Construction and Building Materials最新文献

{"title":"Bond performance of novel NPR rebar-reinforced UHPC under cyclic loading","authors":"Bo-Liao Lu ,&nbsp;Jun-Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Xian-Liang Rong ,&nbsp;Li-Biao Chen ,&nbsp;Zhi-Wei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) rebar, as a novel rebar, addresses the longstanding issue of enhanced strength leading to decreased ductility. In this paper, the bond behavior between NPR bars and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) under cyclic loading was investigated via eccentric pull-out tests. Utilizing the experiment results, considering the three parameters, two cyclic bond stress-slip <em>τ</em>–<em>s</em> constitutive models were developed on the basis of a monotonic <em>τ</em>–<em>s</em> constitutive model. The monotonic <em>τ</em>–<em>s</em> constitutive model was established based on artificial neural network (ANN). The test results showed that under cyclic loading, the bond energy dissipation capacities of the specimens with different types of rebar followed the order of NPR&gt;HRB635 &gt;HRB400 &gt;HG. The specimens with NPR rebar exhibited a higher energy dissipation capacity and less bond strength degradation than other rebar-reinforced specimens, making NPR rebar more suitable for use under cyclic loading. From the perspective of bond behavior and energy dissipation, fiber reinforcement could not effectively replace stirrup reinforcement. Hence, when designing NPR rebar-reinforced UHPC structural components, it is recommended to use an appropriate stirrup ratio to ensure that the structural components meet the energy dissipation requirements to satisfy seismic demands. The proposed <em>τ</em>–<em>s</em> constitutive model could accurately predict the bond behavior between NPR bars and UHPC under cyclic loading. Specifically, Model 2 was suitable under various bond lengths, while Model 1 was applicable only when <em>l</em>_d≥ 3<em>d</em>. Moreover, the accuracy of Mo_del 2 is greater than that of Model 1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 140987"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time monitoring of internal damage evolution in asphalt mixture based on electrical resistance measurements","authors":"Zejiao Dong ,&nbsp;Shafi Ullah ,&nbsp;Tao Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhiyang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internal voids in asphalt mixtures enhance flexibility and load-carrying capacity; however, dynamic interactions among these voids can lead to internal damage under complex loading conditions. While X-ray computed tomography is effective in characterizing microstructural changes, it lacks real-time monitoring capabilities. This study addresses this limitation by modifying conventional asphalt mixtures with conductive additives to track internal damage progression in real-time through localized changes in electrical resistance. Our findings reveal that under low cyclic compression, the mixtures effectively self-monitor its densification and the ability to perform consistently without internal defects as indicated by stable gauge factor (<em>GF</em>) and negative fractional changes in electrical resistance (–<em>FCR</em>). At medium strain levels, the mixture transitions to partially reversible strain changes, highlighting the early onset of internal damage, and the <em>GF</em> providing critical insights for timely maintenance to mitigate further deterioration. At high strain levels, the transition to irreversible strain leads to localized damage, marked by shifts in <em>GF</em> and a transition to +<em>FCR</em>, indicating critical weaknesses in the mixture that compromise its ability to manage extreme deformation. The ability to detect, respond to and mitigate internal damage highlights the dynamic adaptability of these mixtures under different loading conditions. The proposed method helps to detect damage at an early stage and can be used as a preventive measure to avoid further deterioration of asphalt mixture without the need for additional non-destructive evaluation techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 141126"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of mortars from historical monuments of North-East Poland and assessment of compatibility between historic and restoration mortars","authors":"Joanna Misiewicz ,&nbsp;Lidia Kwiatkowska ,&nbsp;Robert Wójcik ,&nbsp;Gergő Ballai","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to provide insight into the properties of existing historical brick masonry structures through an integrated physical, microstructural and hygric characterization of masonry binders used in five monuments from northeast Poland in order to maintain as much as possible the original traditions and to provide appropriate conservation strategies. The analytical characterization of historic mortars was carried out by means of laboratory tests, such as density, grain size analysis, water absorption and capillary