Construction and Building Materials最新文献

{"title":"Out-of-plane flexural behavior of brick masonry walls reinforced with different fiber-reinforced materials","authors":"Jie Dai ,&nbsp;Zhigang Hu ,&nbsp;Mingke Deng ,&nbsp;Jinquan Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Masonry walls, as the primary load-bearing elements of masonry structures, are susceptible to out-of-plane loading during earthquakes. To compare the out-of-plane flexural behavior of masonry walls strengthened with different fiber-reinforced materials, 27 masonry beams with a span of 870 mm were subjected to monotonic loading until failure under four-point bending tests. The test variables included material type, highly ductile fiber-reinforced concrete (HDC) thickness, number of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) layers and number of textile reinforced mortar (TRM) mesh layers. The failure modes, mid-span load-displacement curve, initial flexural stiffness, ductility coefficient and energy absorption capacity of each group of materials were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that CFRP, HDC and TRM reinforcement could significantly enhance the load-bearing capacity, deformability and ductility of masonry beams. Among them, TRM demonstrated the most pronounced improvement in load-bearing capacity and deformability, attributed to the high tensile strength of carbon fibers and the strain-hardening characteristics of matrix. Additionally, the thickness of the reinforcement layer was observed to significantly influence the out-of-plane flexural behavior of masonry beams. Furthermore, a predictive model for load-bearing capacity was developed. The accuracy and reliability of models were validated through theoretical analyses and experimental results, providing reference for masonry structure reinforcement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142882"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of nonlinear viscoelastic response of asphalt through multiple stress creep recovery test","authors":"Lei Xi ,&nbsp;Qiang Ma ,&nbsp;Henglin Xiao ,&nbsp;Weiqing Lin ,&nbsp;Chongzhi Tu ,&nbsp;Derun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical response of asphalt obtained from the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test is of great significance to characterize its high-temperature performance. However, existing studies struggle to accurately determine the critical stress value for differentiating the linear viscoelastic and nonlinear viscoelastic stages of asphalt at different temperatures. To address this issue, this study conducts the MSCR test on five types of asphalt at different temperatures and employs the Schapery's nonlinear viscoelastic theory to analyze the mechanical behavior of each type of asphalt under varying temperatures and stress levels. Eventually, the critical stress at the linear viscoelastic, nonlinear viscoelastic, and damage stages of asphalt is distinguished according to the calculated nonlinear viscoelastic parameters. The results show that the critical stress for the transition from linear to nonlinear viscoelasticity can be initially identified by the overlap of the recovery creep compliance <em>J</em>_r under different stresses with that at the reference stress. When the calculated nonlinear viscoelastic parameter <em>g</em>₂ starts to decrease, the corresponding stress represents the critical stress between the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic stages. Furthermore, <em>g</em>₂ decreases with increasing stress and is closely related to the stress ratio. The nonlinear viscoelastic parameter <em>g</em>₁ tends to increase with the stress level, and when it reaches its maximum value, it indicates that the asphalt is about to enter the damage state. The critical stress σ_<em>L</em>_<em>-NL</em> between the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic stages of asphalt shows an exponential function relationship with temperature, which can be used to predict the viscoelastic properties of asphalt at different temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next-generation window design: Multi-criteria optimization for energy efficiency and comfort using improved thermal exchange optimization algorithm and DesignBuilder","authors":"Weiran Cheng ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Gao ,&nbsp;Zhichun Fang ,&nbsp;Somayeh Pouramini","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The strategic design of windows to increase a building's energy efficiency is critical for maximizing overall performance. To achieve the best results in reducing energy consumption, it is necessary to thoroughly investigate various issues related to window design. The determinants include the positioning of windows, the composition of the glass used, and the proportions of the windows. Consequently, it is critical to construct a comprehensive optimization strategy to effectively balance the interrelated aspects and generate an energy-efficient final design that provides a comfortable indoor atmosphere and meets the visual performance standards for the building. The present study utilized the Improved Thermal Exchange Optimization Algorithm through the DesignBuilder software for multi-objective optimization. Various parameters are investigated to determine their efficacy, and