Construction and Building Materials最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing ductility of cementitious composite via hierarchical bridging network of multi-scale steel fiber: Fracture resistance and hybrid reinforcement effect","authors":"Jinwang Mao ,&nbsp;Ao Zhou ,&nbsp;Junzi Du ,&nbsp;Zuoyu Li ,&nbsp;Tiejun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fracture in cementitious composite is a multi-scale process, evolving from microcrack initiation to macrocrack propagation. Mono-scale steel fiber provides limited macrocrack bridging only and cannot effectively prevent brittle failure. To address this limitation, three distinct scales of steel fiber are hybridized into cementitious composite, aiming to enhance fracture crack control capability and promote ductile behavior. Three-point bending test on notched beam, combined with double-K analysis and digital image correlation, was conducted to explore the effect of multi-scale steel fiber on fracture performance. The hybrid incorporation of multi-scale steel fiber increases the initial fracture toughness of cementitious composite by 67.8 % compared to pristine composite. The fracture mode of the composite shifts from localized brittle cracking to multiple cracking failure, and the crack mouth opening displacement at peak loading decreases by 65.3 %. It is revealed that distinct scales of steel fiber form a hierarchical bridging network within cementitious matrix, controlling crack development at different stages and leading to superior energy dissipation. Moreover, a multi-scale steel fiber hybrid reinforcement function is proposed, establishing a quantitative relationship between fiber characteristic parameters and hybridization effect of multi-scale fiber on mechanical strength and toughness of the composite. This study offers a novel and effective approach to enhance toughness of cementitious composite via multi-scale steel fiber, promoting the development of ductile composite material for safe and durable construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145710"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of superabsorbent polymer on water transport property of concrete: Experimental study and modelling","authors":"Chao Yao ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yancong Zhang ,&nbsp;Fang Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Gao ,&nbsp;Shaoquan Wang ,&nbsp;Aiqin Shen ,&nbsp;Yinchuan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The addition of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) is an effective method for regulating water in concrete, yet the effects of SAP on overall water transport require precise assessment for reliable modelling in practical applications. To address this, an integrated experimental and numerical study was conducted. Laboratory tests on absorption-desorption equilibrium, capillary absorption and water vapor permeability demonstrated that SAP facilitated water ingress while impeding moisture release. Specifically, SAP reduced adsorption saturation by 10 %–25 %, increased desorption saturation by 5 %–15 %, expanded the hysteresis area by 20 %–50 %, and increased capillary absorption rates by 0.23–1.20 times. Based on these results, parameterized transport models that consider the influence of SAP were developed and implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the humidity field in pavement concrete. Simulations indicated that, under surface exposure to rainwater, SAP increased internal humidity by a factor of 1.03–1.19, reduced the non-linearity in moisture distribution, and lowered the humidity gradient. This study demonstrates that SAP significantly alters water transport in concrete, and the developed parameterized models provide an effective approach to managing the multiple variables introduced by changes in raw materials during the modelling process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145680"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations on the creep behaviour of unfired clay block masonry","authors":"Eline Vereecken ,&nbsp;Hervé Degée ,&nbsp;Erik Pelicaen ,&nbsp;Rik Steensels ,&nbsp;Elke Knapen ,&nbsp;Bram Vandoren","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unfired clay blocks offer a sustainable alternative to traditional masonry by reducing CO₂ emissions and raw material consumption. Despite these environmental benefits, detailed knowledge about their structural properties remains limited. To fill these knowledge gaps, this research focuses on the creep behaviour of unfired clay masonry by examining the creep deformation of unfired clay masonry under long-term loading. Test specimens made from various types and combinations of unfired clay blocks (Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) and Moulded Earth Blocks (MEB)) and mortars (Earth Mortar (EM), Earth Adhesive Mortar (EAM) and Bastard Mortar with Earth adhesive (BME) were subjected to a constant compressive load for three months, during which deformations were measured. These tests are the first of their kind exploring the creep behaviour of unfired clay masonry. The results highlighted that MEB masonry has a 74–140 % higher creep deformation compared to CEB masonry (MEB-EM: 1692 µε; MEB-EAM: 1441 µε; CEB-EM: 705 µε; CEB-EAM: 830 µε), possibly