Construction and Building Materials最新文献

{"title":"Sustainable building solutions: A comprehensive study on PCPET waste-induced bricks","authors":"Vimal Athithan,&nbsp;Lakshmi thilagam Natarajan","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An exponential increase in plastic production and a substantial rise in plastic waste have forced scholars to seek a sustainable and groundbreaking solution that recycles/reuses plastic waste to minimize its adverse environmental impacts upon disposal. Having been used by various sectors, production of construction material from plastic waste has received more interest. Numerous studies have proven that shredded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles constitute a valuable construction material where plastic waste management/recycling procedures are not effective. The goal of this study lies in factors such as strengthening construction material, reducing carbon emissions in atmosphere and minimizing overall costs. Manufacturing plastic M-sand bricks, and integrating post-consumer PET (PCPET) from single-use plastic water bottles into M-Sand is the main focus of our research. This work used two types of PCPET wastes (washed and unwashed) with different mix proportions of plastic and M-sand, such as 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 for brick production. The bricks manufactured are tested for durability through compression, water absorption, efflorescence, and dimensional stability, and subsequently, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological assessment. By the conducted experiential results, it is evident that the design mixes M3 and M8 guarantee appreciable strength that is 2–1.5 times of other mix designs. The M3 design mix with one part washed PCPET and two parts M-sand has exhibited superior performance, with a compressive strength of 40.29 N/mm², minimal water absorption, and observed homogeneity in SEM. In addition, post-demolition sustainability is addressed by integrating recycled brick aggregate with M-sand, showing optimal results for design mix M8, including a compressive strength of 40.54 N/mm², favorable water absorption, and positive SEM findings. EDX confirmed zero carbon elements in the produced bricks. These findings prove the strength of our research on the sustainable recycling of waste thermoplastics within the circular economy, presenting a promising solution to environmental and economic challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139286"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confinement effects on bond strength of deformed reinforcement in early-age concrete","authors":"Wenming Li ,&nbsp;Zhimin Wu ,&nbsp;Jianzhuang Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stress state in concrete around deformed reinforcements has a significant influence on the coordinated performance between the deformed reinforcement and concrete. Although the bond strength of deformed reinforcements embedded in mature concrete has been well studied, there is still a lack of research on the bond strength of deformed reinforcement in early-age concrete under lateral pressures. In this paper, 180 pullout specimens were designed to reveal the effect of age and lateral pressure on bond strength, and a theoretical analysis model for predicting bond strength was also presented. Test results showed that the bond failure modes were closely related to the lateral pressures, relative cover thickness of concrete, and early-age concrete strength. The bond strength increased following the curing age but was negatively (positively) influenced by the unilateral (bilateral) pressures. Based on the test results, a regression model for predicting the bond strength of the deformed reinforcement in early-age concrete under lateral pressures was proposed. Furthermore, an analysis model based on the partly cracked theory was extended for predicting the bond strength of the deformed reinforcement in early-age concrete considering the lateral pressures and fitted the experimental results quite well.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139310"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One stone three birds: Multifunctional epoxy composites based on rice-granular nickel/iron bimetallic phyllosilicates enable excellent compression, anti-wear and lubricating properties under wet-sliding conditions","authors":"Peng Jin ,&nbsp;Jinian Yang ,&nbsp;Weilong Chen ,&nbsp;Shibin Nie ,&nbsp;Zhoufeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epoxy resin (EP) is a versatile thermoset resin extensively employed as protective coatings. However, its brittleness causes poor wear resistance and presents a significant challenge in the application under harsh environmental circumstances. The preparation of EP composites by rationally selecting functional inorganic fillers offers a promising strategy for enhancing mechanical and tribological properties. In this paper, multifunctional EP composites were successfully fabricated with varying mass fractions of rice-granular nickel/iron bimetallic phyllosilicate (NiFePS). The compressive