the Pareto technique is used to identify the most advantageous options. An initial examination of Pareto-optimum solutions is performed to highlight the orientation-related window parameters’ distribution. The study involves evaluating a model in a professional office setting, modifying window characteristics, and considering three unique design objectives. According to the findings, the proposed strategy produces the lowest annual average energy usage (70.4) for lighting, cooling, and heating. The current study's findings outperform those of earlier studies, indicating that the proposed model is more accurate and reliable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of inorganic eutectic salt@SiO2 phase change microcapsules and their influence on mechanical and thermal properties of gypsum-based composites","authors":"Chang Chen ,&nbsp;Bao Xu ,&nbsp;Huan Wang ,&nbsp;Shaowu Jiu ,&nbsp;Yanxin Chen ,&nbsp;Yan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change materials offer potential for improving building energy efficiency through heat absorption/release during phase transition. This study develops novel inorganic hydrated salt@SiO₂ phase change microcapsules using modified eutectic hydrated salt as the core and a dual-component silica/nanosilica shell via the Pickering emulsion method. These microcapsules were incorporated into gypsum for forming functional composites. Comprehensive investigations were conducted to evaluate the thermal properties of the modified eutectic hydrated salts and the microcapsules, alongside the mechanical properties and thermal management capabilities of the composites. Optimized microcapsule properties: The optimized microcapsules exhibited a rough surface, an average size of 6.3 μm, a phase-change temperature of 21.31°C, and an enthalpy of 286.8 J/g. Remarkably, the enthalpy loss was limited to 0.4 % after 120 heating-cooling cycles. Composite performance: In the gypsum composites, 7-day compressive and flexural strengths peaked at 10.8 MPa and 5.3 MPa (2.0 wt% microcapsules), declining to 6.6 MPa and 3.5 MPa at 4.0 wt%. Infrared thermography confirmed effective thermal buffering: incorporating 4.0 wt% microcapsules reduced surface temperature by 4°C versus the control specimen after 480 s heating. Concurrently, thermal conductivity decreased by 32.8 % (measured at 4.0 wt% content), further enhancing potential for building thermal regulation. By delaying heat transfer through diurnal phase-change cycles, they directly reduce cooling loads in hot climates, enabling significant annual energy savings in air-conditioned buildings and advancing sustainable construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142878"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the enhanced strength, waterproof and reduced shrinkage of alkali-activated slag/metakaolin incorporating SiC whiskers grafted organics","authors":"Bowen Feng,&nbsp;Lin He,&nbsp;Songxiang Zhu,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As sustainable and green cementitious materials, alkali-activated materials have a wide range of applications. However, considerable drying shrinkage and poor waterproof hinder their development and scope, especially deteriorating durability. This study investigates the strength improvement, waterproof modification, and drying shrinkage mitigation of alkali-activated slag/metakaolin(AASM) using SEM-EDS, XRD, XPS, FTIR, BET, and isothermal calorimetry. The novel types of modified matrix are synthesized using beta-silicon carbide whiskers(β-SiC<em>w</em>) grafted silane. Two silanes, including KH550 and KH560, are successfully grafted onto β-SiC<em>w</em> through chemical methods. The study investigates the reaction kinetics and mechanism of specimens modified with two β-SiC<em>w</em> grafted silane. Results indicate silanes grafted onto β-SiC<em>w</em> reduce the capillary pressure and introduce functional groups, which mitigate 42 %-48 % drying shrinkage and improve waterproof of matrix. Despite diminishing early strength and prolonging setting time, the matrices incorporating modified β-SiC<em>w</em> ultimately obtain improved mechanical strength, enhanced wettability, and reduced porosity and water absorption. More C(N)-A-S-H gels are formed after the addition of suitable modified β-SiC<em>w</em>. The matrix reaction is affected by a synergistic effect at different periods. The matrix shows better shrinkage mitigation using β-SiC<em>w</em>-KH550, while better strength is performed using β-SiC<em>w</em>-KH560. The mechanism of modified matrix is revealed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142879"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-indentation and SEM analysis of the interfacial transition zone in RAP-concrete","authors":"Ritika Kamboj,&nbsp;Solomon Debbarma","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Weak and porous interfacial transition zone, <em>ITZ</em>, largely accounts for the mechanical strength reduction and low durability in RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement; recycled materials obtained from distressed asphalt pavements)- based concrete mixtures. A fundamental approach to elucidate the role of hydration products, porosity, elemental distribution, and elastic modulus on the ITZ characteristics of RAP-concrete mixtures was studied