due to their lower compressive strength (MEB: 4 MPa, CEB: 10 MPa). For CEB masonry, the mortar type did only influence the creep behaviour to a very limited extend, where for MEB masonry this influence was much more pronounced, with EM mortar showing 17 % higher creep deformations (1692 µε for EM compared to 1441 µε for EAM) and 203 % higher shrinkage (558 µε for EM compared to 184 µε for EAM). On the results of the tests, multiple models (Burgers, Lenczner, and Van Zijl) were fit and compared for their ability to predict the creep behaviour of unfired clay masonry. Here it was shown that the Burgers model provided the best fit if no correction for shrinkage is accounted for. If this correction is required, the Van Zijl model is the better choice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145675"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The macro-micro properties of concrete coated with modified polyurethane under the alternating action of abrasion and freeze-thaw cycles","authors":"Yang Li ,&nbsp;Deqiang Yan ,&nbsp;Yanlong Li ,&nbsp;Yao Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruijun Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Zhuang ,&nbsp;Jingjing He","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the macroscopic and microscopic properties of concrete coated with modified polyurethane were studied under the alternating action of abrasion and freeze-thaw cycles. The protective effect of the coating was analyzed via hydrophobicity tests and microhardness tests. The macroscopic and microscopic properties of concrete were systematically studied by combining abrasion resistance freeze-thaw alternation tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests. The results indicate that under single abrasion action, small pieces of concrete coating peel off, resulting in increased mass loss. The single freeze-thaw effect is relatively small, and the mass increases first and then decreases. Especially, the mass loss rate remained negative throughout the entire freeze-thaw process. Under alternating action, the coating peels off severely and the quality loss is significant, with a maximum value of 0.56 %. Obvious aggregate particles and pore expansion could be seen on the surface of the coating. The size and volume of the gel pores and transition pores decreased, but the capillary pores and macropores increased significantly. As the number of alternating cycles increases, the abrasion resistance, bond strength, and compressive strength of the concrete coating gradually decrease, and the failure mode changes from cohesive failure to interface bonding failure. The addition of modifiers significantly improved the microstructure of the coating, thereby enhancing its mechanical properties in abrasion, freeze-thaw cycles, and alternating environments. With the addition of 0.5 % anti-aging agent and 2 % dispersant, the concrete coating achieves the optimal performance. A theoretical prediction model for concrete with modified polyurethane coating was established based on Kachanov's damage mechanics theory. The model has been validated experimentally with a correlation coefficient value exceeding 0.989, indicating a good fitting effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145705"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear damage evolution of grooved UHPC-NC interfaces under salt freeze-thaw cycles","authors":"Kun Yu ,&nbsp;Jianting Zhou ,&nbsp;Yujia Wang ,&nbsp;Zhimei Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhongya Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Zou ,&nbsp;Jingchen Leng ,&nbsp;Rui Chen ,&nbsp;Jiang Du ,&nbsp;Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study first evaluated chloride concentration effects through mechanical tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The most damaging concentration (3.5 % NaCl) was then used in freeze-thaw tests on shear specimens with different groove densities. After 300 freeze-thaw cycles, both strength loss and dynamic elastic modulus loss of UHPC first increased and then decreased with increasing salt concentration. SEM crack analysis revealed that chloride concentration affected damage severity in the order: 3.5 % &gt; 0 % &gt; 5.0 %. Under 3.5 % chloride concentration freeze-thaw cycles, the UHPC-NC interface shear strength exhibited an initial increase followed by degradation. Specifically, the strength increased by 11–13 % within the first 40 cycles, mainly attributed to pore-filling by hydration products, but decreased by 34–44 % after 100 cycles, primarily due to frost heaving stress and chloride ion penetration. Higher groove density improved interface compactness, with the 2-groove interface showing 44.8 % greater strength than the single-groove. However, during severe salt freeze-thaw cycles, NC matrix deterioration became the main cause of interface failure, reducing the strength differential between the two interfaces to 33.4 %. Finally, based on Mohr's stress circle theory, an interface damage prediction model incorporating salt freeze-thaw damage of the material was developed, demonstrating computational accuracy with less than 4.7 % deviation from experimental values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145637"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of UHPC-HSC composite hollow bridge piers reinforced with high-strength steel bars","authors":"Junsheng Su ,&nbsp;Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Dianqi Wu ,&nbsp;Jiajun Li ,&nbsp;Hao Gao ,&nbsp;Yongkang Miao ,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Dai ,&nbsp;Chenhao Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incorporation of high-strength steel bars (HSSB) and high-strength concrete (HSC) in hollow bridge piers can significantly reduce material consumption and structural self-weight. However, the use of high-strength materials may lead to limited ductility and energy dissipation capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) piers. