Construction and Building Materials最新文献

{"title":"Co-synthesis of high-strength sintered ceramsite from biomass bottom ash and retired wind turbine blades","authors":"Xin Li,&nbsp;Shengli Niu,&nbsp;Shiqing Cheng,&nbsp;Jie Geng,&nbsp;Sitong Liu,&nbsp;Jisen Liu,&nbsp;Xiaobin Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass bottom ash (BBA) and retired wind turbine blades (RWTB), as bulk solid waste generated by the renewable energy industry, present substantial potential for the resource-efficient utilization. In this study, high-strength ceramsites were synthesized using BBA and RWTB as raw materials through sintering. The effects of the raw material ratios, sintering temperature, and sintering duration on the physical properties, microstructure, and crystalline phases of the ceramsites were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDS, and thermodynamic methods. The RWTB incorporation contributed to the enhancement of the compressive strength, whereas elevating the sintering temperatures and prolonging the sintering duration exerted a negative impact on the mechanical properties. The optimal conditions were determined to be the BBA to RWTB mass ratio of 70 %:30 %, the sintering temperature of 1160 ℃ and the sintering duration of 15 min. The synthesized ceramsites exhibited apparent density of 1.893 g/cm³, 1h-water absorption of 0.083 %, particle shape coefficient of 1.103, bulk density of 0.872 g/cm³, and compressive strength of 32.31 MPa. The spontaneous thermodynamic reactions facilitated the formation of a uniformly distributed pore structure and an appropriate crystalline phase composition. Subsequently, the ceramsite contained 36.3 % amorphous phase and 63.7 % crystalline phase with albite, anorthite, diopside, mullite, and quartz as the primary crystalline phases to improve the mechanical properties. Additionally, reconstruction of the crystalline phases promoted the stabilization of heavy metals to guarantee that the leaching concentrations meet the limits specified in <em>GB 5085.3–2007</em>. On the whole, a potential pathway for the utilization of BBA and RWTB is provided in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 141050"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of resistivity and permeability of wellbore cement after corrosion by supercritical CO2 in geological CO2 storage conditions","authors":"Yameng He ,&nbsp;Lei Song ,&nbsp;P.G. Ranjith ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Huang ,&nbsp;Yifan Sun ,&nbsp;Zukun Wang ,&nbsp;Linjun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is important to understand and monitor wellbore potential damage for the safety of the geological CO₂ storage project. The leaked CO₂ is susceptible to a chemical reaction with the alkaline cement that can damage the sealing effect of the wellbore structure. In this study, a test of cement corrosion by supercritical CO₂ was designed and the evolution of damaged cement resistivity and permeability were tested. The results of the study are as follows:(1) In the case of cement immersed in brine and placed in supercritical CO₂, its resistivity exhibited a linear decrease with corrosion time, whereas permeability increased linearly with corrosion time. These are the result of a gradual increase in the porosity of the cement corroded by CO₂. (2) In the case of cement that is directly exposed to supercritical CO₂, its resistivity exhibited a linear increase with corrosion time, whereas permeability decreased linearly with corrosion time. The gradual decrease in porosity of the cement, caused by the corrosion of CO₂, contributes to these alterations. (3) A chemical reaction process analysis reveals that the discrepancy between the two cement corrosion characteristics mentioned above lies in whether the carbonation product CaCO₃ can continue to be dissolved in the reaction system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 141015"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of surface moisture effect for predicting asphalt pavement density from capacitance data","authors":"Kang Yao ,&nbsp;Xueqin Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Shi ,&nbsp;Xing Hu ,&nbsp;Shiao Yan ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Cao ,&nbsp;Qiao Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asphalt concrete (AC) attains the ideal density during compaction is critical to ensure construction quality and service performance of asphalt pavement. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a novel instrument and methodology capable of continuously evaluating AC density during the compaction stage. The interdigital coplanar capacitive sensor (ICCS) has exhibited potential for AC density measurement. However, its application during compaction is hindered by the negative impact of water sprayed by roller, which distorts the capacitance data. This study proposes an innovative approach to remove the surface moisture effect from capacitance data. Initially, the method for removing surface moisture effect from capacitance data was proposed, which consists of the dielectric mixing model, generalized partial capacitance model (GPC) model, and conformal mapping technique (CMT). Subsequently, the feasibility of proposed removal method was verified by numerical simulations and experimental tests for various