absorption coefficient. In order to assess the microstructural and chemical characteristics of the tested samples, XRF, XRD, optical microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were performed. These tests were conducted on mortars from medieval and Baroque buildings of great historic significance as well as on currently produced repair mortars in order to identify the similarities and differences between specific groups of material properties. The results of this study will contribute to evaluating the compatibility of repair materials with those historically used in terms of moisture, microstructure, mineralogical composition and mechanical properties to achieve successful restoration work. Moreover, the findings may enhance modeling programmes, which can help simulate, as closely as possible, humidity transfer in real conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 141075"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavior of a hot-mix asphalt with aluminum shavings","authors":"Juan Gabriel Bastidas-Martínez ,&nbsp;Hugo Alexander Rondón-Quintana ,&nbsp;Luis Fernando Mojica-Herrera","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large quantities of aluminum shavings (AS) are produced daily. This study analyzed the mechanical performance of hot-mixt asphalt (HMA) with additions of 0.0 %, 0.1 %, 0.5 %, and 2.0 % AS (with respect to the total mass of the mixture). These mixtures were named HMA-19 Control, HMA AS 0.1 %, HMA AS 0.5 % and HMA AS 2.0 %, respectively. The Marshall test was performed to determine the optimum asphalt binder content (OAC) of each mixture. To evaluate the mechanical behavior, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), resilient modulus (RM), resistance to fatigue (stress-controlled), and static creep tests were performed. Additionally, to evaluate aspects associated with durability, the TSR (Tensile Strength Ratio) parameter was determined and the Cantabro test was performed to determine the ML (Mass loss) parameter. The results indicate that the 0.1 % AS content can be taken into account in the HMA, since it tends to improve most of the mechanical properties: it increases the parameters obtained from the ITS test (dry condition - ITSd and wet - ITSw), increases fatigue resistance, resistance to moisture damage (increases the TSR), abrasion and raveling (decreases the ML in the Cantabro test). It is also evident in this AS content, similarity in stability, Marshall stiffness, and stiffness under cyclic loading (RM) with respect to HMA-19 Control. However, the resistance to permanent deformation in the static creep decreases. ANOVA variance analyses indicate that most of the evaluated parameters present statistically significant changes. High AS contents (equal to or higher than 0.5 %) tend to worsen the mechanical performance of HMA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 140905"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation optimization of a silicon-based fire protective coating in terms of intumescent alkali silicate particles","authors":"Aixiao Fu ,&nbsp;Hafeez Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Burak Ulusoy ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Ander Labaien Etxeberria ,&nbsp;Kim Dam-Johansen","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alkali silicate particles suggested efficient expansion capacity due to water release, making them potential candidates as expandable agents in intumescent coatings. Different types of particles with different alkali cations (Na-, K- or Li-) and varied SiO₂/Na₂O molar ratios were incorporated into a silicone binder and their fire protection performance was investigated. Among the tested alkali cations, the Na-based system exhibited the best performance with a critical time of 64.3 minutes reaching a failure temperature of the steel of 550 °C, tested under UL 1709 fire scenario. This was attributed to its efficient expansion ratio, while a lower degree of intumescence led to the unsatisfactory performance of K- and Li-based systems. Additionally, the melting behaviour of K-based silicate particles and their pronounced catalytic effect on silicone decomposition were unfavourable for effective heat insulation of the composed coating. An optimal SiO₂/Na₂O molar ratio was found to be 4.2 among a lower molar ratio of 3.5 and a higher molar ratio of 4.9. By optimizing the particle size of sodium silicate particles to 125–212 µm, the critical time was further prolonged to 78.6 minutes. These findings underscore the adverse effects of excessive expansion, which results in the formation of large pores that facilitate heat transfer. This conclusion stems from a detailed structural analysis of the selected expanded coatings utilizing X-ray microcomputed tomography (µ-CT).