{"title":"Discovery and evolution of [4 + 2] cyclases","authors":"Jiawang Liu, Youcai Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>[4 + 2] Cyclases are potent biocatalysts that have been bestowed upon microorganisms and plants by nature, equipping them with the powerful tools to utilize and implement the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction for constructing the cyclohexene core in synthesizing valuable molecules. Over the past two years, eleven new enzymes have joined this pericyclase club and undergone extensive investigation. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in characterizing [4 + 2] cyclases with regard to their catalytic mechanism and stereoselectivity. We particularly focus on insights gained from enzyme co–crystal structures, cofactors, as well as the effects of glycosylation. Advancements in understanding the mechanisms of natural [4 + 2] cyclases offer the potential to mimic evolutionary processes and engineer artificial enzymes for the development of valuable and practical biocatalysts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102504"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of artificial backbone connectivity in the development of metalloenzyme mimics","authors":"Jacob A. Wolfe, W. Seth Horne","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal-dependent enzymes are abundant and vital catalytic agents in nature. The functional versatility of metalloenzymes has made them common targets for improvement by protein engineering as well as mimicry by <em>de novo</em> designed sequences. In both strategies, the incorporation of non-canonical cofactors and/or non-canonical side chains has proved a useful tool. Less explored—but similarly powerful—is the utilization of non-canonical covalent modifications to the polypeptide backbone itself. Such efforts can entail either introduction of limited artificial monomers in natural chains to produce heterogeneous backbones or construction of completely abiotic oligomers that adopt defined folds. Herein, we review recent research applying artificial protein-like backbones in the construction of metalloenzyme mimics, highlighting progress as well as open questions in this emerging field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102509"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367593124000851/pdfft?md5=7682c3330f9c6aad812ea489aee31afc&pid=1-s2.0-S1367593124000851-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141887842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Probing metalloenzyme dynamics in living systems: Contemporary advances in fluorescence imaging tools and applications","authors":"Sky Price, Emily L. Que","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metalloenzymes are essential to cellular function, and their overexpression or enhanced activation are potential therapeutic targets. However, the study of metalloenzymes <em>in vitro</em> presents various challenges, leading many to develop tools to study them in their native cellular environment. Small-molecule fluorescence probes are commonly used to monitor metalloenzyme function, activity, and distribution <em>in situ</em>. These include probes that are activity-based (fluorescence is mediated by enzyme activity) or binding-based (fluorescence is mediated by interactions with the enzyme upon binding its metal cofactor). We discuss recent innovations that overcome key design challenges, such as the rapid diffusion of activity-based probes, the difficulty of probing redox-active enzymes, the selectivity of binding-based probes, and the poor penetration depth of fluorescence, and describe novel applications of these tools.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102475"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141294167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Specific signaling by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidases – Role of their site of action","authors":"Katrin Schröder","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) oxidases, known for their role in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as key regulators of specific cellular signaling pathways. While their primary function is ROS production, recent research has highlighted the significance of their site-specific activity in governing distinct cellular signaling events.</p><p>NADPH oxidases (Nox) are found in various cell types, and both their expression and activities are tightly regulated. The generated ROS, such as superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, function as secondary messengers that modulate various signaling molecules, including protein kinases, transcription factors, and phosphatases.</p><p>The site-specific action of NADPH oxidases in different cellular compartments, such as the plasma membrane, endosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum, allows for precise control over specific signaling pathways. Understanding the complex interplay of NADPH oxidases in cellular signaling is essential for deciphering their roles in health and disease. Dysregulation of these enzymes can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation, making them potential therapeutic targets in various pathological conditions. Ongoing research into NADPH oxidase activation and site-specific signaling promises to unveil new insights into cellular physiology and potential treatment strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102461"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141173631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philip Tinggaard Thomsen, Susanne Roenfeldt Nielsen, Irina Borodina
{"title":"Recent advances in engineering microorganisms for the production of natural food colorants","authors":"Philip Tinggaard Thomsen, Susanne Roenfeldt Nielsen, Irina Borodina","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Food colorants are frequently added to processed foods since color is an important tool in the marketing of food products, influencing consumer perceptions, preferences, and purchasing behavior. While synthetic dyes currently dominate the food colorant market, consumer concern regarding their safety and sustainability is driving a demand for their replacement with naturally derived alternatives. However, natural colorants are costly compared to their synthetic counterparts as the pigment content in the native sources is usually very low and extraction can be challenging. Recent advances in the engineering of microbial metabolism have sparked interest in the development of cell factories capable of producing natural colorants from renewable resources. This review summarizes major developments within metabolic engineering for the production of nature-identical food colorants by fermentation. Additionally, it highlights common applications, formulations, and physicochemical characteristics of prevalent pigment classes. Lastly, it outlines a workflow for accelerating