Digital Studies/Le champ numérique最新文献

{"title":"Applying an Ethics of Care to Internet Research: Gamergate and Digital Humanities","authors":"Todd Suomela, Florence M. Chee, Bettina Berendt, Geoffrey Rockwell","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.302","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines key ethical issues that are continuing to emerge from the task of archiving data scraped from online sources such as social media sites, blogs, and forums, particularly pertaining to online harassment and hostile groups. Given the proliferation of digital social data, an understanding of ethics and data stewardship that evolves alongside the shifting landscape of digital societies is indeed essential. Our study involves a primary research archive that is comprised of data scraped from our project concerning the case study of Gamergate, which involved numerous instances of hate speech in various online communities. Doing this type of qualitative research presents advantages for humanities and social science research because it is possible to generate large and rich corpora about subjects of human interest. However, such data scraping has also raised ethical issues around treating social media authors as research subjects and, moreover, as subjects who have provided informed consent. Once researchers consider content creators on these sites as human research subjects, what would best efforts adhering to the directive to “do no harm” look like? While we realize the impossibility for definite rules to exist, we do consider the possibilities for how one can best care for the stakeholders using the challenges in their particular contexts. In this case, the stakeholders included Twitter authors, targets of online harassment, researchers, students, archivists, and the larger academic community. Also under consideration is how the Ethics of Care may be extended to the research community, and especially student researchers in their exposure to toxic material. Cet article enquete sur les questions ethiques fondamentales qui continuent a se poser pendant le processus d’archivage de donnees recueillies de sources en ligne, tels que des reseaux sociaux, des blogs et des forums, particulierement en ce qui concerne le harcelement en ligne et les groupes hostiles. Vu la proliferation des donnees sociales numeriques, il est effectivement imperatif de comprendre l’ethique et la gerance de donnees qui evaluent conjointement les developpements d’un paysage changeant des societes numeriques. Pour notre etude, il s’agit d’une archive de recherche primaire qui est constitue de donnees recueillies de notre projet qui s’interessait a l’etude de cas Gamergate, ce qui a vu plusieurs exemples de discours haineux dans diverses communautes virtuelles. Ce type de recherche qualitative presente des avantages pour les sciences humaines et sociales car il permet de produire de grands corpus riches sur des sujets d’interet humain. Cette strategie de recueil de donnees souleve cependant des questions ethiques au sujet du traitement des auteurs de reseaux sociaux comme des sujets de recherche, tout comme des sujets qui ont donne leur consentement eclaire. Lorsque les chercheurs considerent les createurs de contenu sur ces sites comme des sujets de recherche huma","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124688648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Fearful Dreams” in Thomas Kyd’s Restored Canon","authors":"Darren Freebury-Jones","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.309","url":null,"abstract":"This article utilizes a combination of digital and traditional literary-critical analysis in order to explore ominous dreams in the Elizabethan dramatist Thomas Kyd’s undoubted plays The Spanish Tragedy (1587), Soliman and Perseda (1588), and Cornelia (1594). The article proceeds to explore the use of dreams in the anonymously printed early modern plays King Leir (1589) and Arden of Faversham (1590) in order to demonstrate that these works are in good accordance with Kyd’s highly individual thought processes and overall dramaturgy. Close reading of these texts is accompanied by an examination of the characteristics of Kyd’s verse style, as well as collocation matching, which provides quantitative and qualitative evidence for Kyd’s idiosyncratic lexicon of words and phrases. This study extends and corrects the work of generations of attribution scholars and suggests that King Leir and Arden of Faversham can be ascribed to Kyd with a high degree of probability. Cet article emploie une combinaison d’analyses numerique et traditionnelle de la critique litteraire pour explorer les reves de mauvais augure dans les pieces de theâtre incontestables de Thomas Kyd : La Tragedie espagnole (1587), Soliman et Perseda (1588) et Cornelie (1594). Cet article examine ensuite l’usage des reves dans les pieces de theâtre du debut des Temps Modernes, Le Roi Lear (1589) et Arden de Faversham (1590), qui ont ete imprimees anonymement, afin de demontrer que ces oeuvres se conforment bien au processus de pensee et a sa dramaturgie generale. Une lecture attentive de ces textes s’accompagne d’une analyse des caracteristiques du style de vers de Kyd. Nous examinons aussi les collocations correspondantes, ce qui fournit des preuves quantitatives et qualificatives du lexique idiosyncrasique et des tournures de phrase de Kyd. Cette etude etend et rectifie les travaux des generations d’universitaires d’attribution et elle suggere que les pieces de theâtre Le Roi Lear et Arden de Faversham peuvent etre attribuees avec une grande probabilite a Kyd. Mots cles: linguistique de corpus; collocations; Kyd; Shakespeare; King Leir; Arden de Faversham","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132020370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to Extract Good Knowledge from Bad Data: An Experiment with Eighteenth Century French Texts","authors":"F. Laramée","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.299","url":null,"abstract":"From a digital historian’s point of view, Ancien Regime French texts suffer from obsolete grammar, unreliable spelling, and poor optical character recognition, which makes these texts ill-suited to digital analysis. This paper summarizes methodological experiments that have allowed the author to extract useful quantitative data from such unlikely source material. A discussion of the general characteristics of hand-keyed and OCR’ed historical corpora shows that they differ in scale of difficulty rather than in nature. Behavioural traits that make text mining certain eighteenth century corpora particularly challenging, such as error clustering, a relatively high cost of acquisition relative to salience, outlier hiding, and unpredictable patterns of error repetition, are then explained. The paper then outlines a method that circumvents these challenges. This method relies on heuristic formulation of