Construction and Building Materials最新文献

{"title":"Insights into mechanothermal activation of kaolinite: A novel multistep process for cement precursors","authors":"Adrian Alvarez-Coscojuela,&nbsp;Jofre Mañosa,&nbsp;Josep Marco-Gibert,&nbsp;Javier C. Córdoba,&nbsp;Josep Maria Chimenos","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel method for activating kaolinitic clays through mechanothermal activation (MTA), combining mechanical activation (MA) and thermal treatment to enhance kaolin's pozzolanic reactivity at lower temperatures than traditional thermal activation (TA). MA effectively lowers kaolin's dehydroxylation temperature, releasing significant hydroxyl groups at just 300 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis data confirms that implementing MTA unlocks the kaolinite dehydroxylation at 300 °C and 400 °C to a great extent and allows almost complete dehydroxylation at 500 °C. X-ray diffraction, surface area analysis, and particle size measurements revealed kaolin's structural changes under MA, TA, and MTA treatments. The pozzolanic values achieved through MTA are significantly higher than those obtained with MA and TA at 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C, as evidenced by reactivity tests. By enabling kaolinite activation at lower temperatures, MTA fosters a promising approach for developing sustainable building materials with a reduced carbon footprint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142848"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the meso-structure damage of hydraulic asphalt concrete with acidic aggregates","authors":"Xiaohu Yan,&nbsp;Mingxia Li,&nbsp;Yun Dong,&nbsp;Xi Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142893","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In hydraulic asphalt concrete impervious structures, alkaline aggregates can undergo chemical adsorption with surface-active substances present in asphalt, demonstrating excellent adhesion properties. In contrast, acidic aggregates primarily interact with asphalt through physical adsorption, resulting in insufficient adhesion and durability that cannot be reliably guaranteed. Under prolonged water immersion, the asphalt film tends to be gradually displaced by water molecules and detaches from aggregate surfaces, ultimately leading to structural failure. However, the microscopic deterioration mechanisms of hydraulic asphalt concrete utilizing acidic aggregates during long-term submerged operation remain understudied. In this paper, computed tomography (CT) is used to explore the aggregate morphology, pore structure, and crack variation of hydraulic asphalt concrete containing acidic aggregates with anti-stripping agents, in comparison to hydraulic asphalt concrete containing alkaline aggregates. By comparing multiple mesoscopic properties of the two types of asphalt concrete, including mechanical properties, durability, and mesoscopic damage mechanisms, the results demonstrate that the use of hydraulic asphalt concrete containing acidic aggregates in hydraulic engineering is feasible. A comparative analysis was conducted between limestone aggregate asphalt concrete and acidic gravel aggregate asphalt concrete with anti-stripping agents. Specimens of two types of hydraulic asphalt concrete exhibit favorable deformation performance, low porosity, strong anti-seepage performance, and excellent durability. However, they still exhibit a certain degree of porosity at the mesoscopic and microscopic scales. The interlayer bonding zones within hydraulic asphalt concrete exhibit higher porosity compared to other regions, and these zones are weak points concerning long-term durability. The meso-structure damage of the two types of asphalt concrete primarily occurs at the interfaces between coarse aggregates and asphalt mortar or near pores adjacent to coarse aggregates, and surrounding pores undergo a process of growth, expansion, interconnection, and detachment. Aggregate gradation has a certain influence on the durability of asphalt concrete: aggregates with larger sizes are more prone to detachment from the asphalt mortar interface, and existing pores are more likely to propagate into macroscopic cracks. Conversely, no significant macroscopic crack is observed near aggregates with smaller sizes, suggesting that aggregates with smaller sizes help delay crack expansion in asphalt concrete specimens. The analytical framework for multiscale correlation in “pore evolution-interface damage-macro failure” established in this study provides a new approach for the durability design and lifespan prediction of hydraulic asphalt concrete. The integrated technical pathway of “aggregate size control-interface enhancement-process compensation” proposed by the ","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142893"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MicroPCM-based phase change energy storage backfill materials: Application potential in geothermal exploitation","authors":"Shizhuo Zou ,&nbsp;Yongtao Gao ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhiran Yang ,&nbsp;Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Rui Chen ,&nbsp;Hao Jiang ,&nbsp;Hui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geothermal extraction, as one of the most highly regarded renewable energy sources of the 21st century, how to combine backfilling mining with geothermal