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The effect of nano-sized precipitates on stress corrosion cracking propagation of Alloy 718 under constant loads in PWR primary water 纳米级析出物对压水堆一次水中恒定载荷下合金 718 应力腐蚀裂纹扩展的影响
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112577
Jiamei Wang , Tianyu Zhu , Yule Wu , Kai Chen , Xianglong Guo , Quanyao Ren , Yuanming Li , Chuanbao Tang , Hongpu Yi , Liang Ye , Shihao Xu , Jing Zhang , Wenxi Tian , Lefu Zhang
{"title":"The effect of nano-sized precipitates on stress corrosion cracking propagation of Alloy 718 under constant loads in PWR primary water","authors":"Jiamei Wang ,&nbsp;Tianyu Zhu ,&nbsp;Yule Wu ,&nbsp;Kai Chen ,&nbsp;Xianglong Guo ,&nbsp;Quanyao Ren ,&nbsp;Yuanming Li ,&nbsp;Chuanbao Tang ,&nbsp;Hongpu Yi ,&nbsp;Liang Ye ,&nbsp;Shihao Xu ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenxi Tian ,&nbsp;Lefu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) propagation behavior of solution-annealed and precipitation-hardened Alloy 718 was investigated. The results show γ″ and γ′ precipitates are beneficial on retarding its crack growth under constant loads. Nano-sized precipitates at grain boundary (GB) tend to impede GB migration and oxidation beyond the crack tip, thereby compensating for the detrimental effect of a steeper strain gradient resulting from prominent elevated yield strength. The observed 2–40 times increase in CGR in hydrogenated water (near the Ni/NiO boundary) primarily attributes to the preferential GB oxidation and instability of the oxides during phase transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 112577"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of salt spray corrosion on low cycle fatigue properties of a ferrite-bainite weathering steel 盐雾腐蚀对铁素体-贝氏体耐候钢低循环疲劳性能的影响
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112578
Yaohan Du , Hanqing Liu , Xue Li , Yongjie Liu , Fulin Liu , Chao He , Kun Yang , Ying Yang , Qingyuan Wang
{"title":"Effects of salt spray corrosion on low cycle fatigue properties of a ferrite-bainite weathering steel","authors":"Yaohan Du ,&nbsp;Hanqing Liu ,&nbsp;Xue Li ,&nbsp;Yongjie Liu ,&nbsp;Fulin Liu ,&nbsp;Chao He ,&nbsp;Kun Yang ,&nbsp;Ying Yang ,&nbsp;Qingyuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corrosion pits preferentially initiate in the bainitic regions of Q420qNH steel against the simulated marine atmospheric environment, where a high initial dislocation density is present. This occurs in addition to the initiation sites associated with nonmetallic inclusions that exhibit significant lattice distortion. The formation of corrosion the corrosion-induced non elastic buckling exacerbates the cyclic softening effect and significantly reduces fatigue strength. At a strain amplitude of 0.4 %, the fatigue life decreases by 73.2 % after 60 days of pre-corrosion treatment. Layered segregation of Cr and Cu alloying elements could develop the formation of dense rust layer to inhibit further surface degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 112578"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fretting corrosion behavior and microstructure evolution of hydrided zirconium alloy under gross slip regime in high temperature high pressure water environment 水合锆合金在高温高压水环境中粗滑状态下的摩擦腐蚀行为和微观结构演变
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112582
L.Z. Kang, Y.H. Lu, W.W. Bian, P.J. Yu, Y.B. Wang, L. Xin, Y.M. Han
{"title":"Fretting corrosion behavior and microstructure evolution of hydrided zirconium alloy under gross slip regime in high temperature high pressure water environment","authors":"L.Z. Kang,&nbsp;Y.H. Lu,&nbsp;W.W. Bian,&nbsp;P.J. Yu,&nbsp;Y.B. Wang,&nbsp;L. Xin,&nbsp;Y.M. Han","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fretting corrosion of hydrided Zr-alloy under gross slip regime in high temperature high pressure water were investigated. The results indicated that hydrogen charging decreased wear volume significantly. At low hydrogen content, tetragonal ZrO<sub>2</sub> was formed at the oxide/tribologically transformed structure (TTS) interface, which induced cracks and delamination. From worn surface to matrix there were third body layer (TBL), TTS and deformation layer. At high hydrogen content, an oxide layer consisting mainly of monoclinic ZrO<sub>2</sub> was formed, from worn surface to matrix there were TBL, oxide layer, TTS and deformation layer, and the main damage mechanisms were oxidation and adhesive wear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 112582"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Corrosion inhibition of WE43 Mg alloy by salicylic compounds: Influence of nitro substitution 水杨酸化合物对 WE43 Mg 合金的缓蚀作用：硝基取代的影响
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112558
François-Xavier Perrin , Nadja Leibl , Lénaïk Belec , Armand Fahs , Nicolas Caussé , Nadine Pébère