scenarios. Finally, the predicted accuracy of AC density by ICCS was discussed before and after removing the fluence of surface moisture. The findings demonstrated that the GPC model, in conjunction with the CMT and dielectric mixing model, effectively calculated the capacitance value for any multi-layer structure, thereby considering the influence of surface moisture. Furthermore, the proposed theoretical approach effectively removed the surface moisture impact from both simulated and experimental capacitance data, enabling the accurate determination of the dielectric constant and the dry AC density. The measured error of the ICCS with water reduced from 10.68 % to 6.87 % after removing the its effect, which are close to that without water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 141011"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of precursor and failure mechanisms of granite under high temperature: Based on acoustic emission and 3D-DIC perspectives","authors":"Wenjing Qin ,&nbsp;Yiqing Zhao ,&nbsp;Aibing Jin ,&nbsp;Shuaijun Chen ,&nbsp;Jinbo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In deep mining, underground oil and gas extraction, and other high-temperature rock engineering applications, the complex rock environment leads to damage and deformation of the rock. Studying the precursors of rock fracture and failure mechanisms at high temperatures is important for maintaining the stability of high-temperature engineering. This paper focuses on granite as the research object. It utilizes Acoustic Emission (AE) and Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation (3D-DIC) techniques to monitor the entire fracture process of granite under uniaxial compression at 25°C, 100°C, 300°C, 500°C, and 700°C. A mechanism for identifying the precursors of high-temperature granite fracture, considering both internal and external factors, is established. The failure mechanism of granite under uniaxial compression at high temperatures is revealed. The results indicate that as the heating temperature increases, the bearing capacity of the rock decreases. High-temperature granite transitions from predominantly tensile cracking to shear cracking. The sudden increase in the cumulative count of acoustic emissions (AE), the rise in damage stress, and the abrupt decrease in the b-value effectively reflect the crack development process within the rock. RA-AF can elucidate the evolution of crack types in high-temperature granite. By integrating full-field principal strain analysis with b-value analysis, the significant drop in b-value can accurately indicate the precursors to rock failure. Ultimately, an 'internal-external' synergistic mechanism for identifying failure precursors is established. As the temperature rises, the failure precursor point of the rock advances.The increasing temperature correlates with a gradual decrease in the quartz content of the rock, which impedes the transmission of force chains among granite particles. Concurrently, the bonding strength between mineral grains diminishes, fundamentally accounting for the variations in uniaxial bearing capacities and failure mechanisms of granite. The research findings have theoretical significance for understanding the identification of fracture information and failure mechanisms of rocks at high temperatures. They provide theoretical support for the occurrence mechanisms, early warning, and prevention of high-temperature rock engineering disasters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 141049"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Penetration resistance of reinforced concrete slab subjected to rigid projectile impact based on finite element and analytical models","authors":"Irfan Ali,&nbsp;Xu Long","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing diversity of projectile shapes has significantly fueled research into the penetration resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) targets subjected to rigid projectile impact, with penetration depth emerging as a critical determinant. Accurate prediction of penetration depth is paramount for designing protective structures, yet this remains challenging due to the scarcity of strain rate dependent experimental data. This study bridges this gap through comprehensive finite element simulations, evaluating the penetration performance of 200 mm thick RC slab under normal impact by projectiles with a constant diameter of 25.3 mm. Strain rate dependent concrete strengths ranged from 20 to 135 MPa, and impact velocities spanned from 100 to 1000 m/s. An RC slab (675 × 675 × 200 mm) was modeled using 8-node hexahedral solid elements, with validated by comparing experimental and numerical results. Strain rate effect by concrete damage plasticity model based numerical simulations were conducted for projectiles with varying nose shapes (i.e., ogive, hemispherical and flat) as well as masses of 0.386, 0.771, and 1 kg. This study investigates the influence of projectile characteristics and target properties governing the penetration depth and the corresponding impact velocities. Results demonstrate that the penetration depth declines as the concrete strength escalates, with ogive-shaped projectiles consistently achieving a superior penetration. Furthermore, increased projectile mass and velocity markedly