through SEM-BSE, SEM-EDS and Nano-Indentation techniques. Two types of RAP aggregates were utilized – high oxidized RAP (denoted as R1) and low oxidized RAP (denoted as R2). Two concrete mixtures were formulated at 100 % of RAP replacement levels and water-cured till 3, 7, and 28 days – these mixtures were compared with a control concrete. SEM-BSE image analysis by strip delineation method reveals higher porosity with lesser hydration products in the ITZ region of RAP-concrete compared to control concrete. The average ITZ thickness determined through SEM-BSE, SEM-EDS (elemental distribution), and nano-indentation techniques were found to be typically in the range of 20 – 50 µm, 22 – 50 µm, and 29 – 80 µm for control, R1, and R2 samples, respectively. From volumetric phase distribution analysis, R1 concrete sample was found to consist of lesser concentration of CH and low-density C-S-H, high concentration of high-density C-S-H, and reduced porosity in the ITZ region compared to R2 concrete samples; thereby indicating the former’s higher affinity for interaction with the cement matrix. The correlation between ITZ thickness, hydration products in the ITZ region, and the compressive strength is also elucidated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142854"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling copper slag as precursor in alkali-activated materials: Reaction mechanisms, microstructural features, and environment impact","authors":"Ting Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Xu ,&nbsp;Shihong Tu ,&nbsp;Zhuohao Qian ,&nbsp;Tao Shi ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang ,&nbsp;Guoyong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the feasibility of incorporating copper slag (CS) as a partial mineral precursor in alkali-activated materials (AAM). By utilizing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA), and CS as precursors, a novel three component eco-friendly binder has been successfully developed. The study comprehensively assesses the influence of CS on the reaction rate, microstructural feature, and environment impact of AAM system. Compared to FA, CS exhibits higher solubility of silica and calcium, which can participate more effectively in geopolymerization and play a notable role in the formation of C-(A)-S-H gels. A K-D model was constructed using heat release data, revealing that the addition of CS significantly enhances the reaction extent. This led to a 33.3 % increase in the compressive strength of the matrix at 3 d and a notable enhancement in the degree of polymerization of the gel network. Microstructural analysis demonstrates that increasing CS substitution improves gel enrichment and pore filling effects. This optimization of the pore structure resulted in a decrease in both porosity and the quantity of large sized pores. From an economic and environmental perspective, reusing CS brings about a substantial decline in both energy consumption and carbon emissions, achieving a 56.92 % decrease in energy consumption and a 75.81 % reduction in carbon emissions. Such work may shed valuable insights to the recycling of various types of solid waste and low-carbonation of building field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142886"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatigue-induced degradation of self-healing properties of asphalt mixtures: Mechanisms and quantitative characterization","authors":"Zhiqiang Shu ,&nbsp;Zhouchao Dai ,&nbsp;Lanlan Li ,&nbsp;Tingyu Li ,&nbsp;Minxing Cui ,&nbsp;Yu Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how self-healing properties degrade during fatigue processes is crucial for improving the accuracy of fatigue life predictions in asphalt mixtures. This study refined the indirect tensile (IDT) fatigue test method and introduced a novel self-healing parameter <em>E(n)</em>_{<em>Healing,F-H</em>}, derived from elastic modulus variations. The validity of the IDT fatigue-healing test was confirmed, and the effects of binder type, loading mode, and freeze-thaw cycles on <em>E(n)</em>_{<em>Healing,F-H</em>} were systematically investigated. Results demonstrated that the IDT fatigue-healing test effectively quantified self-healing properties, revealing significantly extended fatigue life compared to conventional IDT fatigue tests. The <em>E(n)</em>_{<em>Healing,F-H</em>} captured an exponential degradation of self-healing properties with accumulated fatigue damage. Notably, under high stress ratios, low frequencies, and multiple freeze-thaw cycles, <em>E(n)</em>_{<em>Healing,F-H</em>} exhibited nearly linear and accelerated degradation with increasing fatigue cycles. However, extended load intervals and higher frequencies alleviated <em>E(n)</em>_{<em>Healing,F-H</em>} degradation, whereas increased stress ratios and freeze-thaw cycles amplified it. To enhance the predictive accuracy of crack resistance performance, the <em>E(n)</em>_{<em>Healing,F-H</em>} was integrated into the HMA-FM (Hot Mix Asphalt Fracture Mechanics) self-healing model. This integration corrected the overestimation of healing effects and provided a more comprehensive healing model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142865"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of fracture performance of top-down cracks and bottom-up cracks