General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service最新文献

{"title":"Canopy structure on forest lands in western Oregon: differences among forest types and stand ages.","authors":"Anne C.S. McIntosh, Andrew N. Gray, S. Garman","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-794","url":null,"abstract":"Canopy structure is an important attribute affecting economic and ecological values of forests in the Pacific Northwest. However, canopy cover and vertical layering are rarely measured directly; they are usually inferred from other forest measurements. In this study, we quantified and compared vertical and horizontal patterns of tree canopy structure and understory cover along a successional gradient of forests and among stands with different thinning histories on nonfederal lands in western Oregon. Analyses focused on three dominant forest type groups: wet conifer, wet hardwood, and dry hardwood. We used data from 917 systematically located, forested Forest Inventory and Analysis plots measured between 1995 and 1997. On each plot, canopy cover by layer and species was measured online-intercept transects, and cover of understory species was measured on five subplots. Trends in canopy structure with stand age did not always follow the patterns predicted by common successional models. Most of the cover in moist stands was in the upper tree layer, but cover in dry hardwood stands was more evenly distributed among layers. Contrary to expectations of canopy closure, mean canopy cover by age class rarely exceeded 85 percent, even in unthinned productive young conifer forests. Possibly as a result, effects of stand age on understory vegetation were minimal, except for low levels of forbs found in 20-to 40-year-old wet conifer stands. Shade-tolerant tree species rarely made up more than 20 percent of canopy cover, even in the lower canopy layers and in stands >100 years old. Although heavily thinned stands had lower total cover, canopy structure did not differ dramatically between thinned and unthinned stands. Our findings suggest potential limitations of simple stand succession models that may not account for the range of forest types, site conditions, and developmental mechanisms found across western Oregon.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116069799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The U.S. glulam beam and lamstock market and implications for Alaska lumber.","authors":"J. Roos, A. Brackley, Daisuke Sasatani","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-796","url":null,"abstract":"Roos, Joseph A.; Brackley, Allen M.; Sasatani, Daisuke. 2009. The U.S. glulam beam and lamstock market and implications for Alaska lumber. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-796. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 19 p. In this study, glulam beam manufacturers in the United States and Canada were surveyed regarding their lamstock usage and glulam beam distribution channels. The respondents were divided into three subsets to measure regional comparisons: U.S. West, U.S. Central and South, and Canada. They were further divided into subsets based on annual sales figures. The research showed that the three main species used for lamstock lumber were Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in the U.S. West, southern yellow pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in the U.S. Central and South, and spruce-pine-fir in Canada. Of all these species, southern yellow pine appears to be increasing its market share in both the treated and untreated categories. Of the companies surveyed, 42.9 percent indicated their usage of untreated southern yellow pine had increased, and 23.8 percent indicated their usage of treated southern yellow pine had increased. The importance of various lamstock attributes was also examined, and gluability was found to be the most important. Overall, manufacturers are using visually graded material as opposed to machine-stress-rated products. Distribution channels were also examined, and the results showed that larger companies tend to sell their glulam beams through building materials distributors and smaller companies sell more directly to builders. For the Alaska forest products industry, this research shows the feasibility of expanding the market for lamstock made from Alaska species by gaining a better understanding of the established glulam manufacturing industry. Alaska yellow-cedar is already being used as lamstock to manufacture glulam beams for exterior weatherexposed applications. A strong marketing campaign could increase the acceptance of these species in the glulam manufacturing market.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123567339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of native plant seeds and seeding in the east-side central Cascades ponderosa pine zone.","authors":"N. Vance","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-823","url":null,"abstract":"Vance, Nan C. 2010. Evaluation of native plant seeds and seeding in the east-side central Cascades ponderosa pine zone. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-823. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 85 p. In dry, open coniferous forests of the montane West, stand-replacing wildfires and land use activities alter the composition and abundance of native grasses and forbs by degrading the habitat and accelerating the invasion of exotic annuals. On these lands, native forbs and grasses delayed or prevented from recovery by natural processes may require intervention through supplementary seeding. However, effective seeding of native plants requires that their seed traits and the potential outcome of the seeding be better understood. This study evaluated seeds and seedlings of 13 native forbs and 5 grasses common in the dry Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata/ Festuca idahoensis plant communities east of the Oregon Cascades crest and their potential for establishment in a landscape altered by past grazing and a recent, stand-replacing wildfire. Their potential for germination and establishment was examined in the laboratory and in 20 test plots located within the burned boundary of a 2002 wildfire. Seed collection, handling, testing, and sowing procedures are described. Data on seedling emergence, height, second-year survival and cover are presented in tables and figures. Onsite emergence and early growth data helped to reveal cause of early mortality related to biological and site conditions, including invasive competition, and differences in early growth and site occupancy. The study supports the efficacy of using multiple and functionally diverse species in a seeding program. Additional information on each of the 18 species is included in an appendix.