amplify the penetration depth, although higher-strength concrete exhibits stronger resistance. An analytical model, derived from the cavity expansion theory effectively quantifies the effects of these parameters, with an acceptable agreement observed between analytical and numerical results, underscoring its reliability and accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 140828"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and ageing resistance enhancement of RP/SBS composite asphalt by heterostructure copper oxalate nanoparticles/recycled polypropylene fiber","authors":"Shun Chen ,&nbsp;Yiming Cao ,&nbsp;Xingyang He ,&nbsp;Ying Su ,&nbsp;Yingjie Wang ,&nbsp;Wentian Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Zhihao Jin ,&nbsp;Meng Fan ,&nbsp;Zhihao Liu ,&nbsp;Haoyu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although the effectiveness of different types and morphologies of polymers in improving asphalt performance varies significantly, it offers a pathway to achieve high-performance and durable modified asphalt. In current asphalt modification research, recycled polymers are one of the leading candidates. It helps alleviate environmental risks associated with polymer waste and enables the transformation of waste materials into valuable resources for producing high-performance modified asphalt. However, the inherent surface inertness of recycled polymers poses a significant challenge, negatively impacting the durability of modified asphalt in applications. Therefore, further research is needed to explore how surface modification and structural design of recycled polypropylene fibers can enhance the performance of modified asphalt. This study adopts a Schiff base reaction combined with an in-situ design approach to preparing heterostructured copper oxalate nanoparticles/recycled polypropylene fibers (RP@PDA-PEI@CO) and high-performance composite SBS-modified asphalt. Experimental results demonstrated that recycled polypropylene fibers modified via the Schiff base reaction (RP@PDA-PEI) significantly improved the rheological properties of the asphalt. Specifically, the storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G′'), and rutting resistance parameter (G*/sinδ) at 55°C increased by 77.93 %, 72.42 %, and 74.46 %, respectively, compared to unmodified recycled polypropylene fibers (RP). The combination of Schiff base reaction and in-situ design (RP@PDA-PEI@CO) significantly enhanced the ageing resistance of the modified asphalt. Compared to RP, the carbonyl content was reduced by approximately 50.43 % after short-term ageing and 36.8 % after long-term ageing. The Schiff base reaction and in-situ design strategy activated the inert interface of recycled materials and improved the overall performance of modified asphalt. These findings provide an innovative design concept for preparing and applying advanced modified asphalt, offering a sustainable and high-performance solution for the construction industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 140992"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the effect of using multi-walled carbon nanotubes with various glues on particleboard properties using response surface methodology","authors":"Muhammed Zakir Tufan ,&nbsp;Cengiz Özel ,&nbsp;Birol Üner","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) added to urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards were investigated. Particleboards were produced by adding MWCNTs at concentrations of 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 % to the adhesives, and their properties were evaluated. The addition of MWCNTs improved water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) in bending, and internal bond (IB) strength. The best results were observed at 1.5 % MWCNT for UF adhesive and 1 % MWCNT for MUF adhesive. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed enhanced chemical bonding within the adhesive matrix, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated improved thermal stability of the composites. Statistical analysis using response surface methodology (RSM) confirmed the impact of MWCNT content and adhesive type on the performance of the boards. The findings of this study indicate that MWCNTs are promising additives for developing high-performance, durable, and sustainable wood-based composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 140971"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-fire mechanical properties of ER110S-G welding material","authors":"Wenyu Cai ,&nbsp;Guo-Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The post-fire mechanical properties of welding materials affect the integrity and safety of steel welded connections after a fire event. This paper presents the study results of post-fire mechanical properties of welding material made with ER110S-G electrodes which matches the strength of Q690 high-strength steel. The exposure temperature studied in this research ranges from 200 to 1000 ℃, and the cooling method considered is natural cooling. Tension tests are conducted on smooth round specimens before and after fire to obtain engineering stress-strain curves and mechanical properties. Based on experimental and numerical analysis results, a post-fire true stress-strain model of ER110S-G welding material is derived. Tension