the optimization of cell factories for the production or derivatization of nature-identical food colorants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102477"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136759312400053X/pdfft?md5=550500d4cecdf2232739957a8c7489f4&pid=1-s2.0-S136759312400053X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141324568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How are hydrogen peroxide messages relayed to affect cell signalling?","authors":"Elizabeth A. Veal , Paraskevi Kritsiligkou","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> signals trigger adaptive responses affecting cell division, differentiation, migration, and survival. These signals are transduced by selective oxidation of cysteines on specific target proteins, with redox-sensitive cysteines now identified in many proteins, including both kinases and phosphatases. Assessing the contribution of these oxidation events to cell signalling presents several challenges including understanding how and when the selective oxidation of specific proteins takes place <em>in vivo</em>. In recent years, a combination of biochemical, structural, genetic, and computational approaches in fungi, plants, and animals have revealed different ways in which thiol peroxidases (peroxiredoxins) are bypassed or utilised in relaying these signals. Together, these mechanisms provide a conceptual framework for selectively oxidising proteins that will further advance understanding of how redox modifications contribute to health and disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102496"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367593124000723/pdfft?md5=0f60fd470519d7a47684751d6879061a&pid=1-s2.0-S1367593124000723-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141482246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advancements in boron difluoride formazanate dyes for biological imaging","authors":"Shudan Yang , Kang Lu , Han Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the past decade, boron difluoride formazanate dyes have gained considerable attention due to their redox activity, high absorption and emission intensities, chemical stability across a broad range of conditions, and the ease to fine-tune their optical and electronic characteristics. Over the past five years, boron difluoride formazanate dyes have demonstrated their extended emission wavelengths in the near-infrared region, suggesting their potential applications in the field of biological imaging. This review provides an overview of the evolution of boron difluoride formazanate dyes, encompassing the structural variations and corresponding optical properties, while also highlighting their current applications in biological imaging fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102473"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances in the design and optimization of artificial metalloenzymes","authors":"Iori Morita, Thomas R. Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Embedding a catalytically competent transition metal into a protein scaffold affords an artificial metalloenzyme (ArM). Such hybrid catalysts display features that are reminiscent of both homogeneous and enzymatic catalysts. Pioneered by Whitesides and Kaiser in the late 1970s, this field of ArMs has expanded over the past two decades, marked by ever-increasing diversity in reaction types, cofactors, and protein scaffolds. Recent noteworthy developments include i) the use of earth-abundant metal cofactors, ii) concurrent cascade reactions, iii) synergistic catalysis, and iv) <em>in vivo</em> catalysis. Thanks to significant progress in computational protein design, ArMs based on <em>de novo</em>–designed proteins and tailored chimeric proteins promise a bright future for this exciting field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102508"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141887843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaymee A. Palma , Mehman I. Bunyatov , Sophia W. Hulbert , Michael C. Jewett , Matthew P. DeLisa
{"title":"Bacterial glycoengineering: Cell-based and cell-free routes for producing biopharmaceuticals with customized glycosylation","authors":"Jaymee A. Palma , Mehman I. Bunyatov , Sophia W. Hulbert , Michael C. Jewett , Matthew P. DeLisa","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glycosylation plays a pivotal role in tuning the folding and function of proteins. Because most human therapeutic proteins are glycosylated, understanding and controlling glycosylation is important for the design, optimization, and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals. Unfortunately, natural eukaryotic glycosylation pathways are complex and often produce heterogeneous glycan patterns, making the production of glycoproteins with chemically precise and homogeneous glycan structures difficult. To overcome these limitations, bacterial glycoengineering has emerged as a simple, cost-effective, and scalable approach to produce designer glycoprotein therapeutics and vaccines in which the glycan structures are engineered to reduce heterogeneity and improve biological and biophysical attributes of the protein. Here, we discuss recent advances in bacterial cell-based and cell-free glycoengineering that have enabled the production of biopharmaceutical glycoproteins with customized glycan structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102500"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genome mining for new enediyne antibiotics","authors":"Esther J. Han , Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Enediyne antibiotics epitomize nature's chemical creativity. They contain intricate molecular architectures that are coupled with potent biological activities involving double-stranded DNA scission. The recent explosion in microbial genome sequences has revealed a large reservoir of novel enediynes. However, while hundreds of enediyne biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) can be detected, less than two dozen natural products have been characterized to date as many clusters remain silent or sparingly expressed under standard laboratory growth conditions. This review focuses on four distinct strategies, which have recently enabled discoveries of novel enediynes: phenotypic screening from rare sources, biosynthetic manipulation, genomic signature-based PCR screening, and DNA-cleavage assays coupled with activation of silent BGCs via high-throughput elicitor screening. With an abundance of enediyne BGCs and emerging approaches for accessing them, new enediyne natural products and further insights into their biogenesis are imminent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":291,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Biology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 102481"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141449195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}