{"title":"Corrosion inhibition of WE43 Mg alloy by salicylic compounds: Influence of nitro substitution","authors":"François-Xavier Perrin ,&nbsp;Nadja Leibl ,&nbsp;Lénaïk Belec ,&nbsp;Armand Fahs ,&nbsp;Nicolas Caussé ,&nbsp;Nadine Pébère","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The corrosion inhibition of WE43 Mg alloy by salicylic acid (SA) and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) was investigated in a 0.2 M NaCl solution using electrochemical techniques, pH measurements, inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and SEM-EDX analyses. SA has a poor performance while DNSA was efficient after some hours of immersion in the NaCl solution. The observed behaviour was attributed, for short immersion times, to a buffering effect of DNSA which delayed the Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> crystal growth on the alloy surface, and for longer immersion times, to an enrichment of the corrosion products layer by the alloying elements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 112558"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pore defect and corrosion behavior of HVAF-sprayed Co21Fe14Ni8Cr16Mo16C15B10 high entropy metallic glass coatings HVAF 喷射 Co21Fe14Ni8Cr16Mo16C15B10 高熵金属玻璃涂层的孔隙缺陷和腐蚀行为
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112564
Yunyun Ge , Jiangbo Cheng , Lin Xue , Baosen Zhang , Sheng Hong , Xiubing Liang , Shaogang Wang , Xiancheng Zhang
{"title":"Pore defect and corrosion behavior of HVAF-sprayed Co21Fe14Ni8Cr16Mo16C15B10 high entropy metallic glass coatings","authors":"Yunyun Ge ,&nbsp;Jiangbo Cheng ,&nbsp;Lin Xue ,&nbsp;Baosen Zhang ,&nbsp;Sheng Hong ,&nbsp;Xiubing Liang ,&nbsp;Shaogang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiancheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pore defect is a primary bottleneck limiting corrosion resistance of the coatings. The relationship between porosity and corrosion behaviors of HVAF-sprayed Co<sub>21</sub>Fe<sub>14</sub>Ni<sub>8</sub>Cr<sub>16</sub>Mo<sub>16</sub>C<sub>15</sub>B<sub>10</sub> high entropy metallic glass (HE-MG) coatings was investigated by 3D XRT, XPS, SKPFM and SVET techniques. The potential difference between pores and surrounding regions expedites corrosion tendency. The corrosion current density of the coating and concentration of defects in passivation film increase as a function of porosity, thereby degrading corrosion resistance. The lowest porosity coating displays exceptional anti-corrosion due to compact films enriched with Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Mo<sup>4+</sup> oxides. These findings provide valuable insights for designing corrosion-resistance coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 112564"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of compressive stress on the corrosion behavior of biodegradable zinc with tension-compression asymmetry under simulated physiological environment 压缩应力对模拟生理环境下拉伸-压缩不对称生物降解锌腐蚀行为的影响
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112566
Lu Zhang , Xin Zhang , Jianwei Dai , Juyi Yang , Zijian Huang , Zhihai Huang , Chao Guo , Jing Bai , Feng Xue , Linyuan Han , Chenglin Chu
{"title":"Effects of compressive stress on the corrosion behavior of biodegradable zinc with tension-compression asymmetry under simulated physiological environment","authors":"Lu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianwei Dai ,&nbsp;Juyi Yang ,&nbsp;Zijian Huang ,&nbsp;Zhihai Huang ,&nbsp;Chao Guo ,&nbsp;Jing Bai ,&nbsp;Feng Xue ,&nbsp;Linyuan Han ,&nbsp;Chenglin Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodegradable Zn vascular stents are compressed by the vessel wall while maintaining blood flow, which may lead to unpredictable deterioration of the stent due to stress corrosion. This work investigated the mechanical and corrosion behavior of Zn in a coupled environment of compressive stress and artificial plasma. The corrosion rate of Zn increases as compressive stress rises. However, the acceleration effect gradually decreased in contrast to our previous work on tensile stresses, which can be attributed to the tension-compression asymmetry of Zn-metal. Meanwhile, the corrosion mechanism of Zn was compared, and numerical models for stresses and corrosion rates were established.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 112566"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Improving oxidation resistance of aluminide coatings by alloying elements from underlying superalloys 利用底层超合金中的合金元素提高铝涂层的抗氧化性
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112568
Guo-Hui Meng, Ya-Nan Wang, Pei-Pei Gui, Shan-Shan Li, Wen-Jing Wang, Kai-Yu Guo, Guan-Jun Yang