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 141143"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abrasion resistance mechanism of high-ferrite Portland cement: Insights into the microstructure of hydration products and interfacial transition zone","authors":"Xingdong Lv ,&nbsp;Lu Yang ,&nbsp;Fazhou Wang ,&nbsp;Jiazheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the high-ferrite Portland cement (HFC) abrasion resistance mechanism by analyzing the microstructure of its hydration products and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Two HFCs with different clinker composites (HFC1:C₄AF=17.75 %, C₃S=45.45 %; HFC2:C₄AF=15.75 %, C₃S=33.80 %) were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and ²⁹Si nuclear magnetic resonance combined with thermodynamic modeling, yielding the hydration product characteristics. Their ITZ's micromechanical properties and thickness were determined via nanoindentation, microhardness, and SEM-EDS. HFC1 presented 26.2 % greater abrasion resistance and 21.2 % greater impact resistance energy compared to HFC2, in addition to better ITZ micromechanical properties. Nanoindentation and SEM-EDS measurements proved that HFC1 outperformed HFC2 in ITZ thickness, which was narrower by 64–89 % than that of HFC2. Moreover, at 28 days, the ITZ nanoindentation modulus and hardness of HFC1 exceeded those of HFC2 by 43.0 % and 39.0 %, respectively. The synergistic hydration at higher contents of C₄AF and C₃S was beneficial for C-S-H gel formation with a higher polymerization degree and a longer mean chain length. In HFC1, the latter exceeded that in HFC2 by 7 % on average. The total porosity and share of large pores (50 nm &lt; <em>d</em> &lt; 1000 nm) in HFC1 were lower than in HFC2 by 1.2 % and 8.0 %, respectively. Overall, the synergistic hydration between C₃S and C₄AF improved the polymerization of C-S-H gel. The C-S-H gel with a high degree of polymerization was more closely combined with the aggregate, improving its ITZ characteristics and enhancing the abrasion resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 140988"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piezoresistive behaviors of self-sensing cementitious composite with well-dispersed carbon nanotube","authors":"Xiangnan Li ,&nbsp;Zhen-gang Feng ,&nbsp;Qi Cui ,&nbsp;Zhuang Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Du ,&nbsp;Xinjun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The well-dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were developed by a combination of surfactant modification and ultrasonic treatment. The dispersion of CNTs in solution was evaluated using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, zeta potential (ZP), dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The well-dispersed CNTs modified self-sensing cementitious composites (CNT-SSCCs) were prepared. The micromorphology of CNT-SSCCs was investigated by SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The influence of CNTs on the polarization effect and conductivity of SSCC was evaluated by the digital acquisition and recording system. The CNT-SSCCs were loaded under different modes by a universal testing machine. The piezoresistive response of CNT-SSCCs was evaluated and the piezoresistive mechanism was discussed. Moreover, the workability and mechanical properties of CNT-SSCCs were evaluated by flow table, compressive and flexural tests. Results show that the particle size of CNTs significantly decreases, with the ZP reaching −48.7 ± 4.3 mV and the absorbance increasing to 2.21 after surfactant modification by sodium dodecyl sulfate and ultrasonic treatment for one hour, indicating the well-dispersed CNTs are obtained through the dispersion processing. The incorporation of well-dispersed CNTs can distribute in the SSCC matrix evenly and improve the pore structure of SSCC. The well-dispersed CNTs at an appropriate content (1.5 %-2 %) can endow the SSCC with well electrical conductivity and superior piezoresistive response under the combined actions of CNT-to-CNT contact, CNT-to-CNT tunneling and pore structure changes. The polarization time of SSCC gradually decreases with the increase of CNT content. The SSCC with 2 % well-dispersed CNTs achieved a maximum stress sensitivity of 1.23 %/MPa with a gauge factor of 169.51.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 141123"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tensile properties and microstructure of lightweight engineered geopolymer composites containing PVA fibers and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) after high-temperature exposure","authors":"Xinyu Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Xiang ,&nbsp;Shan Li ,&nbsp;Zhijun Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of elevated temperatures on the properties of lightweight engineered geopolymer composites (LW-EGC). The LW-EGC was reinforced with 2.5 % polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers and 0.15 % multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and subjected to temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 800 °C. Performance evaluations included measurements of mass loss, tensile strength, crack formation, and microstructural evolution