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121110051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Island Research Natural Area: guidebook supplement 35.","authors":"R. Schuller, R. Halvorson","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-762","url":null,"abstract":"The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation's forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the national forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). A near-pristine example of the Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/ Pseudoroegneria spicata plant association with localized examples of the Juniperus occidentalis/Purshia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata plant association, Jefferson County, Oregon. established to represent examples of the western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata), and the western juniper/big sagebrush-antelope bitterbrush/bluebunch wheatgrass (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata-Purshia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata) plant associations.ment (OPRD) owns surrounding lands, including a <0.1-ha portion on the summit. As an agent of BLM and CRNG, OPRD monitors and controls access into the RNA, and actively participates in management of the area. Scientists and educators wishing to visit or use the RNA for scientific or educational purposes should contact the Prineville BLM field office manager in advance and provide information about research or educational objectives, sampling procedures , and other prospective activities. Research projects, educational visits, and collection of specimens from the RNA all require prior approval. There may be limitations on research or educational activities. The Island RNA is part of a federal system of such tracts established for research and educational purposes. Each RNA is a site where natural features are protected or managed for scientific purposes and natural processes are allowed to dominate. Their main purposes are to provide: • Baseline areas against which effects of human activities can be measured or compared. • Sites for study of natural processes in undisturbed ecosystems. • Gene pool preserves for all types of organisms, especially rare and endangered types. Of the 183 federal RNAs established in Oregon and Washington, 45 are described in Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. 2 Supplements to …","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"492 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122750400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic monitoring of the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest and five local communities.","authors":"C. Dillingham, M. Poe, E. Grinspoon, C. Stuart, C. Moseley, R. Mazza, S. Charnley, L. Meierotto, E. Donoghue, Nancy A. Toth","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-761","url":null,"abstract":"This and the following chapters focus on five case-study communities associated with the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest (OWNF) to examine three topics: (1) how communities around the OWNF have changed since the 1980s, and how changes in forest management and the flow of socioeconomic benefits from the national forest under the Northwest Forest Plan (the Plan) have contributed to that change; (2) how communities have adapted to change, and the role the national forest has played in helping them do so; and (3) changing relations between the OWNF and the case-study communities since 1990. The information comes mainly from the U.S. census and interviews with community residents. The Naches Valley study area (referred to as the Naches Valley in this chapter) lies east of the Cascade Range in south-central Washington in Yakima County (fig. 31). The valley has a northwest to southeast orientation. The national forest portion is in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest (administered by the Wenatchee National Forest) and makes up most of the Naches Ranger District. A large part of the national forest here is in three wilderness areas. About 61 percent of the Naches Valley study area is under federal management, and about 18 percent is managed by the state. The western boundary of the study area follows the crest of the Cascade Range from Naches Pass, the headwaters of the Naches River in the north, through Chinook Pass at the headwaters of the Tieton River. The Yakama Indian Reservation forms the southern boundary. Much of the Ahtanum Creek drainage is included in the southeast portion of the study area, and much of the Wenas Creek drainage falls within the northeast portion of the study area. Most of the discussion here focuses on the portion of Naches Valley within the Naches and Tieton River drainages. There are two incorporated cities in the study area. Tieton (population 1,154 in 2000) is located on a high plateau near the junction of the Naches and Tieton Rivers. It consists of large fruit warehouses and surrounding residences. It is geographically and economically distinct from the river corridors and public-land-associated communities. The other incorporated city is Naches (population 643 in 2000). Year-round access to the valley is available via U.S. Highways 12 and 97. State Highway 410, the most direct route from the Seattle-Tacoma area is closed during the winter. In the summer, highways 12 and 410 are two legs of a …","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125399135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social conditions and trends in Southeast Alaska.","authors":"R. Mazza, L. Kruger","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-653","url":null,"abstract":"Mazza, Rhonda; Kruger, Linda E., tech. eds. 2005. Social conditions and trends in southeast Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-653. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 91 p. In 1997, scientists at the Pacific Northwest Research Station initiated several social science studies in response to information gaps identified while developing the Tongass Land Management Plan. Results presented here summarize findings from studies of demographic trends and tourism trends in the region based on data available through 2002. Demographic trends suggest that despite having many unique geographic, climatic, and physical characteristics, southeast Alaska exhibits many social conditions and trends similar to those statewide, as well as in the greater United States and nonmetropolitan United States. Much variation exists at the community level, however, when measuring change in population and income in southeast Alaska. In the last decade, tourism has been one of the fastest growing components of Alaska’s economy and an important source of export-based income. Natural resource management and use in Alaska will affect and will be affected by trends in tourism growth and activities.