research questions during an initial phase of open-ended data exploration; selective correction of spelling and OCR errors, through application of Levenshtein’s algorithm, that focuses on a small set of keywords derived from the heuristic project design; and careful exploitation of the keywords and the corrected corpus, either as raw data for algorithms, as entry points from which to construct valuable data manually, or as focal points directing the scholar’s attention to a small subset of texts to read. Each step of the method is illustrated by examples drawn from the author’s research on the hand-keyed Encyclopedie and Bibliotheque Bleue and on collections of periodicals obtained through optical character recognition. Du point de vue d’un historien numerique, les textes francais d’Ancien Regime souffrent d’une grammaire obsolete, d’une orthographe irreguliere et d’une reconnaissance optique des caracteres de faible qualite. Cet article resume les experiences methodologiques qui ont permis a l’auteur d’extraire des mesures quantitatives utiles de ces improbables matieres premieres. Une discussion des caracteristiques generales des corpus de textes historiques transcrits a la main et des corpus produits par reconnaissance optique revele qu’ils different en degre de difficulte mais non en nature. Les comportements qui rendent certains de ces corpus particulierement difficiles a traiter numeriquement, dont la distribution non aleatoire des erreurs, un cout unitaire d’acquisition relativement eleve, la dissimulation des documents atypiques et l’imprevisibilite des erreurs repetees, sont ensuite expliques. L’article trace ensuite les grandes lignes d’une methode qui contourne ces problemes. Cette methode repose sur la selection heuristique de questions de recherche pendant une phase d’exploration ouverte des donnees; la correction selective des erreurs a l’aide de l’application de l’algorithme de Levenshtein a un petit nombre de mots-cles choisis pendant la phase d’exploration; et l’exploitation des mots-cles et du corpus corrige soit en tant que donnees bru","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128375215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prototyping the Archival Ephemeral: Experimental Interfaces for the Edwin Morgan Scrapbooks","authors":"B. Moynihan, Akmal Putra","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.306","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces two digital prototypes, the Colour Collage and the Constellation visualizations, which we developed to represent eight pages from the scrapbooks of Scottish Poet Makar Edwin Morgan (1920–2010). We understand these prototypes as experiments within our research through design process, rather than as stand-alone digital objects, and so this article presents the theoretical pursuits and design decisions that motivated, and were motivated by, these prototypes. We begin by establishing our theoretical framework, which focuses on the roles of inscription technologies in archives and is guided by Bruno Latour’s concept of a mediator (1993). We then discuss scrapbooks as polyvocal and hybrid mediators, which are nonetheless often pushed to the fringes of reading practices and material histories. In unpacking the fringe status of the Morgan scrapbooks in particular, we outline the copyright restrictions that complicate their digital publication. Reconceptualizing these restrictions as creative constraints, our prototypes experiment with forms of representation that go beyond the facsimile, drawing on detailed metadata and generating new visualizations that are inspired by the scrapbooks’ materially-specific grammars. Our aim with these prototypes is to open the scrapbooks to new forms of play and discoverability in online contexts, while using digital tools and methodologies to better understand the scrapbooks’ multifaceted modes of meaning creation. We conclude by discussing some of our prototypes’ limitations, as well as future directions for our research through design process for the Morgan Scrapbooks.","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125924420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prototyping Across the Disciplines","authors":"Randa El Khatib, D. Wrisley, Shady Elbassuoni, Mohamad Jaber, Julia El Zini","doi":"10.16995/DSCN.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/DSCN.282","url":null,"abstract":"Looks at the use of prototyping in design research across a range of disciplines. Uses case studies to demonstrate theoretical and methodological transferability among disciplines not typically thought to be related to one another. This is an important contribution to the emerging field of integrative design.","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"239 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116189692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Let’s Play: Redefining Games and Scholarship through Research-Creation, Post-Criticism, and Institutionalism","authors":"Kyle Dase","doi":"10.16995/dscn.368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.368","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes that there is value in deploying video games as a form of scholarly critique, particularly in the field of game studies. I adapt the post-critical lens of Greg Ulmer and the institutional theories of Warren Beaty from comics studies to advocate for a shift of how we identify both games and scholarship. The result, hopefully, is not only a new tool for the analysis of games, but a functional definition of video games that allows this new tool a place within the form. This article begins with examples from some of the most popular games in the world that demonstrate that games can and do merge aesthetics and mechanics to convey either implicit learning or an explicit argument in combination with entertainment. Next, I outline a theoretical framework of post-criticism for games, a perspective that helps us to understand the legitimacy of such an approach. A survey of the definitional debate in games studies and a brief outline of some of the problems therein contextualizes the value of an institutional approach to the question of “What is a game?” Finally, I explore how a post-critical framework and institutional definition of games provides a fresh outlook that incorporates a new medium into scholarship and defines games in a way that causes us to ask, “what makes this example interesting?” rather than “does it fit?”","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125436668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Doctorates","authors":"Randa El Khatib, R. Irwin, Caroline Winter, M. Levy","doi":"10.16995/dscn.380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":288027,"journal":{"name":"Digital Studies/Le champ numérique","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129994765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}