extraction is an important research direction in the mining industry. To achieve this goal, optimization and improvement of backfill materials are essential. This paper proposes incorporating microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCM) into tailings at varying ratios to create phase change energy storage backfill (PCESB). The performance of PCESB is systematically evaluated through mechanical property tests, thermal analysis, pore structure characterization, and microscopic morphological observations. The results show that an MPCM content of ≤ 10 % significantly enhances the toughness, plasticity, energy absorption, and crack resistance of PCESB, while partially improving its strength after phase transition. However, exceeding 10 % MPCM content leads to a marked reduction in mechanical strength. As MPCM content increases, the thermal conductivity and porosity of PCESB initially rise before decreasing, while its heat storage performance continuously improves, greatly enhancing its thermal storage and release capacity. Excessively high MPCM content can also cause pore damage and leakage. A comprehensive evaluation of both thermal performance and economic feasibility suggests that 10 % MPCM content is optimal for PCESB, as it ensures efficient heat conduction and storage while maintaining favorable mechanical properties. This makes it suitable for practical applications in geothermal exploitation and underground engineering cooling. Future research could focus on further optimizing MPCM content and distribution to develop backfill materials with superior performance, thus advancing the efficient use of geothermal energy and cooling technologies in underground engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142850"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into mechanical and microstructural properties of seawater and sea-sand UHPC with different curing regimes","authors":"Xuesi Ji ,&nbsp;Yangxu Ou ,&nbsp;Jingqi Pan ,&nbsp;Shuo Ma ,&nbsp;Jianming He ,&nbsp;Cheng chen ,&nbsp;Xiaojian Gao ,&nbsp;Ming Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of seawater and sea-sand in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) provides a sustainable alternative to traditionally used materials. This study investigates the mechanical and microstructural properties of UHPC prepared with seawater and sea-sand (SWSS-UHPC), reinforced with corrosion-resistant polypropylene fibers, compared to UHPC made with pure water and purified sand (PWPS-UHPC) under steam and standard curing. Results reveal that steam curing enhances compressive strength, while standard curing favors flexural strength. SWSS-UHPC demonstrated superior overall mechanical performance, largely due to enhanced fiber–matrix bonding from the seawater–sea sand interaction. Seawater ions and steam curing synergistically accelerate early hydration and promote long-term hydration, also refine the pore structure. However, steam curing reduces chloride-binding capacity and increases pore connectivity, leading to slight durability risks. This study highlights the synergistic effects of material composition and curing conditions on UHPC performance, offering valuable insights for future engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142841"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of oil exudation from commercial asphalt binders","authors":"Jianmin Ma,&nbsp;Jerron Zhang,&nbsp;Simon A.M. Hesp","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oil exudation is attracting attention with the increased application of softeners and rejuvenators in the asphalt industry. This study systematically evaluated the oil exudation potential of 19 asphalt binder samples sourced from various North American paving projects. Rheological properties in terms of intermediate temperature performance grade (ITPG), limiting phase angle temperatures (T_30° and T_45°), as well as differences in the limiting phase angle temperatures (∆T_cδ) were characterized before and after accelerated oil exudation treatment. The results show that T_30° emerges as the most sensitive and reliable indicator for assessing oil exudation effects. In contrast, metrics such as ITPG, T_45°, and ∆T_cδ were less effective. The results further revealed that properly designed reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)-modified asphalts—incorporating high-quality RAP and compatible rejuvenators or softeners—are free of oil exudation even at elevated RAP contents, underscoring the critical role of judicious material selection and blending processes. However, binders containing significant quantities of re-refined engine oil bottoms (REOB) exhibited pronounced oil exudation, which is likely to exacerbate cracking failure through deteriorating the binder-aggregate bonding strength in addition to physical hardening. While high grade spans generally correlated with increased oil exudation, notable exceptions were observed when using rejuvenators or softeners compatible with RAP or polymers. These insights underscore the necessity of effective specification criteria and strategic additive selection to mitigate oil exudation, ultimately contributing to enhanced pavement durability and performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142889"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of CO2 concentration on steel slag building materials cured under a flue