从1400年到宗教改革的冰岛外交:丹麦政治真空中的英德经济和社会庇护

Baldur Þórhallsson, Þorsteinn Kristinsson
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引用次数: 6

摘要

本文将小国/实体需要经济和政治庇护才能繁荣的假设应用于从1400年到16世纪中期宗教改革时期的冰岛。此外,它将“六篇论文”(六篇论文系列)中的第一篇论文的研究结果应用于冰岛在历史背景下的对外关系,即冰岛在中世纪享有社会庇护。其目的是分析冰岛人是否从与丹麦人、英国人和德国人的交往中获得了经济、政治和社会保障,并评估“庇护理论”的有效性。该论文认为,冰岛在与英国和德国商人和渔民的接触中享有相当大的经济和社会庇护,而在这一时期,丹麦的政治庇护在形式上是适当的,但在实践中并不有效。此外,本文认为,庇护理论,以及一般的小国家研究,都需要注意到与外部世界的社会沟通对于一个小实体/国家的重要性。此外,我们中世纪晚期丹麦的政治真空为岛民提供了经济机会和与更广阔世界的社会交往。这是以岛民之间以及岛民与“外来者”之间持续不断的国内冲突为代价的。我们的研究结果表明,在冰岛的情况下,可能存在单一外部行为者严格政治掩护的好处与缺乏政治从属关系的经济和社会机会之间的权衡。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Iceland’s External Affairs from 1400 to the Reformation: Anglo-German Economic and Societal Shelter in a Danish Political Vacuum
The paper applies the assumption that small states/entities need economic and political shelter in order to prosper, to the case of Iceland in the period from 1400 to the Reformation in the mid-16th century. Also, it applies the findings from the first paper in this ‘hexalogy’ (a six-paper series) on Iceland’s external relations in a historical context, i.e. that Iceland enjoyed societal shelter in the Middle Ages, to this period. The aim is both to analyse whether or not Icelanders enjoyed economic, political and societal cover from their engagements with the Danes, English and Germans and to evaluate the validity of the ‘shelter theory’. The paper argues that Iceland enjoyed considerable economic and societal shelter from its encounters with English and German merchants and fishermen in a period in which Danish political cover was formally in place but was not effective in practice. Moreover, the paper claims that the shelter theory, and small-state studies in general, need to take notice of the importance of social communication with the outside world for a small entity/state. Also, the Danish political vacuum in our late Medieval Period provided the islanders with economic opportunities and social engagements with the wider world. This was at the cost of continued domestic clashes between the islanders themselves, on the one hand, and between them and ‘outsiders’ on the other. Our findings indicate that in the case of Iceland there might be a trade-off between the benefits of strict political cover by a single external actor, and the economic and societal opportunities accompanied by a lack of political affiliations.
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