using thermogravimetric analysis (TG), tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results revealed that LW-EGC exhibited progressively greater mass loss as temperature increased, though the mass-loss rate gradually decreased due to the evaporation of water and decomposition of calcium-rich phases. Tensile strength reached a maximum at 200 °C but decreased significantly beyond 400 °C, mainly due to the melting of PVA fibers and increased matrix porosity. SEM analyses showed extensive decomposition of PVA fibers and progressive degradation of the geopolymer matrix at higher temperatures, weakening the overall composite structure. XRD and FT-IR analyses confirmed calcite decomposition and highlighted the excellent thermal stability of N(C)-A-S-H gel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 141154"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes harmonize to enhance the initial hydration products and mechanical properties of cement mortar","authors":"Lei Fan ,&nbsp;Jinhao Zheng ,&nbsp;Hongwei Wang ,&nbsp;Feng Li ,&nbsp;Fangyuan Song ,&nbsp;Chengtao Wu ,&nbsp;Qingxing Feng ,&nbsp;Hui Jin ,&nbsp;Jianzhong Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to improve the initial performance of cement-MWCNTs mortar, mortar samples with different amounts of graphene oxide (GO) and MWCNTs were prepared for compressive and flexural tests and their mechanism are subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (Ft-IR). The results show that the incorporation of GO can improve the fluidity and flexural strength of cement-MWCNTs mortar. Among them, the mixing effect of M125-G050 is the most significant, with flexural strength reaching 8.11 MPa and 10.13 MPa at 3d and 28d and compressive strength reaching 42.61 MPa and 61.81 MPa, respectively, which are 40.79 % and 34.70% (for flexural strength), and 71.53% and 103.38 % (for compressive strength) higher than those of the benchmark group (M125-G0). In addition, the synergistic effect of GO and MWCNTs can continuously promote the hydration of cement clinker, generate more C-S-H (content increased by 0.5118 %), refine the pore structure of cement-MWCNTs mortar, improve compactness and exhibit a significant positive mixing effect. By using the molecular dynamics method and fracture mechanics theory, it is also confirmed that the GO layers strengthened the interlayer interaction between CNTs and CSH matrix, and provided a positive effect in interlayer mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 141056"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the workability, mechanical properties and carbon emission performance of fiber-reinforced geopolymer recycled concrete (FRGRC)","authors":"Jin Guo ,&nbsp;Qingwu Liu ,&nbsp;Haiyang Pan ,&nbsp;Yudong Sun ,&nbsp;Boyu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geopolymer concrete represents an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional cement, offering potential for reducing carbon emissions and recycling industrial waste. Fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete (FRGRC) has emerged as a promising material, though challenges persist regarding workability control and achieving adequate strength and ductility. To accelerate the adoption of FRGRC in practical engineering applications and fully capitalize on its low-carbon benefits, this study investigates the influence of various controlling factors on the workability and mechanical properties of FRGRC through a series of experiments. The factors under scrutiny include water-to-binder ratio (w/b, 0.4–0.5), alkali activator concentration (c, 0.2–0.4), blast furnace slag content (BFS/b, 0–1), and polyethylene (PE) fiber content (FC, 0 %-2 %). Findings indicate that while a higher w/b ratio improves workability, it compromises strength; conversely, increasing BFS/b ratio enhances strength but detracts from workability. Higher concentrations of alkali activator improve both workability and strength but delay setting times. PE fibers significantly boost bridging strength and ductility by up to 45 % and one-third respectively when FC is increased by 0.5 %, although excessive FC can diminish workability. An optimal mix design was identified: 0.5 w/b, 0.4c, 50 % BFS/b, and 1.5 % FC, which ensures satisfactory workability and high strength. A predictive formula for compressive strength based on different mix designs was developed. Additionally, incorporating carbon emission data, a formula relating mix ratios to carbon emissions and strength was proposed to guide preliminary FRGRC design, and avoided the situation when pursuing low carbon emissions results in excessively low strength. Through comparison, it is shown that the low-carbon performance and strength of FRGRC are both superior to those of ordinary concrete. This research provides valuable insights for optimizing FRGRC design and assessing carbon emissions in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"474 ","pages":"Article 141004"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}