{"title":"Improving oxidation resistance of aluminide coatings by alloying elements from underlying superalloys","authors":"Guo-Hui Meng,&nbsp;Ya-Nan Wang,&nbsp;Pei-Pei Gui,&nbsp;Shan-Shan Li,&nbsp;Wen-Jing Wang,&nbsp;Kai-Yu Guo,&nbsp;Guan-Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focused on the effect of superalloy composition on the oxidation resistance of aluminide coatings. Aluminide coatings were deposited on nickel-based superalloys, Inconel 718 and Mar-M247, with different compositions. The results indicated that the Inconel 718 coatings were enriched with Fe, while the Mar-M247 coatings were enriched with Co. After isothermal oxidation at 950°C, the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> scale of the Inconel 718 coatings was primarily α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, while that of the Mar-M247 coatings was composed of θ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The Fe element in Inconel 718 coatings facilitated the transformation from metastable Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to stable α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, leading to improved oxidation resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 112568"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wet oxidation of amorphous and crystalline Cu–Zr alloys probed by thermodynamic, kinetic, and instrumental analyses 通过热力学、动力学和仪器分析探究无定形和结晶铜锌合金的湿氧化过程
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112565
Shuo Ma, Panmei Liu, Yongchang Liu, Zumin Wang
{"title":"Wet oxidation of amorphous and crystalline Cu–Zr alloys probed by thermodynamic, kinetic, and instrumental analyses","authors":"Shuo Ma,&nbsp;Panmei Liu,&nbsp;Yongchang Liu,&nbsp;Zumin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of water vapor on oxidation behaviors of amorphous and crystalline Cu-Zr alloys has been comprehensively investigated. Compared with dry oxidation, water vapor retards the oxidation of amorphous Cu-Zr alloy by lowering internal ionic diffusion and leading to the formation of stable crystalline oxide layers. In contrast, water vapor accelerates the oxidation of crystalline Cu-Zr alloy 10 times by enhancing the activity and outward diffusion of Cu and promoting an unexpected synchronous oxidation of Zr and Cu. This study would change the perspective from focusing exclusively on the detrimental effect of water to considering its suppression on surface oxidation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 112565"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of ultrasonic-assisted abrasive peening on near-surface characteristics and electrochemical behaviour of Al-6061 alloy 超声波辅助喷丸强化对 Al-6061 合金近表面特性和电化学行为的影响
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112563
S V V N Siva Rao , Darothi Bairagi , Sumantra Mandal , N.D. Chakladar , Soumitra Paul
{"title":"Effect of ultrasonic-assisted abrasive peening on near-surface characteristics and electrochemical behaviour of Al-6061 alloy","authors":"S V V N Siva Rao ,&nbsp;Darothi Bairagi ,&nbsp;Sumantra Mandal ,&nbsp;N.D. Chakladar ,&nbsp;Soumitra Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of ultrasonic-assisted abrasive peening (UAP) on the microstructural evolution and corrosion characteristics of Al-6061 alloy. A 3 min peened sample demonstrated a 50 % reduction in grain size and a 14-fold increase in residual stress compared to its unpeened state. The corrosion rate for the 3 min peening also decreased to 9.42 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mm/year, compared to 89.4 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mm/year for the unpeened alloy specimen. Peening beyond 3 min was observed to be susceptible to pitting. Hence, the UAP is found to be an effective method of improving the corrosion resistance of Al-6061.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 112563"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Corrosion behavior of high manganese steel by iron-oxidizing bacteria in wastewater at the bottom of liquefied natural gas storage tanks 液化天然气储罐底部废水中的铁氧化细菌对高锰钢的腐蚀行为
IF 7.4 1区 材料科学
Corrosion Science Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112561
Yunqing Xiong , Zixuan Xu , Tiansui Zhang , Guangfang Li , Zhuo Huang , Yi Fan , Hongfang Liu
{"title":"Corrosion behavior of high manganese steel by iron-oxidizing bacteria in wastewater at the bottom of liquefied natural gas storage tanks","authors":"Yunqing Xiong ,&nbsp;Zixuan Xu ,&nbsp;Tiansui Zhang ,&nbsp;Guangfang Li ,&nbsp;Zhuo Huang ,&nbsp;Yi Fan ,&nbsp;Hongfang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High manganese steel is a new generation of material for the fabrication of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks. The corrosion behavior of high manganese steel induced by iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) living in wastewater from LNG tanks bottom was investigated. The results revealed that IOB can induce a generation of a dense and thick biotransformation film on the steel. Interestingly, the biotransformation film could be able to reduce the corrosion rate of high manganese steel by 71 % and alleviate the formation of corrosion pits. A corrosion inhibition mechanism is postulated, elucidating the protective role of the iron-manganese oxide composite biofilm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":290,"journal":{"name":"Corrosion Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 112561"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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