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), characterized by exceptional ductility, offers a promising solution to improve the seismic performance of RC piers. To address the ductility degradation resulting from the utilization of high-strength materials while minimizing the use of UHPC, this study proposes a novel UHPC-HSC composite hollow pier reinforced with HSSB. In this design, UHPC is strategically placed in the plastic hinge zone, while HSC is used elsewhere in the pier shaft. A sectional flexural capacity-based design procedure is developed to determine the required UHPC height. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed novel pier, quasi-static tests were conducted on four RC piers: a conventional solid pier made of normal-strength concrete (NSC pier), a solid HSC pier reinforced with HSSB (HSC pier), and two UHPC-HSC hollow composite piers with varying UHPC heights. The seismic performance of these piers—including hysteretic behavior, energy dissipation, stiffness degradation, and residual displacement—was compared and analyzed. A fiber-based beam-column finite element model (FEM) was developed, incorporating the effects of buckling and low-cycle fatigue of longitudinal bars. The results indicate that the UHPC-HSC composite hollow piers exhibit superior load-bearing capacity and deformability compared to the solid HSC pier, while maintaining comparable stiffness. Among the composite piers, the specimen with a 600 mm UHPC height (UHPC-600) demonstrates superior seismic performance than the one with a 400 mm height (UHPC-400). Furthermore, the UHPC-600 pier exhibits significantly enhanced load-bearing and deformation capacities relative to the solid HSC pier, and even achieves comparable deformability with NSC pier. The proposed FEM was validated to reliably capture both the global nonlinear seismic response and the localized low-cycle fatigue damage in the reinforcing bars. The proposed composite system provides an effective strategy for achieving lightweight and high-performance seismic bridge piers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145735"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic analysis of flexural properties in biomimetic interpenetrating lattices inspired by deep sea glass sponge structures","authors":"Shiming Liu ,&nbsp;Xupei Yao ,&nbsp;Mingrui Du ,&nbsp;Haijian Su ,&nbsp;Xi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inspired by the deep-sea glass sponge skeleton, this study proposes a novel bio-inspired interpenetrating lattice (IPL) sandwich core structure to mitigate stress concentration and premature failure in conventional lattice metamaterials under bending conditions. Selective laser sintering (SLS) is employed for integrated fabrication, with three-point bending tests and finite element analysis systematically elucidating the bending deformation and load-bearing mechanisms. Results demonstrate that the IPL core reconstructs load paths via deformation-induced interphase contacts, enabling strut stress redistribution and peak-shaving, thereby effectively suppressing premature fracture. Compared with conventional sandwich counterparts fabricated with nylon-based materials, the proposed architecture attains a maximum specific flexural stiffness of 0.64 N·m²/g (an improvement of approximately 51.56 %) and a specific energy absorption of 0.67 J/g (an improvement of approximately 83.58 %), exhibiting superior bending load-bearing capacity and toughness. Furthermore, parametric and sensitivity analyses identify the key geometric and material parameters dominating the bending response. This mechanism-based analysis addresses a critical gap in the research of interpenetrating lattice metamaterials under bending scenarios, providing generalizable design strategies and methodological foundations for the development and optimization of high-performance sandwich structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145709"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on gray correlation evaluation method for ultrasonic cavitation anti-cavitation performance of epoxy resin materials","authors":"Ruizhou Zhou,&nbsp;Jikai Zhou,&nbsp;Kaiming Zhou,&nbsp;Yvhao Qiu,&nbsp;Yao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epoxy resin materials are widely used due to their high cavitation resistance. This study tested nine types of epoxy resin materials using an ultrasonic cavitation device in accordance with ASTM G32–16. Different indicators are used to evaluate the cavitation resistance of materials based on their variations, forming a comprehensive evaluation