tests are also conducted on notched and grooved specimens to obtain the fracture behavior of the welding material under different stress states after fire. Research suggests that the mechanical properties of ER110S-G welding material after fire are quite different from those of Q690 steel. Especially under higher exposure temperatures (&gt; 600℃), there is a significant reduction in the ductility of the welding material. This may lead to a significant deterioration in the deformation capacity of welded connections after a fire, which requires careful evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 141007"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the mechanical properties and pore structure deterioration of Basalt-polyvinyl alcohol hybrid fiber concrete under the coupling effects of sulfate attack and freeze-thaw cycles","authors":"Daguan Huang ,&nbsp;Xinzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Xiufei Li ,&nbsp;Li Su ,&nbsp;Jianbo Tian ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Yunhe Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical properties and pore structure degradation of basalt-polyvinyl alcohol hybrid fiber concrete (BPHFC) under the coupling effects of sulfate attack and freeze-thaw cycles were investigated. Nine sets of concrete specimens were designed to systematically analyze the effects of fiber content, water-binder ratio, and admixture on the corrosion resistance of the concrete. The results showed that the compressive strength and relative dynamic elastic modulus of BPHFC increase first and then decrease with increase of the number of sulfate-freeze cycles, while the mass loss rate exhibited an opposite trend. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test indicated that as the sulfate-freeze cycle progresses, the number of small-aperture pores inside the concrete gradually decreases, while the number of large-aperture pores gradually increase and become connected. Calculations based on fractal theory showed that the pore fractal dimension decreased with the increase of sulfate-freeze cycles, indicating that the deterioration of pore structure intensifies and the complexity decreases. Moreover, the fractal dimension demonstrated a strong correlation with compressive strength, relative dynamic modulus, and porosity. The pore shape coefficient increased with the increase of sulfate-freeze cycles, while the tortuosity displayed the opposite trend. The incorporation of fibers effectively reduced the pore shape coefficient. Microscopic test revealed that the hybrid basalt fiber (BF) and polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA) can effectively improve the pore structure of concrete, and enhance its resistance to sulfate-freeze cycle damage by dissipating energy and limiting crack propagation during freeze-thaw cycles. Therefore, the addition of BF and PVA can significantly improve the sulfate-freeze resistance of concrete. The synergistic effect of the hybrid BF and PVA was superior to that of a single fiber, and the performance improvement is most significant when the content of BF is 0.3 % and the content of PVA is 0.2 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 140949"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of ultrafine metakaolin and nano-TiO₂ on the durability and microstructure of seawater sea - sand concrete","authors":"Qing-Hai Luo ,&nbsp;Sheng-En Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has spurred interest in seawater sea-sand concrete (SWSSC) as a substitute for natural resources. However, SWSSC's durability faces challenges from aggressive chloride and sulfate ions existing in seawater, causing structural degradation. Therefore, this study has prepared seven SWSSC formulations with the different ultrafine metakaolin (UMK) and nano-TiO₂ (NT) dosages using untreated seawater and sea sand. The SWSSC specimens fabricated using these formulations were evaluated through the wet-dry sulfate cycling, chloride permeability and water permeability tests to assess their durability performance. The advanced microstructural analyses, including the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the scanning electron microscopy and the X-ray diffraction, were also employed to examine the effects of the UMK and NT on the pore refinement, the phase evolution and the functional group changes within the concrete matrix. The test results have revealed that a combined addition of 15 wt% UMK and 0.5 wt% NT significantly reduced the chloride ion permeation and the water permeability, enhancing the initial impermeability of the modified concrete. However, after the 60 cycles of sulfate exposure, the specimens with the 15 wt% UMK addition (with or without NT) lost their strengths, while the unmodified concrete specimens retained the higher residual strengths. The formulation with the addition of 5 wt% UMK and 0.5 wt% NT demonstrated the resistance improvement up to the 60 cycles, although the specimen strength was slightly lower than that of unmodified SWSSC specimen. These findings highlighted the need for optimizing the UMK and NT dosages in order to balance initial impermeability and long-term durability of SWSSC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"473 ","pages":"Article 140978"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}