General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service最新文献

{"title":"Korean pine-broadleaved forests of the Far East: proceedings from the international conference, 30 September-6 October 1996, Khabarovsk, Russian Federation.","authors":"P. W. Owston, W. E. Schlosser, D. F. Efremov, C. Miner","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-487","url":null,"abstract":"Owston, Peyton W; Schlosser, William E.; Efremov, Dmitri F.; Miner, Cynthia L.; Tech. Eds. 2000. Korean pine-broadleaved forests of the Far East: proceedings from the international conference: 1996, September 30-October 6; Khabarovsk, Russian Federation. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-487. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 313 p.. Korean pine-broadleaved forests are very biologically diverse. In the Russian Far East, these forests are subject to a high level of use by humans and are systematically influenced by fire. Intensive exploitation in the past has led to a decrease in the resource potential. Sound decisionmaking and scientific advancement have lacked sufficient exchange of scientific information. A symposium was convened to share information through presentations of a comprehensive set of topics including forest structure, seed science, genetics, regeneration, fire, wildlife biodiversity, non-timber forest products, economics, and forest management. The main focus of the symposium was the Russian Far East with some participation from Japan and the United States of America. Because Siberian pine dominates in Siberia, several presentations and abstracts also address this forest species.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"436 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129392741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atlas of human adaptation to environmental change, challenge, and opportunity: northern California, western Oregon, and western Washington.","authors":"H. Christensen, W. McGinnis, T. Raettig, E. Donoghue","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-478","url":null,"abstract":"This atlas illustrates the dimensions, location, magnitude, and direction of social and economic change since 1989 in western Washington, western Oregon, and northern California that have occurred during a major transition period in natural resource management policy as well as large decreases in timber harvests. The diversity and the social and economic health of the Northwest Forest Plan region are synthesized by examining the fundamental attributes of the region, provinces, and communities; the atlas includes information about ourselves, our settlements, and our natural resources. We set the stage for dialogue, debate, and developing a set of indicators to monitor the dimensions of well-being for sustainable development. The atlas is a tool for decision-makers, civic leaders, economic development practitioners, researchers, and others interested in understanding change, easing the transition, and finding and pursuing opportunities to enrich society. The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) is a new paradigm for forest management. It is intended to provide a sustainable balance between the needs of people and the environment by focusing on three areas: economic assistance , forestry, and coordination among agencies. It is a major effort to end years of legal gridlock and to address human and ecological needs served by Federal forests of the Pacific Northwest and northern California. Developed in response to the need to maintain habitat for the northern spotted owl, this new approach to forest management led to reductions in timber harvests across all ownerships in western Washington, western Oregon, and northern California from 1989 to 1994. This fundamental change in forest management reflects social values. These values share common roots with those that led to the passing of the Endangered Species Act, international agreements for the protection of wildlife, and local, regional, and national responses to international global environmental awareness. Under the Northwest Forest Plan, the decline in timber harvests and subsequent changes are aimed at achieving, for the most part, long-term societal goals and sustainability. The period from 1989 to the present has been marked by an abrupt transition with rapid declines in timber harvest and related effects. Human populations in the Pacific Northwest impacted by change will emerge from this transition period as having either addressed or disregarded the problems, issues, and opportunities facing rural economies, communities, and regions. The as-yet-unknown long-term impacts of forest management changes will evolve from the actions and processes that individuals, communities, and society at large initiate during this transition. During the …","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123006832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social assessment for the Colville National Forest CROP program.","authors":"Angela J. Findley, M. Carroll, K. Blatner","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-499","url":null,"abstract":"A qualitative social assessment targeted salient issues connected to the Colville National Forest creating opportunities (CROP) research program that examines forest management alternatives for small-diameter stands in northeastern Washington. Research spanned various communities in three counties and investigated the diversity of fundamental values people attach to small-diameter stands, beliefs about appropriate forest management directions, and perceived impacts from the CROP program. To focus on people's knowledge of and interest in small-diameter stand management, semistructured interviews (n=76) were conducted in person with local residents and other people associated with the Colville National Forest. Breadth and depth of inter-viewees' value orientations and forest use were explored to develop a comprehensive inductive analysis of the social complexity surrounding the CROP program. Seven distinct groups were differentiated to develop a social typology that juxtaposed positions, perceptions, and preferred small-diameter stand-management alternatives. Several themes emerged. Practical implications of these themes are offered as guidelines to resource managers to improve public involvement as the decisionmaking process moves to public forums. Abstract Social assessments are viewed with a great deal of skepticism by many resource managers. Just what is a social assessment and what good is it? The authors of this paper spend a considerable amount of time and energy talking to natural resource managers and others throughout the region and the country about social assessments, but the quizzical looks we often get in response do not seem to have abated much over time. In the spirit of the adage