properties, water contact angles, wet-sliding responses, and the morphological analysis of worn surfaces for EP composites were carried out and discussed in detail. Results indicate that the incorporated NiFePS scarcely alters the compressive stress-strain curves, still exhibiting the representative stages including elastic transformation, stress yielding and strain hardening throughout the entire compressive process. The compressive strength, elastic modulus and fracture energy initially increase and then decrease, attaining the maximum values of 266.3 MPa, 4.43 GPa, and 72.1 J/cm², respectively, with the addition of merely 1 % NiFePS. Furthermore, the introduction of NiFePS significantly reduces the water contact angle, transforming the surface of EP composite from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The friction coefficient and wear rate of EP composites decrease sharply with the addition of NiFePS, achieving the lowest values of 0.136 and 1.24×10⁻⁶ mm³/Nm simultaneously at a filler concentration of 1 %, which represent reductions of 17.07 % and 70.55 %, respectively, compared to the resin matrix. Additionally, the wet-sliding responses affected by various applied loads, rotating speeds and abrasive durations are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the wear mechanism of EP composites is elucidated through in-depth examinations of the evolving morphologies and chemical compositions of the worn surfaces. This work presents a feasible three-in-one technology for developing multifunctional materials with significant potential in high-performance composites and coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139335"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the Ni microalloying effects on the corrosion characteristics and mechanism of Fe-21Mn-10Al-1.25C lightweight steels in chloride-containing solution","authors":"Weihan Yu,&nbsp;Yuqin Feng,&nbsp;Tonghan Guo,&nbsp;Wei Wu,&nbsp;Junxi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lightweight alloys primarily composed of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), and carbon (C) are considered promising structural materials due to their excellent mechanical properties and low weight. The corrosion resistance of FeMnAlC alloys has recently gained widespread attention due to their great potential for service in marine environments. This paper studied the impact of Ni addition on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of an austenitic Fe-21Mn-10Al-1.25 C alloy in 3.5 % NaCl solution by microstructural analysis, electrochemical and immersion tests. Results showed that Ni addition worsened the corrosion resistance of the alloy. Specifically, the formation of (Ni, Al)-enriched B2 phases along grain boundaries significantly enhanced micro galvanic corrosion effect, leading to rapid dissolution of the austenitic matrix. Moreover, localized corrosion was accelerated by the increase in the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries and local dislocation density. Consequently, an inhomogeneous product film with segregation of Al and Cl elements was formed, providing inadequate protection for Fe-21Mn-10Al-1.25 C alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139313"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of lightweight ceramsite from municipal solid waste incineration ash and tuff: Constrained uniform mixture design, thermodynamic simulation and formation mechanism","authors":"Xinyuan Zhan ,&nbsp;Dongshuai Zhang ,&nbsp;Jin Wang ,&nbsp;Yuqi Luo ,&nbsp;Zhengbo Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash (fly ash and bottom ash) contains considerable heavy metals and dioxins, which must be disposed of. Inspired by “zero solid waste” MSWI plant, fly ash and bottom ash were co-thermal treated into a low-aluminum-silicon lightweight ceramsite with the assistance of tuff. The formula of 34.09 % bottom ash, 23.02 % fly ash and 42.89 % tuff was attained by the constrained uniform mixture design, and the resulting ceramsite fulfilled the specifications required for Lytag commercial lightweight aggregate. Thermodynamic simulation, SEM-EDS, FTIR and XRD were conducted to reveal the roasting mechanism of low-aluminum-silicon lightweight ceramsite with four stages. The leaching toxicity of ceramsite was less than limited values of hazardous waste leaching standard, especially for Pb. Heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) primarily engaged in Ca-bearing minerals, leading to the formation of hybrid minerals and the impregnation of amorphous phases ([SiO₄]/[AlO₄] polymers). Therefore, lightweight ceramsite preparation from fly ash and bottom ash achieves the goal of “zero solid waste” MSWI plant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139315"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced recognition of bonding interface defects within CFRP-steel adhesive structures via thermal signals in low-power vibrothermography","authors":"Yubin Zhang ,&nbsp;Changhang Xu ,&nbsp;Pengqian Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Xie ,&nbsp;Rui Liu ,&nbsp;Qing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) have been used as one of the options to strengthen steel structures through adhesive bonding, particularly in specific applications where traditional strengthening methods may not be suitable. Therefore, it becomes crucial to perform inspections on the resulting CFRP-steel adhesive structures (CSAS) to ensure their structural integrity and safety. However, the distinct physical properties of CFRP, epoxy resin, and steel pose significant challenges to accurately inspecting bonding interface defects of such special hybrid engineering structures. To address these challenges, a new approach, streamlined one-dimensional convolutional denoising autoencoder-low-power vibrothermography (SOCDAE-LVT), is proposed in this study to enhance the recognition of bonding interface defects within CSAS. This approach utilizes thermal signals from low-power vibrothermography (LVT) to enhance the recognizability of CSAS bonding interface defects. A low-power vibrothermography inspection system was developed to acquire thermal signals on the surface of CSAS samples. A streamlined one-dimensional convolutional denoising autoencoder (SOCDAE) model was designed for robust representation extraction of the thermal signal at each pixel point. The study further investigated the impact of different types of added noise and signal pre-processing approaches on the performance of the SOCDAE-LVT, aiming to optimize its effectiveness. By comparing qualitatively and quantitatively with the state-of-the-art approaches, the results show that the proposed approach can better improve the recognizability of defects. The enhanced recognizability of bonding interface defects enables accurate assessment of the quality of CSAS, thereby contributing to the safety of such structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139329"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and pore structure of one-part geopolymer incorporating electrolytic copper powder and graphene oxide","authors":"Nghia P. Tran ,&nbsp;Marc-Antoine Sani ,&nbsp;Tuan N. Nguyen ,&nbsp;Tuan D. Ngo","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effect of electrolytic copper powder (ECP) and graphene oxide (GO) on geopolymerisation and microstructural characterisation of one-part alkali-activated material (AAM), which strongly correlates to its thermal-mechanical performance. Various analytical techniques were employed to evaluate the chemical modifications, reaction kinetics, microstructure and pore structure induced by these additives, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), isothermal calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy coupling with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), nitrogen adsorption-desorption (NAD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The result findings show that the dissolved Cu²⁺ ions affect Al–O linkages at Al^IV sites in the geopolymer framework. The presence of ECP and GO also reduce the physically-bound water within intralayer and promote the development of highly-crosslinked gel networks characterised by Q⁴(3Al) sites. ECP in forms of dissolved ions exhibits the adsorption mechanism onto C-(N)-A-S-H gels, while the remaining ECP particles with coral-like shape serve as micro-aggregate filling in the pores. The incorporation of ECP and GO accelerates the geopolymerisation with further gel formation and densification (reduced both total porosity and pore size). Both forms of ECP significantly enhance the thermal conductivity of the geopolymer, and this effect is further amplified by GO inclusion due to higher densification. Overall, the effect of ECP and GO significantly enhances the thermal and mechanical properties of one-part AAM, making them a promising approach for advanced materials such as thermal energy storage (TES) materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139331"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting bond strength of corroded reinforced concrete after high-temperature exposure: A stacking model and feature selection","authors":"Peng Ge ,&nbsp;Ou Yang ,&nbsp;Xugang Hua ,&nbsp;Zhengqing Chen ,&nbsp;Jia He ,&nbsp;Zhiyu Liu ,&nbsp;Kailun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bond strength between concrete and steel reinforcement bars is crucial for determining the ultimate load-carrying capacity and serviceability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. However, rebar corrosion and exposure to high temperatures significantly affect this bond strength. Regrettably, research on the combined effect of these two factors on bond strength is scarce, and there is a lack of a unified, precise, and efficient predictive model. This research developed a stacking model to forecast bond strength under the combined impact of high temperature and corrosion. The initial layer of the model comprises SVR, KNN, MLP, RF, GBDT, and XGBoost as base learners, with the second layer being the linear regression model. The analysis led to the following conclusions: In a comparative study, the stacked model demonstrated superior performance compared to