringbraut (LSH-Hringbraut) along with the University Hospital in Fossvogur (LSH-Fossvogi). Data was also collected from The Icelandic Health Insurance (Sjukratryggingar Islands) on endoscopies preformed at physicians’ private clinics. For comparison, analogous data was collected from Akureyri Hospital where no change in physician compensations occurred over the time period. The results showed a 185% increased chance of referrals to an endoscopy at private physicians’ offices after the contracts on ambulatory care services were eliminated. At the University Hospital however, these chances decreased by 38.2%. The overall relative risk of being referred to an endoscopy in the capital region increased by 3.57% after the contracts were eliminated. The assessed relationship between changes in payment schedules to physicians and the frequency rate of endoscopies is statistically, as well as practically significant.","PeriodicalId":294103,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126907742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0