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116838009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guide to effective research-management collaboration at long-term environmental research sites.","authors":"F. Swanson, S. Eubanks, M. Adams, J. Brissette, Carolin Demuth","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-821","url":null,"abstract":"The Forest Service system of experimental forests and ranges (EFRs) and other sites of long-term silvicultural, watershed, and ecological research have contributed to science and natural resource management for more than a century. An important aspect of the success of EFR programs is strong collaboration between the research and land manager communities. This guide offers suggestions for effective research management partnerships based at EFRs and other long-term research sites. Keys to success include mutual understanding and respect, shared commitment to learning, and joint projects and communications programs.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116957631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meeting the challenge: invasive plants in Pacific Northwest ecosystems, Seattle, Washington, USA, 19-20 September 2006.","authors":"Technical Editors, T. Harrington, S. Reichard","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-694","url":null,"abstract":"Harrington, Timothy B.; Reichard, Sarah H., tech. eds. 2007. Meeting the challenge: invasive plants in Pacific Northwest ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-694. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 166 p. During September 19-20, 2006, a conference was held at the University of Washington Botanic Gardens, Seattle, WA, with the title “Meeting the challenge: invasive plants in Pacific Northwest Ecosystems.” The mission of the conference was to create strategies and partnerships to understand and manage invasions of non-native plants in the Pacific Northwest. The audience included over 180 professionals, students, and citizens from public and private organizations responsible for monitoring, studying, or managing non-native invasive plants. This proceedings includes twenty-seven papers based on oral presentations at the conference plus a synthesis paper that summarizes workshop themes, discussions, and related information. Topics include early detection and rapid response; control techniques, biology, and impacts; management approaches; distribution and mapping of invasive plants; and partnerships, education, and outreach.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116968897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benjamin Research Natural Area: guidebook supplement 36.","authors":"R. Schuller, R. Halvorson","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-786","url":null,"abstract":"The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation's forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the national forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). Cover Benjamin Research Natural Area. Open stand of western juniper woodland with low sagebrush and Idaho fescue predominant in the understory. The abundance of perennial bunchgrass in the foreground characterizes the site and distinguishes it from the majority of juniper woodlands in the High Lava Plains and foothills of the Blue Mountains. Flat and gently sloping terrain typically supports a much higher percentage of annuals, especially the nonnative cheatgrass. Bare soil surface alternates with patches of (barely visible) microbiotic crust in foreground. originally established to represent an example of the western juniper/Idaho fescue (Juniperus occidentalis/Festuca idahoensis) plant association. Subsequent field surveys indicate the predominant vegetation is best characterized as the western juniper/low sagebrush/Idaho fescue plant association. Current vegetation is dominated by western juniper woodland with an understory vegetation mosaic that varies with soil depth. Low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula Nutt.) occurs as the major shrub in shallow or rocky soils, and Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young) predominates in areas with deeper or more finely textured soil. Scientists and educators wishing to visit or use the RNA for scientific or educational purposes should contact the Prineville BLM field office manager in advance and provide information about research or educational objectives, sampling procedures , and other prospective activities. Research projects, educational visits, and collection of specimens from the RNA all require prior approval. There may be limitations on research or educational activities. Benjamin RNA is part of a federal system of such tracts established for research and educational purposes. Each RNA is a site where natural features are protected or managed for scientific purposes …","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125724074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Lands and Private Recreation Enterprise: Policy Issues from a Historical Perspective","authors":"T. Quinn","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-556","url":null,"abstract":"Quinn, Tom. 2002. Public lands and private recreation enterprise: policy issues from a historical perspective. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-556. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 31 p. This paper highlights a number of the historical events and circumstances influencing the role of recreation enterprises on public lands in the United States. From the earliest debates over national park designations through the current debate on the ethics of recreation fees, the influence of recreation service providers has been pervasive. This history is traced with particular attention to the balance between protecting public interests while offering opportunities for profit to the private sector. It is suggested that the former has frequently been sacrificed owing to political pressures or inadequate agency oversight.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126461884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}