gas environment","authors":"Jiajie Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Jiao ,&nbsp;Xuejie Deng ,&nbsp;Yingxi Hu ,&nbsp;Wei Su ,&nbsp;Xingyang Xu ,&nbsp;Sitao Zhu ,&nbsp;Siqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen Ni ,&nbsp;Michael Hitch","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel slag, a by-product of steel manufacturing, is an environmental issue and a potential carbon utilization opportunity. This study examined the impact of different concentrations of CO₂ on the carbonation curing of compact steel slag, focusing on its uptake of CO₂, mechanical properties, and microstructure changes. The study used a wide range of CO₂ concentrations, ranging from 0.04 % in simulated ambient gas to 27 % in industrial flue gas, for steel slag compact curing. The results showed that, despite a relatively low content of 4 % of CO₂, compact steel slag absorbed a large amount of CO₂ (7.3 %) and developed a compressive strength of 42.03 MPa under a curing time of 72 h. High concentrations of CO₂ enhanced these parameters, displaying a proportional relationship between compressive strength and carbon sequestration. The microstructure studies indicated a change in calcium carbonate crystals from an aragonite crystal type to a kinetically preferred calcite structure because of a higher content of CO₂. The carbonation and hydration mechanisms play an active role in compact steel slag consolidation, wherein hydration plays a more significant role in lower concentrations of CO₂. This paper provides valuable insights on using industrial flue gas directly in the carbonation curing of steel slag, opening doors for new carbon dioxide sequestration strategies and producing valuable construction materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142860"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FRP-confined rectangular rubber concrete columns under cyclic axial compression: Tests and stress-strain model","authors":"Yugui Cao ,&nbsp;Shijun Yang ,&nbsp;Yufei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stress-strain models are crucial for analyzing and designing fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-confined concrete columns. Currently, numerous stress-strain models for FRP-confined concrete columns have been proposed. However, research on the mechanical properties of FRP-confined rectangular rubber concrete columns under cyclic axial compression loading is limited. To address this gap, thirty-six concrete columns with three aspect ratios (1.0, 1.25, and 1.5), three rubber volume replacement ratios (0 %, 40 %, and 60 %), and two types of FRP layers (2 layers and 3 layers) were prepared. Cyclic stress-strain model tests on FRP-confined rectangular rubber concrete columns were carried out. FRP-confined rubber concrete's failure mode and ultimate state were investigated. The results show that the damaged zone of the specimen increases with the increase of FRP layers and cross-sectional aspect ratio, and decreases with the increase of rubber content. The aspect ratio of the cross-section and the rubber content exhibit significant effects on the ultimate stress and ultimate strain values. For example, When the aspect ratio increased from 1.0 to 1.5, the FRP-confined concrete cylinders containing 60 % rubber content and wrapped with two FRP layers experienced a 31 % decrease in compressive strength accompanied by a 16 % increase in ultimate strain. When the rubber content increased from 0 % to 40 %, FRP-confined rubberized concrete cylinders (aspect ratio = 1.5, 2 FRP layers) exhibited a 43 % reduction in compressive strength and a 331 % enhancement in ultimate strain. The characteristics of cyclic stress-strain relationships were also studied in terms of the envelope curve, unloading curve, reloading curve, plastic strain, and intersection point. Finally, a cyclic stress-strain model for FRP-confined rubber concrete rectangular columns is proposed based on the experimental data. Evaluation results indicate that the proposed model accurately predicts the entire cyclic stress-strain response of FRP-confined rectangular rubber concrete columns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142817"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Si3N4 on metakaolin clay-based geopolymers: EDS, SEM, hardness, and gamma radiation shielding properties","authors":"M.S. Al-Buriahi ,&nbsp;Norah Alomayrah ,&nbsp;Norah Salem Alsaiari ,&nbsp;Turgay Tehçi ,&nbsp;Fatih Çalışkan","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geopolymers are vastly becoming low-carbon-foot-print alternatives to Portland cement in construction engineering. In view of the strength improvement recorded when Si₃N₄ is introduced into different matrices, this study focuses on the synthesis of metakaolin-based geopolymer reinforced with Si₃N₄. The aim is to enhance the physical, mechanical, and gamma photons and fast neutron attenuation capacity of the geopolymer by the addition of Si₃N₄. The geopolymer was prepared using metakaolin as the precursor and a solution of NaOH and Na₂SiO₃ as the activator. The chemical composition and surface microstructure of the geopolymer were investigated with the aid of a scanning electron microscope coupled with an electron diffraction Spectroscope. The mass density, compressive strength, gamma and neutron attenuating coefficients were obtained through a sequence of