the six base learner models (SVR, KNN, MLP, RF, GBDT, and XGBoost). Among all combinations, Stacking Model Three showed the most robust predictive performance, achieving an R² value of 0.9439, an MAE of 0.8553, an MSE of 2.2721, and an RMSE of 1.5073. Stacking Model Three surpassed XGBoost, the most effective base learner, showing improvements of 1.78 % in R², 20.69 % in MAE, 22.66 % in MSE, and 12.05 % in RMSE. The machine learning model’s enhanced reliability was further confirmed by comparison with existing models. Stacking Model Three outshone the Australian Standard model with improvements of 639.04 % in MAE, 2568.77 % in MSE, and 416.61 % in RMSE. Similarly, XGBoost, the top base learner, exceeded the Australian Standard model with gains of 486.09 % in MAE, 1964.39 % in MSE, and 354.36 % in RMSE. The outcomes of the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) affirm the interpretability and physical validity of the stacking model employed. The SHAP analysis indicates that the corrosion level of steel bars (CL) and temperature (T) are the critical factors influencing bond strength. This research underscores the practical value of SHAP feature importance in feature selection by comparing the predictive performance of stacked models with various input feature combinations, thus confirming that feature selection significantly impacts the model’s predictive accuracy. In optimizing traditional civil engineering standards and empirical formulas, the feature selection results of machine learning can be referenced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139290"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the aging and fatigue performance of in-situ asphalt mortar through multiple stress creep recovery and energy-based methods","authors":"Liheng Shu ,&nbsp;Duo Xu ,&nbsp;Fujian Ni ,&nbsp;Jiwang Jiang ,&nbsp;Jingling Wang ,&nbsp;Zhu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the viscoelastic and fatigue performance of in-situ asphalt mortar under various aging conditions, utilizing the multiple stress creep and recovery test combined with energy-based methods. The objective is to analyze the stress-strain responses and energy dissipation characteristics of asphalt mortars from surface, middle, and bottom pavement layers. Hysteretic curves were constructed for each mortar, and both energy dissipation (enclosed area) and slope (the reciprocal of the unloading slope) were calculated. Results indicate as service life extends, the hysteresis curves shift leftward, and the enclosed area decreases, signifying a decline in performance. For a given type of mortar, prolonged service results in a leftward shift of the curves and a reduced enclosed area. Both the dissipated energy and the slope exhibit degradation with increased service age. Notably, this degradation is more pronounced in surface layer, which show greater decay than middle and bottom layer. The middle layer's aging rate is less than 54 % of the surface layer’s characterized by dissipated energy and slope, suggesting slower aging dynamics and better long-term durability for the middle and bottom layers. Both dissipated energy and slope are effective indicators of asphalt pavement degradation. However, the 69 % decay difference in slope for the surface layer offers a more sensitive compared to the 2 % decay difference in dissipated energy. This work highlights the utility of MSCR and energy-based methods in evaluating the long-term performance of asphalt pavements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139304"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Surface Improvement of GFRC Using Hydrothermally Produced Ch-TiO2-CuO Nanohybrid Composite Additives","authors":"Doğu Ramazanoğlu ,&nbsp;Serkan Subaşı ,&nbsp;Muhammed Maraşlı","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the impact of the Ch-TiO₂-CuO nanohybrid composite on the surface properties and antimicrobial effects of Glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) panels. GFRC panels are known for their durability and aesthetic compatibility, making them suitable for exterior facades and historic restoration work. However, their porosity and hydrophilic nature make them susceptible to microbial colonization, affecting their durability and visual appeal.</div><div>To address this, antimicrobial nanohybrid crystals (Ch-TiO₂-CuO) were developed using a hydrothermal method and incorporated into GFRC panels. This integration offers significant advantages, including reduced maintenance, long-term structural integrity, and preserved aesthetic properties. Additionally, this approach aligns with sustainability goals by enhancing the environmental friendliness of GFRC over its lifetime.</div><div>The study concludes that incorporating antimicrobial agents into GFRC production supports smart city initiatives by providing long-term protection against microbial degradation while maintaining aesthetic standards, thus contributing to cleaner, safer urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"456 ","pages":"Article 139280"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}