system that spans from the macro to the micro level. By observing the evolution of material surface morphology, the following patterns have been identified: The diameter of the cavitation pit possesses a critical length and is influenced by the aggregate's diameter; the pitting rate diminishes over time for a constant pit diameter, decreases with an increase in pit diameter over the same duration, and progressively shifts towards larger pit diameters. Characteristic pitting rate and cavitation pit area are inversely correlated with the material's cavitation resistance. Under SEM observation, the aggregate influences the morphology of cavitation damage and the crack distribution in the material. It was found that the cavitation damage morphology of coarse aggregates exhibits a regular, step-like distribution, while the epoxy matrix shows an irregular distribution. The epoxy glue content and epoxy resin-curing agent ratio of the two variables have a high degree of correlation, and both have a linear relationship with the anti-cavitation indicators, according to the analysis, which was based on the gray correlation method to examine the extent to which various material variables influence the anti-cavitation indicators. The evaluation method proposed in this paper provides valuable insights for enhancing material cavitation resistance from a material composition perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145691"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated framework for modeling heterogeneous damage in concrete at elevated temperatures via inverse identification and hybrid optimization","authors":"Yawen Liu,&nbsp;Bin Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges in modeling the heterogeneous damage evolution of concrete under elevated temperatures, this investigation proposes an integrated framework that combines parametric finite element modeling with a hybrid optimization algorithm—Estimation of Distribution-Differential Evolution (ED-DE). The framework inversely identifies an equivalent mesoscopic elastic modulus field from the elastic responses of high‑temperature concrete specimens, thereby enabling the explicit representation of thermally induced mechanical heterogeneity. Subsequently, the parameters of a statistical damage model are determined through a mapping strategy that relates global structural responses to local element behavior. The calibration results at 20 °C indicate a Weibull shape parameter of 1.1254 and a scale parameter of 0.0014, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is first validated at the material level and further demonstrated through the fire response analysis of a concrete frame structure. Results show that the framework can accurately capture both the nonlinear degradation behavior of concrete under high temperatures and the corresponding structural response under fire conditions, offering a practical and reliable approach for thermo‑mechanical damage analysis of concrete structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145715"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-healing properties and mechanisms of montmorillonite and bagasse fiber modified asphalt","authors":"Xuan Xiao ,&nbsp;Ping Li ,&nbsp;Yuhang Jiang ,&nbsp;Qiang Yan ,&nbsp;Dongwei Cao ,&nbsp;Yantao Shi ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Wenju Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To elucidate the self-healing evolution laws and mechanisms of montmorillonite and bagasse fiber modified asphalt (MBMA), this study employed a Dynamic Shear Rheometer to conduct Fatigue-Healing-Fatigue tests. The effects of modifier content, rest period, and temperature on the self-healing performance of MBMA were systematically evaluated. Furthermore, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to construct a self-healing model for cracked asphalt, unraveling the driving mechanisms of MMT and BF on asphalt self-healing behavior at the micro-scale. The results indicate that the modified asphalt exhibits the optimal synergistic self-healing effect when doped with 1 % MMT and 2 % BF. Prolonging the rest period, increasing the temperature, or reducing the damage degree can effectively enhance self-healing performance. Grey Relational Analysis confirmed that temperature and rest period are the most significant controlling factors. MD simulations further revealed that elevated temperatures significantly increase the diffusion coefficient and fractional free volume (<em>FFV</em>) of asphalt. Compared with virgin asphalt (VA), MBMA requires less time to reach density equilibrium in the microscopic model, and the molecular diffusion behavior at the crack interface is more intense. Mechanistically, the incorporation of MMT and BF effectively increases the <em>FFV</em> of the system and expands the spatial channels for molecular diffusion, thereby enhancing diffusion capacity and self-healing efficiency. The microscopic simulation results align well with the macroscopic experimental conclusions, achieving cross-scale verification from molecular mechanism to macroscopic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"516 ","pages":"Article 145673"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147387169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}