experimental and standard theoretical methods. There is a consistent increase in the density and compressive strength as the amount of Si₃N₄ was increased in the geopolymer matrix. The pores and cracks in the structure of the geopolymers rich in Si₃N₄ reduced considerably. The compressive strength of the geopolymer samples increased to 14.1 MPa after reinforcing 30 wt% Si₃N₄p, which means a 176 % increase over the unreinforced geopolymer from MK. The highest MAC values were observed at 0.015 MeV with the values of 5.8527 cm²/g, 6.1073 cm²/g and, 6.1546 cm²/g for GeoSiN1, GeoSiN2, and GeoSiN3, respectively. Si₃N₄ enhanced the capacity of the pristine geopolymer to absorb gamma photons. The value of fast neutron removal cross-section for GeoSiN1, GeoSiN2, and GeoSiN3 were obtained as 0.0692, 0.0763, and 0.0803 cm⁻¹, respectively. Si₃N₄ improved the FN moderating capacity of the metakaolin-based geopolymer. Si₃N₄ can be used to reduce the porosity and surface cracks, improve the density, mechanical strength, and shielding performance of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar and concrete. Si₃N₄-rich geopolymer is a potential eco-friendly structural and shielding material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142857"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HyFRC) in tunnel segment: Full-scale tests under thrust and flexural loads","authors":"Dongsheng Li ,&nbsp;Yining Ding ,&nbsp;J.B. Aguiar","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Macro fibers have been demonstrated to be superior as a partial replacement for steel rebar by effectively bridging structural cracks. The advantages of macro fibers make them highly suitable for substituting steel rebar in controlling crack widths in tunnel segments. In this study, the performance of a full-scale reinforced concrete (RC) segment with a steel reinforcement ratio of 0.45 %, incorporating hybrid macro fibers (RC-HyFRC), is evaluated and compared to that of a conventional reinforced concrete segment with a steel ratio of 0.64 %, under both flexural and thrust loading conditions. A reduction of up to 34.72 % in the amount of steel rebar is achieved in the RC-HyFRC segment by incorporating 30 kg/m³ of macro steel fibers (SF) and 4 kg/m³ of macro polypropylene fibers (PPF). In addition, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique is employed to analyze crack patterns and widening during the flexural test. The analysis of the test results indicates that after replacing the rebars with macro hybrid fibers, the RC-HyFRC segments demonstrate comparable structural performance to RC segments in terms of load bearing capacity. Furthermore, the crack control performance of RC-HyFRC segments during the service stage is enhanced compared to RC segments. Thrust load test shows that after substituting steel rebar with macro hybrid fibers, the macro hybrid fibers in the RC-HyFRC segment effectively limit the opening of bursting cracks compared to the RC segment. The results above quantitatively confirm that, for a RC segment with a steel ratio of 0.64 %, a partial substitution of steel rebar with macro hybrid fibers can be realized in RC-HyFRC segments with a much low steel ratio of 0.45 %. These findings also demonstrate that macro hybrid fibers significantly enhance flexural crack resistance, even in segments with reinforcement ratios exceeding those previously investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142871"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-plane flexural behavior of brick masonry walls reinforced with different fiber-reinforced materials","authors":"Jie Dai ,&nbsp;Zhigang Hu ,&nbsp;Mingke Deng ,&nbsp;Jinquan Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Masonry walls, as the primary load-bearing elements of masonry structures, are susceptible to out-of-plane loading during earthquakes. To compare the out-of-plane flexural behavior of masonry walls strengthened with different fiber-reinforced materials, 27 masonry beams with a span of 870 mm were subjected to monotonic loading until failure under four-point bending tests. The test variables included material type, highly ductile fiber-reinforced concrete (HDC) thickness, number of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) layers and number of textile reinforced mortar (TRM) mesh layers. The failure modes, mid-span load-displacement curve, initial flexural stiffness, ductility coefficient and energy absorption capacity of each group of materials were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that CFRP, HDC and TRM reinforcement could significantly enhance the load-bearing capacity, deformability and ductility of masonry beams. Among them, TRM demonstrated the most pronounced improvement in load-bearing capacity and deformability, attributed to the high tensile strength of carbon fibers and the strain-hardening characteristics of matrix. Additionally, the thickness of the reinforcement layer was observed to significantly influence the out-of-plane flexural behavior of masonry beams. Furthermore, a predictive model for load-bearing capacity was developed. The accuracy and reliability of models were validated through theoretical analyses and experimental results, providing reference for masonry structure reinforcement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142882"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}