that a picture is worth a thousand words, we are publishing this paper as an example of a land management-related social assessment. Washington. Its intended purpose was to provide data and insights on the social environment surrounding the forest in support of an innovative public involvement process known as collaborative learning. Both the assessment and the collaborative learning process were aimed at helping the agency and its interested public make decisions about the management (or perhaps nonmanagement) of so-called CROP (creating opportunities research program) stands in the forest. CROP stands are dense, heavily stocked stands of small-diameter trees that originated after stand-replacing fires in the early part of the 20 th century. These stands have been the subject of much controversy and often less-than-successful management efforts for several decades. Our purpose in publishing this paper is twofold: First, to provide an example of an indepth, focused social assessment for an audience wider than just the Colville National …","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"4 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134505930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stand-density study of spruce-hemlock stands in southeastern Alaska.","authors":"D. J. DeMars","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-496","url":null,"abstract":"DeMars, Donald J. 2000. Stand-density study of spruce-hemlock stands in southeastern Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-496. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 60 p. The lack of growth and yield information for young even-aged western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.)-Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) stands in southeastern Alaska served as the impetus for a long-term stand-density study begun in 1974. The study has followed permanent growth plots in managed stands under various thinning regimes. Between 1974 and 1987, 272 plots were established at 59 locations throughout southeastern Alaska. Remeasurement of the plots occurs every two to four years and will continue until harvest. Additional thinnings will occur on a portion of the plots. Future plans include extending the study through establishment of installations in stand types not currently represented. Once data for an entire rotation are obtained, a comprehensive set of growth and yield tables for various management regimes can be developed. This information will answer questions forest managers have on whether and when to thin a stand, at what level of intensity, and how frequently to enter the stand.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133169936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining an economics research program to describe and evaluate ecosystem services.","authors":"J. Kline","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-700","url":null,"abstract":"Balancing society’s multiple and sometimes competing objectives regarding forests calls for information describing the direct and indirect benefits resulting from forest policy and management, whether to address wildfire, loss of open space, unmanaged recreation, ecosystem restoration, or other objectives. The USDA Forest Service recently has proposed the concept of ecosystem services as a framework for (1) describing the many benefits provided by public and private forests, (2), evaluating the effects of policy and management decisions involving public and private forest lands, and (3) advocating the use of economic and market-based incentives to protect private forest lands from development. The concept extends traditional economic theory regarding multiple forest benefits and the use of economic incentives to enhance their provision, by emphasizing ecosystems as an organizing structure for benefits. Although the emphasis on ecosystems is new, challenges in evaluating ecosystem services are similar to those long faced by economists tasked with evaluating forest benefits: (1) defining a typology of ecosystem services, (2) describing and measuring ecosystem services units or outputs, and (3) describing and measuring ecosystem services per unit of values or social weights. Progress within the Forest Service in applying the ecosystem services concept to forest policy and management will depend on knowing what information will suffice, working across disciplines, deciding on appropriate analytical frameworks, defining the appropriate role of economic and market-based incentives, and adequately funding economics research.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133923951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of the grades and value of red alder lumber in southeast Alaska.","authors":"A. Brackley, D. Nicholls, M. Hannan","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-774","url":null,"abstract":"Many stands in southeast Alaska harvested since 1950, especially where there has been a high degree of disturbance of mineral soil, have regenerated to red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and are now approaching maturity. The availability of red alder raises questions addressed in this study about the recovery of lumber from this resource. Information in this study was obtained from trees estimated to be 46 years old on a site outside of Ketchikan. Rates of recovery using a thin-kerf portable band mill were higher than those reported by larger production mills in Washington and Oregon. Grade yields of the Alaska material are comparable to those attained in other regions. This study determined that there were no significant differences in material characteristics that would set this Alaska log resource apart from red alder in the other regions of North America. The potential value of the products is sufficient to allow production in Alaska for use in the manufacturing of value-added products within the state or shipment of finished lumber to domestic or export markets.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129711457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interagency strategy for the Pacific Northwest Natural Areas Network","authors":"T. M. Wilson, R. Schuller, R. Holmes, C. Pavola, R. Fimbel, C. McCain, J. Gamon, P. Speaks, J. Seevers, T. Demeo, S. Gibbons","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-798","url":null,"abstract":"Wilson, Todd M.; Schuller, Reid; Holmes, Russ; Pavola, Curt; Fimbel, Robert A.; McCain, Cynthia N.; Gamon, John G.; Speaks, Pene; Seevers, Joan I.; DeMeo, Thomas E.; Gibbons, Steven. 2009. Interagency strategy for the Pacific Northwest Natural Areas Network. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-798. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 33 p. Over the past 30 years, the Pacific Northwest Interagency Natural Areas Committee has promoted the establishment and management of natural areas in Oregon and Washington—protected areas devoted to research, education, and conservation of biodiversity. This growing collection of sites is now unmatched in its diversity and representation of both common and unique natural ecosystems found throughout this region. This strategy identifies visions, goals, and actions that can help transform this regional collection of natural areas into a network that has the resiliency to meet a growing number of challenges across five emphasis areas—inventory and designation, management, research, monitoring and data management, and education and communication. These challenges include managing for natural ecological processes over the long term, responding appropriately to threats such as climate change and invasive species, protecting the ecological integrity of sites as human use increases, promoting research and educational activities that address contemporary management issues, and communicating the importance of wildlands to a public that is growing apart from the natural world. Natural areas have the potential to serve as a critical network of sites for studying and developing regional and global approaches to conservation that meet diverse human and ecological needs, including managing for climate change.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133697830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alaska's Copper River: humankind in a changing world.","authors":"H. Christensen, J. Mastrantonio, J. Gordon, B. Bormann","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-480","url":null,"abstract":"Opportunities for natural and social science research were assessed in the Copper River ecosystem including long-term, integrated studies of ecosystem structure and function. The ecosystem is one where change, often rapid, cataclysmic change, is the rule rather than the exception. The ecosystem also contains a variety of people pursuing various human purposes. Although few people dwell in the ecosystem, their signatures are evident in many ways, and their numbers and effects are increasing. Thus, the Copper River ecosystem presents the opportunity to \" watch creation, \" in the sense of both natural change and human influence. A multidisciplinary group of 16 scientists and specialists with a wide range of experience in natural resource science and education defined the Copper River ecosystem in scientific terms and described dimensions of the ecosystem including vegetation, wildlife , land ownership, and human occupation. Opportunities for science are described followed by recommendations. A section on \" Knowledge as a Management Goal \" also is included. Abstract One might ask, \" Why the Copper River? \" What can scientists and, by extension, society, hope to learn through research in a place as remote from the mainstream of 20th century society as Alaska's Copper River? In addition to the primary questions asked of the Copper River Science Commission, we returned often to this essential question. Out of our discussions grew a theme that, we believe, explains the value of the proposed research program. That theme is change—local, regional, global, ongoing change. As we met and deliberated , reinforced by divergent points of view and understandings of the environments around us, we became increasingly impressed by the life and vitality that mark the Copper River ecosystem. In contrast to many other \" older \" natural environments, rapid, cataclysmic change is the rule rather than the exception. Thus the idea of change as a theme for research. It is a relevant theme not only because change is the nature of this ecosystem but also because of its importance in current society. Today, societies worldwide are experiencing unprecedented change because of population growth, advancing technology, and the shift from an agrarian to an urban society. The world is constantly evolving—the natural environment and human societies. Our future on the planet depends, in large part, on how successfully we adapt to change. In addition, the Copper River is not so remote after all. As a region, it is as relevant and …","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133804032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests.","authors":"W. Gaines, Peter H. Singleton, R. Ross","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-586","url":null,"abstract":"Gaines, William L.; Singleton, Peter H.; Ross, Roger C. 2003. Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-586. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 79 p. We conducted a literature review to document the effects of linear recreation routes on focal wildlife species. We identified a variety of interactions between focal species and roads, motorized trails, and nonmotorized trails. We used the available science to develop simple geographic information system-based models to evaluate the cumulative effects of recreational routes on habitats for focal wildlife species for a portion of the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests in the state of Washington. This process yielded a basis for the consistent evaluation of the cumulative effects of roads and recreation trails on wildlife habitats, and identified information gaps for future research and monitoring. We suggest that managers use an adaptive management approach to address wildlife and recreation interactions because of the complexity and uncertainty of these issues.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124898007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Woodcock Bog Research Natural Area: guidebook supplement 40.","authors":"R. Schuller, S. Fritts, M. Mousseaux","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-824","url":null,"abstract":"Schuller, Reid; Fritts, Susan J.; Mousseaux, Mark. 2010. Woodcock Bog Research Natural Area: guidebook supplement 40. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-824. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 21 p. This guidebook describes Woodcock Bog Research Natural Area (RNA), a 114-ha (281-ac) area located within the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion in southwestern Oregon. The RNA includes a hanging fen and stream segment on ultramafic rock and derived soils. Numerous plant species occur within the fens that are endemic to the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Cobra lily (Darlingtonia californica), and sedges (Carex spp.) characterize the area. The site also supports very dry, open serpentine forest stands of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), along with denser stands of Port-Orfordcedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and other conifers typical of the region.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122420030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}