for nano-silica modified stone matrix asphalt using semi-circular bending test","authors":"Bin Li ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Alireza Naseri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Zarei","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded asphalt mixture with a higher percentage of filler, designed for roads with high-volume and heavier axle loads. Top-down cracks (TDC) and bottom-up cracks (BUC) are two types of cracks occurring in SMA, which are caused by fatigue of the surface layer and construction factors, respectively. Despite the good performance of SMA mixes against BUC, the TDCs are as challenging as BUCs, especially in mountainous areas where SMA experiences severe temperature changes and frost heave. To address this concern, this study used low doses of nano-silica to improve the fracture properties of TDCs and BUCs in SMA mixtures. SMA and SMA reinforced with 0.3 % and 0.6 % nano-silica were subjected to freeze-thaw (F-T) damage to study the time-dependent properties of these two types of pavements compared to the base SMA. In addition to the laboratory studies, a numerical analysis was conducted to model the cracking performance of specimens containing angle cracks under tensile-shear loading state; hence, the short- and long-term fracture behavior of vertical and angular cracks was studied to prioritize the critical crack type. Finally, the fracture performance of specimens with and without nano-silica was compared at different temperatures and conditions. The short-term results showed that nano-silica improved the fracture properties of TDCs and BUCs at −15 °C and +15 °C. At −15 °C and under 0 F-T cycles, the fracture energy (FE) values for the mixes modified with 0.3 % and 0.6 % nano-silica increased by 5 % and 16 %, 7 % and 6 %, and 9 % and 13 % under modes II, I+II, and I, respectively. These increases were 13 % and 19 %, 15 % and 25 %, and 23 % and 35 %, respectively, based on the fracture toughness (K_iC). At +15 °C and under 0 F-T cycle, the FE values for the mixes modified with 0.3 % and 0.6 % nano-silica increased by 18 % and 30 %, 7 % and 17 %, and 7 % and 18 % under modes II, III, and III, respectively. These increases were 12 % and 25 %, 11 % and 21 %, and 17 % and 40 %, respectively, based on the K_iC. Also, the long-term results showed that imposing F-T failure caused a decline in the fracture specification of TDCs and BUCs (both temperatures); however, nano-silica improved the results, as confirmed by the functional groups obtained from the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) test. Regarding critical crack, it was documented that cracks of tensile, tensile-shear, and shear origin were the most essential conditions, respectively. Finally, increasing the temperature resulted in an increase in FE, a decrease in K_iC, a boost in flexibility, and a reduction in stiffness under various conditions. Based on this study's findings, SMA mixes reinforced with 0.3 % and 0.6 % nano-silica can be used in cold-temperate and tropical regions, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142812"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From surface to core: Exploring bulk hydrophobicity in geopolymer tiles","authors":"Gurkan Akarken ,&nbsp;Ugur Cengiz","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a pioneering approach to produce superhydrophobic bulk geopolymer tiles (SBGT) using a novel concurrent polymerization and cold-press technique. Unlike traditional hydrophobic coatings that degrade over time, this method achieves bulk hydrophobicity by integrating fluoroalkyl silane (FAS) modification directly into the geopolymerization process. The exothermic heat released during geopolymerization was utilized to trigger a sol-gel reaction, enabling chemical grafting of the hydrophobic agent within the geopolymer matrix. The resulting SBGT materials exhibited exceptional hydrophobic properties, with water contact angles (WCA) exceeding 150°, demonstrating complete superhydrophobicity based on both static and dynamic criteria. Self-cleaning tests confirmed the high dust-repelling capability, and liquid resistance tests demonstrated strong non-wettability against common household liquids (coffee, tea, wine, and milk). Furthermore, sandpaper abrasion and water dripping tests revealed that SBGTs maintain their hydrophobicity even under mechanical stress, highlighting their long-term durability. Additionally, mechanical strength analyses showed that while moderate FAS concentrations enhanced flexural strength, excessive amounts led to a decline due to microstructural disruptions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) analyses confirmed the transformation of the geopolymer into an amorphous aluminosilicate gel, reinforcing its mechanical integrity and water resistance. This is the first study to successfully implement simultaneous concurrent polymerization and hydrophobic modification in cold press geopolymer synthesis, producing a fully hydrophobic bulk material without post-processing treatments. These findings demonstrate the commercial potential of SBGTs for self-cleaning, moisture-resistant, and energy-efficient building applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"492 ","pages":"Article 142863"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}